EART HW O R K HA UL A N D

O V ER HA UL
INC LU DING

EC O N O M IC DIST R IB UT ION

J . C . Le F ISH
Member A merican Society of Civil Engineers; Member A merican Railway
Engineering A ssociation; Sometime, Division Engineer , Lake Shore
and Michigan Southern Railway; Profe ssor of Railroad

E ng ineering , Leland Stanford J uni or Wuivem ty

'

F IR S T E D I TI ON
F IR ST T HO U SAN D

N EW Y ORK

JO H N W ILEY a: SO N S
LO N D ON : C H A PMA N TED
H A L L, LIM I

1913
S
 PR E FA C E

THI S b o o k p r es ents answers to all qu estions on com p utati on

of ov erhaul an d on th e u se of t h e m ass curv e in p lanning di s
t rib u tio n ,
whi ch have arisen during an experience covering a
wide rang e of conditions .

Part I is p lann ed to s erv e fiv e class es of m en : railroa d engi

neers railroa d contractors com p ut ers stu dents an d t each ers
, , , ,
.

Engin eers r esp onsibl e for ov erhaul com p utation m ay b e aided

in s el ecting a m etho d of com p utation by r eadin g Sections 4 7 5 5 ,

1 4 6 an d 2 0 3 ; an d can obtain uniform r esults by m er ely di r ect

ing th eir subor dinates to foll ow t h e instructions giv en in C hap ter

V I or C hap t er V II for t h e s el ect ed m etho d .

C om p ut ers havin g b een dir ect ed to u se a g iv en m etho d o f

,

com p utin g overhaul will fin d in either Chap t er V I or Chap ter

,

V II a com p l ete p lan of p roc edur e un der t h e m etho d .

R ailroa d contractors about to sub m it b ids on work involvin g

ov erhaul will find th e descrip tions of bas es an d m etho ds of
,

com p utation of overhaul given in Chap ters V VI an d V II a

, , , ,

r ea dy m eans of com ing to a definite u n derstan ding with rail

roa d engin eers as to t h e way in whi ch t h e ov erhaul is to b e
co m p uted .

Stu dents of ov erhaul in school or out will find in Chap t er s

, ,

I—V a full p r es entation of each of t h e el em ents of overhaul

co m p utation T h e b eginn er is a dvised to p roceed at onc e to
.

com p ute th e overhaul for som e sim p l e case sim ilar to that shown
in Fig 1 9 by M etho d IV ( Sections 8 9
.
,
stu dying th e r efer
emees un der each st ep no m or e than m ay b e n ec essary to ex ecut e
t h e st ep in t ellig ently A working knowl edg e of t h e ess en tial s
.

an d routin e of o n e m etho d thus acquir ed furnish es t h e groun d

work n ec essary for th e m ost p rofi tabl e stu dy of oth er p ortions

of t h e book .
iv PR EFA CE

Men call ed up on from tim e to tim e in class room or o ffi c e ,

-

to give instruction in overhaul com p utation will fin d Part I a ,

treatise from which p ortions can b e s elect ed to fulfi ll r equir e

m ents for a co urs e short or long accor di ng to t h e tim e availabl e
for t h e subj ect Th e fact that t h e writer is entitl ed to full
.

m em b ership in th is class m ay b e taken as a guaranty that t h e

’
t each er s in ter ests have not b een overlooked h er ein .

Part II is devot ed to t h e el em ents of t h ep robl em of econom ic

di str ibution and p r es ents a thorough tr eatm ent of t h e solution
,

o f thi s p robl em by t h e u se of t h e m ass curv e .

T h e attention of thos e who are fam iliar with t h e p r eviously

p rinted m att er b earing on haul and overhaul is di r ect ed to

S ections 2 —9 (sw ell and distribution ) ; 1 5 — 1 9 ( conc erning t h e
:m ass curv e) ; 4 3 4 4 (crosshaul ) ,
Chap ter V I (data and solution
o f a s im p l e ov erhaul p robl em by each of eight m etho ds ) ; Chap
,

t er V II (data an d solution of com p l ex ov erhaul p robl em from

p ractic e by each of fiv e m etho ds ) ; F ig 3 6 ( stat em ent of ov er

,
.

h aul com p ut ed by various m etho ds ) ; and n early all of Part II .

