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The election is marked by the rise of the far-right movement Vox, which opposes multiculturalism and
has threatened to end self-rule for regions like Catalonia.
Socialist Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez has presented himself as a bulwark against the advance of the
hard right.
Polls suggest his party will lead the vote but no single group will win an overall majority.
The final opinion poll in El País newspaper on Monday put the Socialists (PSOE) at about 30%, the
conservative People's Party (PP) at around 20%, the centre-right Ciudadanos and left-leaning Podemos
both near 14% and the far right Vox party at about 11%.
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However, the poll also showed that up to four in 10 voters had yet to make up their minds.
Socialists battle to stop right-wing surge
Catalan crisis in 300 words
Spain country profile
Voting began at 09:00 (07:00 GMT) and will end at 20:00 on the mainland.
An exit poll will be published when voting closes, but in the previous two elections this failed to give an
accurate picture of the outcome.
The highly polarised campaign was dominated by issues including national identity, gender equality and
the future of Catalonia.
The semi-autonomous region held an independence referendum in October 2017 and declared its
independence from Spain weeks later.
A dozen of its leaders have since gone on trial in Madrid, facing charges including rebellion and sedition.
Analysts say support for Vox has been boosted by widespread anger at the independence drive. The
party fervently opposes any concessions to the secessionists.
Image copyrightREUTERSImage captionFar-right party Vox candidate Santiago Abascal talks to the
media after casting his vote
Women's rights have also been a key campaigning topic. Gender-based violence has provoked debate
and street protests across Spain for years and more politicians than ever are courting women's votes.
Vox, however, has spoken out against what it calls "radical feminism" that it claims "criminalises" men.
Particularly notable within the split vote is the rise in support for Vox, who are set to become the first
far-right party to sit in parliament since 1982.
What are the candidates saying?
Speaking after casting his vote at a polling station near Madrid, Prime Minister Sánchez said he hoped
for stability.
"After many years of instability and uncertainty, it's important that today we send a clear, defined
message about the Spain we want. And from there a broad parliamentary majority must be built that can
support a stable government," he told reporters.
Image copyrightREUTERSImage captionPrime Minister and PSOE candidate Pedro Sánchez casts his
vote
Meanwhile, Albert Rivera, leader of the centre-right Ciudadanos, renewed calls to oust Mr Sánchez as he
cast his vote in Barcelona.
"These are not any normal elections. At stake is whether we want to remain united, if we want to
continue being free and equal citizens, if we want a Spain that looks to the past or the future, a country
of extremes or of moderation," he said.
Where do the parties stand on key issues?
IMMIGRATION
ECONOMY
EQUALITY
CATALONIA
IMMIGRATIONECONOMYEQUALITYCATALONIA
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