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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine.

SPPU

Abstract

In India, most of the land is use for agricultural purpose which produces semi-
finished product or goods. Groundnut is one of the agricultural semi-finished goods.
Groundnut is grown on small scale farmers in developing countries like India. The
average kernel price is approximately twice the price of pod. . Lack of groundnut
processing machines, especially groundnut Sheller, is a major problem of groundnut
production, especially in our country India. In the beginning the peanuts were
separated from its shells by the workers. They simply decoct the groundnut by their
hands and separate the peanuts from its shell. The output got from this method, was
very low and it does not fulfill the market demand because it was very time
consuming process. A research-work for design, fabricate, and performance
evaluation of a groundnut Sheller consisting of feed hopper with a flow rate control
device, shelling unit, separating unit and power system. The performance of the
machine was evaluated in terms of throughput capacity, shelling efficiency, material
efficiency and mechanical damage. Regression models that could be used to express
the relationship existing between the Sheller performance indices, pod moisture
content and feed rate were establish. This paper describes about the design and
fabrication of various components of groundnut Sheller machine. Hence in this design
of various parts are necessary, and design of various parts due to which the design
quality of those parts will be improved. Overall, this project involves processes like
design, fabrication and assembling of different components etc.

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, B.E. Mechanical


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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

1. Introduction

Groundnut (Arachis Hypogea) originated from latin America (Brazil) and was
introduced into West Africa by Portuguese traders in the 16th century.

One of the important processes involved in the production of groundnut is shelling


and separation. Shelling is the removal of the groundnut seed from its pod by
impact action, compression and shearing or combination of two/more of these
methods. The shelling operation is majorly divided into two, namely: traditional
and mechanical methods. The traditional shelling could be by stick beating,
animal trampling or pod pressing by hand.

Several shelling machines based on different techniques have been developed over
the years. Among these machines are hand-operated groundnut sheller, baby
groundnut sheller, powered rubber groundnut sheller to mention but few
(Rodriquez, 1985). Due to custom charges, these machines are very expensive and
are not affordable by the small-scale producers and farmers.

METHODS OF SHELLING

Manual method: In Manual Shelling method groundnuts are shelled by hand


simply. They are wrapped into the cloth and then rubbed onto the surface to decoct
it. The cost for shelling is 5 to 6 Rupees per kg for one person and also this is very
time consuming process.

Mechanized Shelling Method: In mechanization we use large machinery for


groundnut shelling. These machines are used in the industries where large
production is required. They are having shelling capacity of 400 to 3300 kg/hr.
But these machines are costly in order to purchase by the farmers.

This project aimed at using anger shaft in the crushing of the pod to replace the
existing design. Also, to improve on the shelling capacity at low cost by using
locally – available materials. Then, the machine is evaluated based on shelling
efficiency and percentage material.

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, B.E. Mechanical


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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Questionnaire

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Cost Analysis

Suppose a farmer cultivates 50 kg seeds of groundnut in 1 acre of land and produces


7 quintals of groundnuts. Market rate of groundnut is ₹ 50 per kg, therefore a farmer
gains ₹ 35,000 by selling groundnuts in market. For this, investment is ₹ 7000.

Land Preparation = ₹ 3000


Seeds and Sowing = ₹ 5000
Manures, Weeding and = ₹ 4000
Protection
Harvest and work expenses = ₹ 4000

Total = ₹ 16000
Profit = 35000 – 16000

= ₹ 19,000 ……………. (By selling groundnut)

Also, 1 kg of groundnut= 0.83 kg of peanuts.

Therefore a farmer produces 5.81 quintal peanuts in an acre. Market rate of


peanuts is ₹ 80 per kg. Therefore a farmer gains ₹ 46,480 by selling peanuts in the
market. For this total investment is ₹ 17500 (₹ 16000+ maintenance cost),

Profit = 46,480 – 17,500……………….. (By selling peanuts)

= ₹ 28,980

Total Savings = Profit by selling peanuts-Profit by selling groundnuts

= 28,980-19,000 = ₹ 9,980

Payback Period: The payback period is the length of time required to recover the
cost of an investment. Simply, it is determined by counting the number of years it
takes to recover the investment.

PBP = (Cost of Machine) / (Total Annual Savings for 1 Acre Land)

= (20,000) / (9,980)

= 2 Seasons

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Return on Investment: Return on investment (ROI) is a ratio between the net profit
and cost of investment. A high ROI means the investment’s gains favorably to its cost.

ROI = (Net Profit) / (Cost of Investment)

= (9,980) / (20,000)

= 50 %

1.1 Problem Statement

The aim is to design & develop a low cost ground nut shelling machine which will
help farmer to sell shelled groundnut instead of unshelled groundnut. Considering the
above problems we are going to design and fabricate such a machine that will
eliminate most of the problems from previous available manually shelling machine, so
human effort is reduced and getting more productivity, earn more profit to former.