T h e writer s in debt edn ess to t h e p ublished m att er on ov er

’

h aul esp ecially to t h e Proc eedings 1 9 0 6 of t h e A m erican

, , ,

R a ilway Engineering A ssociation will b e app arent to t h e w ell ,

inform ed T h e draw ings w ith o ne or two ex cep tions hav e

.
, ,

b een p r ep ar ed by M essrs N M Halcom b e and A C San d

. . . . .

s trom ,
at p resent stu dying civ il engin eering in Stanford Uni
v ersity M r Sandstrom has taken a liv ely inter est in t h e tex t
. .

as w ell ; and hi s criticism s and suggestions at m any po ints hav e

c aus ed desirabl e chang es in and a ddit ions to t h e o rig inal m anu

s crip t.

Th e writer will b e gla d to r ec eiv e sugg estions for t h e im

p rov em ent of any p art of t h e book fro m thos e to who m it do es ,

n o t p rove entir ely satisfactory .

J . C L F ISH
. . .

STANF ORD UN E RS T CAL RN A

IV I Y ,
IF O I

May 20, 1 9 1 2 .
 TA B LE OF CO N T E N T S

PA R T I
HAUL A ND O VERH AUL

CHAPTER I

CONSIDE RATION S PRE LIMI NARY To THE COMP UTA TION or HAUL

T his ch ap t er sh o w s t h e n ecessit y o f ado p t ing an idea l dis t ri b u t io n , inst ead of

t h e act ua l ,
as a b asis o f co m p u t ing h aul or o ve h
r aul ; t h at , u nder so m e co m m o n

c o ndit io n s , p redic t io n o f sw el o f m at erial m u st b e su j

any l
ect t o co n sidera le b b
v
un cert aint y ; and gi es a m et h o d fo r det er m ining t h e m o st reaso na le sw ell fact o rs b -

l
in t h o se cases w h ere fie d m easurem ent s fo r exact det erm inat io n are no t a aila le v b .

P E AG

Haul defined
b
Dist ri u t io n o f m at erial , act ual and assum ed ; sim ple case

b
Dist ri ut io n o f m at erial ,
act ual and assum ed ; co m p lex case

Sw ell and sh rin ag e k .

Sw ell o f t w o or m o re m at erial s dep ends up o n t h e t h o ro u g h ness o f m ix ing

l
Sw el increm ent ; sw ell rat io ; sw ell -
fact o r
Eq uat ing fact o r -

Det erm inat io n o f sw ell fact o r ; -

sim p le case .

Det erm inat io n o f sw ell fact o r ; -

co m p lex case

CHAPTER II

THE M A SS CURV E
Th is ch ap t er set s fo rt h t h e p rincip les o f co ns t ruct io n and int erp ret at io n of the
m ass cu rve; b
descri es t h e h o rizo nt a l and t h e o b lique b alancing line; and discusses
t h e effect of draft ing erro rs
-
o n resu lt s o bt ain ed fro m t h e m as s cu r ve .

IO . Co nst ru c t io n of m as s cu r ve or p rOfile o f q uant it ies

II . Ch aract erist ic s of t h e m ass cur ve .

12 . Th e h o rizo nt a l b alancing line .

13 . Th e o b liq u e b alancing line

 TA B LE OF C ONT EN TS
PAGE

l
R e at io n b et w ee n h au l and m ass -
v
cu r e area w h en t h e m ass cu r ve
p lo t t ed fro m cu t -
v o lu m es and q
e uat ed fill— v o lu m es

R elat io n b et w ee n h aul an d m ass—c ur e v area w h en t h e m ass c ur ve

p lo t t ed fro m fill
-
v o lum es and e u at ed cu t — o um es
q vl
Lim it o f err o r in a dist an ce p lo t t ed o r sealed

Lim it of erro r in area due t o erro rs in dist ance

Scale o f o rdinat es fo r t h e m ass cu r ve

Plo t t ing t h e m ass cu r ve
CH APTER III

LIMI TS A ND C E NTE R OF MA SS OF A B ODY OF M A TE RIAL

T his c h ap t er descri b
h o w , b y ey e, b y arit h m et ic , an d b y m ass cu r e, t o de
es v
b
t erm ine t h e lim it s o f a o dy o f m at erial in c u t o r in fi ll fro m gi en co ndit io ns ; and v
h o w t o det erm ine t h e cent er o f o lum e o r m ass o f such o dy v
( Figs 1 9 , 2 1 , 2 1 a, b . .

and 2 4 face p .

P E
AG

20 . L im it of a fill m ade fro m a v b

g i en o dy o f cu t : arit h m et ic al so lu t io n ;

m ass—cu r e so lut io n ; v so lu t io n b y insp ect io n

2I . C en t er of m ass o f a s ing le p rism o id

22 . Cent er of m ass o f a series o f p rism o ids . A rit h m et ical so lut io n

23 . Cent er o f m ass of a series o f p rism o ids . Mass—curv e so lut io n

CHA PTER IV

CE NTE R OF G RA V IT Y
'
In t h is ch ap t er are b
descri ed eigh t m et h o ds ( so ca ed) o f finding t h e cent er o f -
ll
v b
g ra it y o f a o dy o f m at erial , rang ing fro m t h e ro ugh ly app ro x im at e t o t h e p rac t i
ca lly exa ct an d u sin g t h e ey e arit h m et ic , o r t h e m ass cu r e
,
A ll t h e m et h o ds
, v .

are app lied t o t h e sam e p ro b lem ,

n am ely , fin ding t h e c ent er of v
gra ity of t h e cu t
b et w ee n 9 co and 1 2 28 o f Fig . 19 ( facin g p .

R elat io n b et w ee n cen t er o f g ra it yv and h au l

Cent er o f g v it y
ra o f a single p rism o id .

C ent er o f g v it y
ra o f a series o f p rism o ids .

M et h o d I . C ent er of v
gra it y det erm ined b y ey e
M et h o d II . v
Cent er o f gra ity assum ed t o lie at t h e m id—
p o int
M et h o d III . Series o f p rism o ids t reat ed as a sin g le p rism o id
M et h o d IV . v
C ent er o f g ra it y assu m ed t o lie at t h e cent er of m ass .

A rit hm et ical so lu t io n .

M et h o d V Cent er o f g ra it y
. v assum ed t o lie at t h e c ent er o f m ass .

M ass cur e so lu t io n
-
v .

M et h o d VI Cent er o f g ra it y. v of each p rism o id assu m ed t o lie at it s

m id p o int
-
. Arit h m et ica l so lut io n .
 0 .

TA BLE OF CONTENT S Vl l

P AG E

33 . Use eit h er m easured or q

e u at ed fill -
v o lum es in co m p ut ing b y m o m ent s

( Meth o ds VI and VIII Secs ,

.
32 and 3 5 ) th e st at io n o f cent er o f grav it y
o f series o f fil l p rism o ids .

34 . M et h o d VII . Cent er of gra it y v o f each p rism o id assum ed t o lie at it s

m id p o int -

. Mass -
v
cur e so u t io n l .

35 . M et h o d VIII . Th e t rue cent er o f g ra ity v

CHA PTER V

OVE RHA UL , F REE HA UL , AND CROSSHA UL

v
In t his ch ap t er o erh aul is defin ed ; a dig est o f Am erican p rac t ice in co m p u t ing
o v l v ’
erh au is g i en ; t h e A m erican R ai w ay Engineering A sso ciat io n s Sp ecifica t io n , l
w hich is u sed as th e b asis fo r all t h e p ro b lem s k
w o r ed in t his b k oo ,
is p resen t ed ;
and t h ree m et h o ds b y ey e, b y arit h m et ic , and b y m ass cur ve o f det erm inin g

free h au
-
l lim it s are exp lained C ro ssh aul is discussed ;. and eig h t m et h o ds of

co m p ut ing o ve h l
r au are charact erized .
( Fig . 19 faces p 9 6 ; Fig 3 6 , p 6 7 ; Fig
. . . .