1.2 Objectives

 The main and basic objective is to make low cost groundnut shelling machine.
 Another thing is that to shell maximum possible groundnut in shortest possible
time.
 The machine should not damage the peanuts in order to earn profit.
 The cost of a machine should be affordable to the farmers.
 Space occupied by the machine should not be so large. It should be kept
within the land. The machine should not have excessive weight. It should be
such that it can be easily portable.
1.3 Scope
1. After commercialization, it will help marginal farmers.

2. We can make this groundnut sheller as solar operated or engine operated.

1.4 Methodology
IDENTIFICATION OF
PROBLEM
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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

OBJECTIVE

LITERATURE SURVEY

DEFINE PROBLEM
STATEMENT

DESIGN OF MACHINE

FABRICATION OF
MACHINE

TESTING & RESULTS

ANALYSIS &
CONCLUSION
WITH FUTURE SCOPE

1.5 Process Flow Sheet

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Angle bars of 30*30 mm are used.


Arc welding is used for manufacturing of frame.
Frame

Rotor is made using simulus MS pipe with end capes and shaft pass through it.
Rotor and Water jet cutting and MIG welding process are used for manufauring sieve.
sieve

Alloy galvanized sheets are used for manufacturing hopper.


Processes like bending and rivet joints were used.
Hopper

To segregate the peanuts according to size segregation panels are fixed.


Galvanized sheets are used as panels with holes on it according to required size
Segregation .

Assemble the rotor with motor using pulleys and belt.


Fixing hopper to rotor using MIG welding.
Assembly Sleeve and segregation mechanism is fixed on frame according to design.

2. Literature Survey

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

This project is based on groundnut shelling. Properties of groundnut and peanuts are
mainly to be looked upon in the research paper. The properties such as dimensions,
breaking strength, the gap between the rotor and sieve from the manual machine. So
current research going on to reduce the power consumption of machine like
introducing solar system or more efficient system.
From the paper of Research on the fatigue behavior for peanut shelling, we studied
the fatigue behavior of peanut shells. One of the methods to be utilized in the shelling
of peanut is fatigue. It is well-known that fatigue results when a point of a material is
subjected to varying stress. In this research the pressure applied on a peanut is in the
static sense.[1]
From the paper of Engineering Properties Of Three Varieties Of Groundnut Pods
And Kernels, we used some engineering design related physical and mechanical
properties of three varieties namely; Manipintar, Local I and Local II of groundnut
pods and kernels such as dimensions, geometric mean diameter (GMD), sphericity,
surface area, bulk density, true density, porosity, volume, Mass, 1000- unit mass,
angle of repose, static coefficient of friction on various surfaces and rupture force in 3
axes.[2]
From the paper of Determination of Some Physical Properties of Three
Groundnut Varieties, we used some of the physical properties, such as weight, angle
of repose, coefficient of friction, bulk density, size, shape and moisture content of
three varieties of groundnuts namely ICGV-SM-93523, RMP-9 and RMP- 12 for
design purpose . [3]
From the paper of Estimation of Engineering Parameters for the Development of
a Groundnut Decorticator, we used the values of physical, thermal and mechanical
properties of groundnut for the development of efficient and effective groundnut
decorticator. Also, the estimation of these properties has been able to establish points
of reference that is required to achieve the desired results as optimal parameters for
effective and efficient shelling operations. [4]
From the paper of Effect of moisture content on some engineering properties of
groundnut pods and kernels, we have studied the effect of moisture content on some
engineering properties of groundnut pods and kernels. The properties investigated
were principal dimensions, porosity, bulk density, true density, angle of repose and
static coefficient of friction as dependent variables while moisture content is the

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

independent variable. Effect of moisture content on the crushing force which is


required to crush groundnut pods is very important factor in design. It puts limitation
on working span of machine after harvesting the groundnuts from farm. [5]

3. Design –Analysis- Actual Work.

3.1 Design Calculation

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

3.1.1 Design of Rotor

To design the rotor first we calculate the torque required to run the rotor for
shelling the groundnuts. We need to rotate rotor at 240 rpm,

From research paper, force required to crush the groundnut is 2 N.

Torque = F*r* no. of groundnuts crushed at an instant of time.

Radius of rotor = 0.096m

Bulk density = 330 kg/m3 ……………………………… (Research Paper)

Volume = (π/8) *L*(d22-d12)

Where,

L = Length of Rotor = 450mm

d1 = Diameter of Rotor = 193mm

d2 = Diameter of Sieve = 223 mm

V = 2.2054*10-3 m3

As bulk density can be written as,

ρ = M/V ……………………………… (Bulk Density=330 kg/m3)

Mass = 0.75 kg

Mass of total groundnut crushed = 0.75 kg.

Mass of 1 groundnut = 0.01 kg

No. of groundnut = M/0.01 = 75

Thus, assuming Total 75 groundnuts crushed,

Torque required by roller to crush groundnut = 2*0.096*75

= 14.4 Nm

Power required by rotor = (2*π*N*T)/60

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

P = (2*3.14*240*14.4)/60

P = 361.9 W

Material selected for rotor is SIMULUS MS Pipe.

Mass of rotor = 16 kg

Self-weight of rotor = 160 N

Fig.3.1 3D Model Of Rotor

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Fig.3.2 Deformation Analysis of Rotor

Fig.3.3 Stress Analysis of Rotor

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Fig 3.4 Actual Rotor assembly

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Fig.3.4 3D Model Of Sieve

Fig.3.5 Deformation Analysis of Sieve.

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Fig.3.6 Stress Analysis of Sieve.

3.1.2 Selection of Motor

Power required to drive the fan, Pf = (CFM*PSI) / (η*229)

Where,

CFM = flow rate (Cubic feet per minute)

PSI = Static pressure (Pound per square inch)

η = 75%

Pf = 50 W

Total power required for machine = 49.28 W + 361.9 W

= 411.18 W

Thus, 1HP motor is selected.

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

3.1.3 Design of Pulley

So we have to design pulleys to transfer power from motor to rotor shaft and
motor to fan.

Material selected for pulley is Cast Iron.

N1D1 = N2D2

Where,

N1 = speed of motor

N2 = output speed required

D1 = Diameter Of input motor shaft

D2 = Diameter Of Outer Pulley

N1 = 1440 rpm, N2 = 240 rpm, D1 = 0.05 m, D2 = 0.3 m

From above values we have selected the bearings from manufacturing catalogue as
per our requirements.

Pulley 1

2 groove pulley - PHP2SPZ50TB

I.D = 9-25mm, O.D = 54mm, Pitch diameter = 50mm, m = 4kg

Pulley 2

Single groove – PHP1SPZ315TB

I.D = 14-50mm, O.D = 319mm, Pitch diameter = 315mm, m = 6.5 kg

3.1.4 Design of shaft

Belt Tension Calculation

T1 = tension of belt in tight side

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

T2 = tension of belt in slag side

2.3 ln(T1/T2) = µθ*cosec β

T1 = 9.86*T2----------------------------- (1)

τ = (T1- T2) *R

τ = 14.4 Nm

R = 0.096m

T1 = T2 + 150----------------------------- (2)

From equation (1) & (2),

T1 = 167 N

T2 = 17 N

We have selected SAE 1030 material for shaft, having properties,

Syt = 296 MPa.

Sut = 527 MPa.

By ASME design consideration of shaft,

τmax = 0.3* 296/2 = 44.4 N/mm2

τmax = 0.18*527/2 = 47.43N/mm2

Selecting minimum,

τmax = 44.4 N/mm2

For key slot,

τ = 0.75*τmax

= 0.75*44.4

τallowable = 33.3 MPa

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Horizontal plane

α = 600

Weight of Pulley, Wp = (T1 + T2) cos30 + Self weight of pulley

Wp = 106.2 N

Self Weight, Ws = 160 N

Rb1 + Rb2 = 386.2 N

Taking moment about A,

Σ Ma = 0

= 106.2*520 – R1* 480 + 280* 240 =0

Therefore, reactions at support are,

R1 = 255.05 N

R2 = 131.15 N

Bending moment acting on the shafts are,

Ma = 0 Nmm

Mb = 31470 Nmm

Mc = - 4248 Nmm

Md = 0 Nmm

Vertical plane

Weight of Pulley Wp = 88.265 N

Self-Weight Ws = 160 N

Rv1 + Rv2 = 368.265

Σ Ma = 0

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

= 88.265*520 – R1 *480 + 280*240 = 0

Reactions at support are,

R1 =235.62 N

R2 = 132.644 N

Bending moment acting on shaft in vertical shaft are,

Ma = 0 Nmm

Mb = 31834.56 Nmm

Mc = -3560.6 Nmm

Md = 0 Nmm

Equivalent bending moment can be given as,

Mb = ((31470)2+(31834.56)2)1/2

Kb = 2

KT = 1.5

Mb = 44763.83 Nmm

D3 = (16/π*τmax) * ((KbMb)2 +(KtMt)2)1/2 .

Diameter of shaft is,

D = 30 mm.