3 8, p .

Definit io n s
B asis ofo ve h r au l co m p ut at io n : re view o f current p ract ice in A m eric a .

l
A m erican Rai w ay Eng ineering A sso ciat io n b asis o f co m p ut ing o erh aul v
b
Int erp ret at io n o f ases (A ) and ( B ) o f Sect io n 3 7
F ree h au l limi t s : arit h m et ical so lut io n
-

F ree h au l lim it s : m ass

- -
cu r ve so lu t io n .

F ree h aul lim it s : b y ey e

-

l
Cro ssh au and it s effect o n t o t al h au l
Cro ssh aul w it hin free—h aul limi t s : it s efi ec t on o ve h r au l

Limit o f err o r in t o t a l co st o f o verh aul due t o erro r in co m p ut ed p o sit io n

o f c ent er o f v
gra it y .

St at em en t of o ve h r aul .

M et h o ds o f co m p u t ing o ve h l r au

M et h o d I
M et h o d II
M et h o d III
M et h o d IV
M et h o d V
M et h o d V I
M et h o d VII
M et h o d VIII

CHAPTER V I

OV E RHAUL C OMPUTED F OR THE SIMPLE CA SE or F IG . 19

v l
In t h is ch ap t er th e o erh au o f F ig 1 9 is co m p ut ed b y each o f t h eeigh t m eth ods .

v
o f co m p u t ing o erh au , t h e w o r l
un der each m et h o d eing aid o ut in fo rma lk b l
st ep s and in det ai l . l
Th e resu t s are p resent ed in Fig 3 6 on th e lines which b egin .
viii TA BLE OF C ONT ENTS

w ith A . F inally t h e resu lt s are co m p ared in Sec t io n 1 46 . Th is ch ap t er is

int ended t o ser e v t h e co m p u t er of o ve h r aul as a
gu ide in h is co m p u t at io ns Th e .

l
fo l o w in g ch ap t er is Sim ilar t o t h is , b
b u t t h e p ro lem t h ere so l ed is co m p lex v .

( Fig . 19 fac es p 9 6 ; Fig 3 6 faces p

. . .

56 . l
Preiminary rem ar k s .

Ov erhaul in F ig . 1 9 com puted by M eth od I

(In M et h o d I cent er o f g ravity and all limi ts ar e det erm ined b y ey e ).

57 . St ep 1 . Dat a .

58 . St ep 2 . Dist ri b ut io n o f m at erial .

59 . St ep 3 . Sw ell fac t o r
-
and e u at ing q -
fact o r .

60 . St ep 4 . Limit s of b o dies o f m at erial

61 . St ep 5 . Lim it s of free h aul .

62 . St ep 6 . Cent ers g ra it y of v .

63 . St ep 7 . v
A erage h aul dist ance -
.

64 . St ep 8 . Av e rag e o ve h r aul -
dist anc e
65 . St ep 9 . T h e o erh au lv
66 . St ep 10 . Stat em en t of o ve h r aul .

Ov erhaul in Fig . 1 9 co m puted by M eth o d II

(In M et h o d II c en t er o f gra vit y of b o dy o f cu t o r fi ll is assum ed t o lie at cent er

of leng t h . Limit s ar e co m p ut ed by arit h m et ic .

)
67 . St ep 1 . Data
68 . St ep 2. Dist ri b ut io n o f m at erial
69 . St ep 3 . Sw ell and e uat ing q -
fac t o rs
70 . St ep 4 . Eq uat e each st at io n — o lu m e o f v fill t o v o lum e in p lac e
71 . St ep 5 . Lim it s of b o dies o f m at erial
72 . St ep 6 . Lim it s of free h aul .

73 . St ep 7 . C ent ers o f gra it y v .