3.1.5 Design of Bearing

To design the bearing we need to calculate radial and axial forces,

Fr1 = ((255.05)2 + (235.62)2)1/2

= 347.228 N

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Fr2 = ((131.15)2 + (132.644)2)1/2

= 186.533 N

Let,

P1 = Fr1 = 347.228 N

P2 = Fr2 = 186.533 N

There are no axial forces acting on bearing.

We selected the Single Row Deep Groove Ball Bearing,

Life of 90 % of bearing can be given as,

L10 = (60*n*L10h) / 106

Where,

N= Number of revolutions per minute

L10h = No. of million revolutions in hour.

L10h = 15000 hours

N = 240 rpm

L10 = 216 million revolution

C1 = P1 * (L10)-1/3*Load factor

Load factor = 2

C1 = 4166.736 N

C2 = P2 * (L10)-1/3*Load factor

C2 = 2238.396 N

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

From the above obtained values we have have selected bearings from catalogue,

Bearing 1

Bearing no. 16006

C = 11200, C0 = 5850

D = 55 mm, B = 9 mm

Bearing 2

Bearing no. 61806

C = 3120, C0 = 2080

D = 42 mm, B = 7 mm

3.1.6 Design of Hopper

We need to design the hopper for pouring 5 kg of groundnuts,

Surface area of one groundnut= 440 mm2

We are passing 20 groundnuts to rotor at instant to avoid jamming,

Total area for 20 groundnuts,

a = 440 * 20

= 8800 mm2

a = 0.0088 m2

a = x*y

x = 450 mm …………………………………length of rotor

Therefore, y = 20 mm

Also,

h = 1.73*x for angle of repose θ = 600

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Let us assume we will pour 5 kg of groundnuts and 5kg – 500 groundnuts

A = 500* 800 * 10-6

A = 0.25 m2

Area = x*y

X =450 mm

Y = 350 mm

Therefore, height of the hopper will be,

h = 1.73*200

h = 350 mm.

Material selected for hopper is GI Sheet.

Fig.3.7 3D Model of Hopper

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Fig.3.8 Deformation Analysis of Hopper

Fig.3.9 Stress Analysis of Hopper

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Fig 3.10 Actual Model of hopper

CAD MODEL:

Fig.3.11 3D Model of Frame

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Fig.3.12 Assembly Model

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Fig.3.13 Actual Assembly Model (1)

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

Fig.3.14 Actual Assembly Model (2)

4. Outcome of Project Stage –I Work

Pimpri Chinchwad College of Engineering, B.E. Mechanical


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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

We did the literature survey of whichever required for our project. Also
observed various practical difficulties by going to industry and also market survey
we got required data for the design. By using that data and literature study we
design the various parts of our system.

By considering space constraint and required amount of forces we finalize our


mechanisms. We considered cost as a main constraint for designing every part and
also prepared the project cost estimation.

5. Summary

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

1. We found the Shearing and Crushing forces required for breaking the pods of
groundnut by using literature survey and various physical parameters.
2. We have completed the design of Groundnut Sheller and also finalize the
mechanism by using the various important parameters.
3. We also did the analysis of various parts of our project using ANSYS. We
found our design safe.
4. We have manufactured our machine according to our design calculations.
Some parts are still to be manufactured.

6. Work Remaining

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

1. Manufacturing of segregation mechanism.


2. Testing and analysis of different parameters.

7. References

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Design, Development and Fabrication of Groundnut Sheller Machine. SPPU

[1]. E. Gu zel a, I.D. Akc¸ ali b, H. Mutlu c, A. Ince a, Research on the fatigue
behavior for peanut shelling, Journal of Food Engineering 67 (2005) 373–378.

[2]. Muhammad, A. I., Isiaka, M., Fagge, A. A., Attanda, M. L., Lawan, I. and

Dangora, N. D., Some Engineering Properties Of Three Varieties Of Groundnut Pods


And Kernels, Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment. August, 2015;
Vol. 11: 62-76.

[3]. J. N. Maduako, M. Hamman, Determination Of Some Physical Properties Of


Three Groundnut Varieties, Nigerian Journal of Technology, Vol. 24, No. 2, September
2004.

[4]. Odesanya, K.O., Adebiyi, K.A., Salau, T.A.O., Olasheu, T.I., Estimation of
Engineering Parameters for the Development of a Groundnut Decorticator,
International Journal of Novel Research in Engineering and Applied Sciences
(IJNREAS) 1(4) August 2014.

[5]. Muhammad, Aliyu Idris, Ahmad, Rabi Kabir, Lawan, Ibrahim, Effect of moisture
content on some engineering properties of groundnut pods and kernels, CIGR Journal
Vol. 19, No. 4, Vol. 19, No. 4

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