74 . St ep 8 . v
A erag e h au distanc e l
-
.

75 . St ep 9 . Ave rag e o ve h r aul—

dist anc e
76 . St ep 10 . v
Th e o erh aul
77 . St ep 11 . St at em ent ofo ve h lr au

Overh aul in Fig . 1 9 co m puted b y M ethod III

( In Met h o d III cent er o f v

g ra it y of b o dy o f c u t o r fil l is det erm ined b y co m
p ut ing its dist ance fro m cen t er o f leng t h . Lim it s are co m p u t ed b y arit h m et ic ) .

P E
AG

78 . St ep 1 . Dat a .
76
79 . St ep 2 . Dist ri b u t io n o f m at erial 77
80 . St ep 3 . Sw el l q
an d e uat ing —fac t o rs .

77
81 . St ep 4 . Eq u at e ea ch st at io n -

v o lu m e o f fill t o vl o um e in p lac e 77
82 . St ep 5 . Limit s of b o dies o f m at erial 77
 TAB LE OF C ON TENTS ix

\
83 . St ep O Lim it s o f fr ee h aul

84 . St ep \ C en t ers
I
of g ra it yv .

85 . St ep O
O v
A erage h aul dist ance -

86 . St ep O \
v
A erage o erh aul d ist anc e v -

87 . St ep 1 0 Th e o erh aul
. v
88 . St ep 1 1 St at em ent o f o erh aul
. v .

Ov erh aul in F ig . d
1 9 co mpute by M etho d I V
( In M et h o d IV c ent er o f v
gra it y o f cut o r fill is assu m ed t o lie at it s cen t er of

v o lum e, and is co m p u t ed b y arit h m et ic L im it s are co m p u t ed b y arit h m et ic ) . .

Dat a
Dist ri b ut io n o f m at eria l
Sw ell q
and e u at ing —
fac t o rs
Eq uat e each st at io n -
v o lum e o f fill t o v o lum e in p lace
Lim it s of b o dies o f m at erial
Lim it s of free h aul .

Cent ers of g ra it yv .

v
A erage h aul dist ance -

v v
A erag e o erh aul distan c e -

v
Th e o erh aul
St at em ent of o ve h l r au .

Ov er haul in F ig . 1 9 co m pu ted by M etho d V

(In M et h o d V cen t er o f g ra it y v of b o dy o f cu t o r fill is assum ed t o lie at it s

cent er o f v o lum e, and is det erm ined b y m ass c urve . Lim it s are det ermined b y
m ass c urv e
.
)
Dat a
Dist ri b u t io n o f m at erial
Sw ell q
and e uat in g -
fac t o rs
Equat e each st at io n -
v o lu m e o f fill t o v o lum e in p lac e
Plo t t h e m ass c ur ve .

Lim it s of b o dies o f m at eria l

Lim its of free h au l
Cent ers of g ra it y v
v
A erag e h aul—
dist ance
v v
A erage o erh au distan ce l
-

v
Th e o erh au l
St at em ent of o ve h r aul .

Ov erhaul f Fig
o . 1 9 com puted by Method VI

(In Met h o d VI th e cent er o f v

gra it y o f a o dy o f c ut o r fill is co m p u t ed, arit h b
m et ically , b y th e m eth o d o f m o m ent s ; t h e cent er o f grav it y o f ea ch stat io n o lum e -
v
X TA B LE OF CON TENT S

b eing assum ed t o lie at it s c ent er o f leng t h . Th e lim it s are co m p ut ed by arit h

m et ic .
)
1 12 . St ep I Dat a .

1 13 . St ep 2 Dist ri b u t io n o f m at erial
1 14 . St ep 3 Sw ell and e u at ing —
q
fact o rs
1 15 . St ep 4 Eq u at e each st at io n -
v o lum e o f fill t o v o lu m e in p lace
1 16 . St ep 5 . Lim it s of b o dies o f m at erial
1 1 7 . St ep 6 L im it s of free h au l .

1 18 . St ep 7 Cent ers g ra it y of v .

1 19 . St ep 8 v
A erag e h aul dist an ce -
.

1 20 . St ep 9 A ve rag e o v erh aul -

dist an ce
1 21 . St ep 10 Th e o erh au lv
1 22 . St ep II

Overh aul o f F ig . 1 9 co m pu ted by M etho d VII

(In M et h o d VII t h e cen t er o f g ra it y o f each v b o dy o f c u t o r fill is co m p ut ed ,

b y m ean s of v
t h e m ass c u r e, b y t h e m et h o d o f m o m en t s . All lim it s are det er
mi ned b y t h e m ass c ur ve) .

Dat a
Dist ri b u t io n o f m at erial
Sw ell and e u at in gq -
fac t o rs .

Eq u at e each s t at io n -
v o lu m e o f fill v o lu m e

Plo t t h e m ass c ur ve
Lim it s of b o di es o f m at erial
Lim it s of free h au l .

C ent ers of g ra it y v .

v
A erag e h au —dist ance l
v v
A erag e o erh au l—dist ance
Th e o erh au lv
Stat em ent of o v erh au l

Ov erhaul o f F ig . 1 9 com pu ted by M ethod V] II

I
( In M et h o d VI I t h e cen ter o f g ra vit y
is fo und b y t h e m et h o d of each cu t o r fi ll

o f m o m en t s, u sing arit h m et ic, t h e c en t er o f g rav it y o f each st at io n o lum e eing -

v b
fo u n d b y c o m p u t in g it s dist anc e fro m t h e c ent er o f leng t h All lim it s are co m .

p u t ed b y arit hm et ic ) .

1 35 . St ep H Dat a
1 36 . St ep N Dist ri b u t io n o f m at eria l
137 . St ep C
N Sw ell and e uat ing q -
fac t o rs
138 . St ep A E quat e each st at io n -
vl o um e o f fill t o vl o um e in p lace
1 39 . St ep I
U Lim it s of b o dies o f m at erial .

1 40 . St ep O Limits
N
o f free h au l
 TABLE OF CONTENT S X1

P E
AG

1 41 . St ep 7 Cent ers o f gra it y

. v .

142 . St ep . v
8 A erag e h aul dis t ance -

1 43 . St ep 9 . A ve rag e o ve h r aul -
dist ance
1 44 . St ep 10 . T h e o erh au v l
1 45 . St ep 1 1 . St at em ent of o ve h r aul .

Com pariso n of M ethods and R esults

1 46 . Th e fo rego ing resul t s co m p ared

CHA PTER VII

O E AUL CO M UTED
V RH P F OR THE COMPLEX CA SE or F IG .
38

In t his ch ap t er M eth o ds I, IV , V , VI, and V II of o ve h r aul c o m p u ta t io n are

app lied ,
o n e aft er ano t h er , t o t h e c o m p ex p ro l blem of
Fig 3 8 Th e s t ep s in each
. .

m et h o d are fo rm ally st at ed Th e e ult s are p resent ed in F ig 3 6 o n t h e lin es

”

. r s .

b eginning w it h “B , and co m p ared in Sec t io n 203 . Th is ch ap t er,

li e t h e p re k
c eding , aim s to ser ve as a k
w o r ing g uide t o t h e co m p u t er . ( Fig 3 6 faces p 6 7 ;
. .

Fig s 3 6 a, 3 7 ,
. and 3 8 fac e p .

1 47 . Preliminary

Ov erh au l o f F ig .
38 com puted by M eth od I

( In M et h o d I cent er of g ra it y and v all lim it s are det erm in ed b y ey e ) .

1 48 . St ep 1 . Dat a .

1 49 . St ep 2 . Dist ri b u t io n o f m at erial
1 50 . St ep 3 . F ree—
h au l lim it s an d o t h er limi t s o f b o dies o f m at erial

151 . St ep 4 . Cen t ers gra it yof v .

1 52 . St ep 5 . v
A erag e h aul distan ce -

1 53 . St ep 6 . A ve rag e o ve h l di t
r au -
s an c e

1 54 . St ep 7 . V o lu m es o f b die f v e h
o s o o r aul ed m at erial
1 55 . St ep 8 . Th e o erh au lv
1 56 . St ep 9 . St at em ent of o ve h l r au

Ov erh au l f F ig
o .
38 co m pu ted by M eth o d I V

( In M et h o d IV cent er o f v
gra it y o f cut o r fill is assum ed t o lie at its cent er of

v o lum e, and is co m p u t ed b y arit h m fl ic Limi t s are co m p ut ed b y arith m et ic .

Dat a
b
Dist ri u t io n o f m at erial .

Det erminat io n o f sw ell fac t o rs -

and o f the v o lum es of t h e sev
eral b o dies o f cu t and fill .

Lim it s of b o dies o f m at eria l .

Eq u at e each st at io n -
vl o um e o f fill t o v l m e i pl
o u n ace

Limit s o f free h aul .

 TA BLE OF CONTENT S

1 63 . St ep 7 . Cent ers o f g ra vity .

1 64 . St ep 8 . v
A erag e h aul —
dis t ances
1 65 . St ep 9 . v v
A erage o erhau l dist ances -

1 66 . St ep 10 . Th e o erh aul v
167 . St ep 11 . St at em ent of o ve hr au l .

Overh aul f F ig
o .
38 com puted by M eth od V

( In M et h o d V cent er o f v
gra ity o f o dy o f b cut o r fill is assum ed t o lieat it s:
c ent er o f v l me
o u ,
and is det erm ined b y m ass c urve . Limi t s are det ermined b y
m ass c ur ve )
.

Data .

b
Dist ri ut io n o f m at erial
Det erm inat io n o f sw ell—fact o rs and o f t h e v o lum es of th e
se ve l b
ra o dies o f c u t and fill
Eq uat e each st at io n — o lum v e o f fill t o v o lum e in p lace

Plo t t h e m ass cu r ve .

Lim it s of b o dies o f m at eria l

Lim it s o f free h aul

Cent ers of g ra ity v .

v
A erag e h au l dist ances -

v v
A erag e o erh aul—dist anc es
v
Th e o erh au l
St at em ent of o ve h l r au

Ov erh aul f F ig
o .
38 co m puted by M etho d VI

(In M et h o d V I t h e cen t er o f g ra it y o f v a b o dy o f cu t o r fill is co m p u t ed, arit h

m et ically , b y t h e m et h o d o f m o m en t s , t h e c ent er o f gra it y o f each s t at io n v -

vl
o um e

b eing assum ed t o lie at it s cent er o f leng t h Th e imit s are co m p ut ed b y . l ari t h

m et ic .
)

1 80 . St ep 1 . Dat a
181 . St ep 2 . b
Dist ri ut io n o f m at erial
1 82 . St ep 3 . Det erminat io n o f sw ell fact o rs -
an d o f vl
o um es o f v l
t h e se era
b o dies o f cu t and fill
1 83 . St ep h Limit s o f o dies o f m at erial
-
b
1 84 . St ep U Eq uat e each st at io n o um e o f fill t o
I -
vl v o lum e in p lace
1 85 . St ep Q Limit s of free h au l
1 86 . St ep Q Cent ers o f g rav it y

1 87 . St ep v
N A erage h aul dist ances -

1 88 . St ep v
O A erage o erh aul dist anc es v -

1 89 . St ep 1 0. v
Th e o erh au l
1 90 . St ep 1 1 . St at em ent of o ve h l r au .
 TAB LE OF C N O TENTS xiii

Overhau l o f Fig .
38 co m puted by M ethod VII
( In M et h o d VII t h e cent er o f g ra it y o f each v b o dy o f c ut o r fill , is co m p ut ed ,

b y m eans of t h e m ass c ur ve , b y t h e m et h o d of m o m ent s . All limit s are det er

m ined b y t h e m ass cur ev .
)
St ep 1 .

St ep 2. b
Dist ri u t io n o f m at erial
St ep 3 . Det erminat io n o f sw ell fact o rs -
and o f v o lum es o f t h e se era v l
cu t s and fill s
St ep 4 . Eq uat e each st at io n— v o lum e o f fil l t o v o l um e in p lace
St ep 5 . Plo t t h e m ass c ur ve
St ep 6 . Lim it s of b o dies o f m at eria l
St ep 7 . Limit s of free h aul
St ep 8 . C ent ers of
g ra it y v
St ep 9 . v
A erage h aul dist anc es -

St ep 10 . Ave rage o ve h l di t
r au — s ances

St ep 1 1. v
Th e o erh au l
St ep 12 . St at em ent of o ve h l r au

Co m parison o f Methods and Results .

Th e fo rego ing resu lts co m p ared

PA RT II
EC ON O MIC DIS TRIB UTION OF M A TERIAL AL O N G THE PR O FILE
CHAPTER V III

P RE LIMI NA RY CON SIDE RA TIONS

b l
fi

T his ch ap t er discusses t h e efi ect p lanning dist ri ut io n, and imit

o f sw ell o n of

b
p ro fi t a le h au l ; and st at es t h e p rincip le o f eco no m ic dist ri ut io n b .

2 04 . Sw ell fact o r
-
. Pro lem sb of p ast and fut ur e h aul co m p ared

. 2o5 . Cu t -
v o lum es m ust b e eq uat ed t o fil l -
v o lum es

2 06 . Limi t in g distance w h en t h ere is no free h au l

207 . Lim it ing dist ance w h en t h ere is free h aul
2 08 . l
Princip e o f eco no m ic dist ri b ut io n

CHAPT ER IX

EC ONOMIC B A LANCING LINE F OR M A SS CUR V E PLO TTED F ROM CUT V OLUMES -

A ND

EQ UA TED F ILL V OLUME S OR F R OM CUT V OLUMES AND F ILL VOLum s

-

,
- -

W HE N SW ELL FA CTOR IS U NITY -

This ch ap t er discusses t h e ap p licat io n o f t h e p rincip le o f eco no mic dist ri ut io n b

v l l
t o each o f se era t yp ica fo rm s o f m ass cur e, p ro g ressing fro m t h e sim p e t o t h e v l
co m p lex . All th e m ass cur ve s of t his ch ap t er are assum ed t o b e plo tt ed fro m p ay
xiv TAB LE OF C ONT ENTS

l
y ards , t h at is , fro m y ards in p ace A ll t h e m ass c ur es o f t h e fo llo w ing ch ap t er
. v
are assum ed t o b e p lo tt ed fro m y ards o f sw el ed m at erial Ot h erw ise th e t w o l .

ch ap t ers are simi lar ( F igs 5 0—

6 03 face p
. . . .

No te
Eco no m ic bl a ancing line fo r sim p le lo o p
Eco n o m ic bl a ancing line fo r co rrug at ed lo o p
Eco no m ic bl a ancing line fo r t w o lo ng lo o p s sep arat ed b y a sh o rt lo o p .

Eco n o m ic bl a an cing line fo r m ass cur vew ith o n e sag and o ne h um p .

Eco n o m ic co n t inu o u s b alanc ing line for m ass cu r ve w it h t w o sags and

t w o h um ps
Co nt inu o us b alan c ing line v s . b ke ba
ro l m g li e
n anc n

W h en t h e b ase line 15 t h eeco no mi b l i g li e

c a an c n n

Ex am p les Of eco no m ic b alan cing lines .

Prac t ical use O f m ass cur e in v p lann ing dist ri b ut io n

CHAPTER X

EC ONOMIC B ALANCING LINE F OR M A SS CUR VE PLO TTED F R OM FILL V OLUMES A ND -

EQ UATED CU T V OLUM ES -

This ch ap t er discu sses t h e app licat io n of t h e p rincip le o f eco no m ic dis t ri b ut io n

t o each o f se ve ral t yp ical fo rm s o f m ass ve p cu r , ro g ress ing fro m t h e sim p e to t h e l

co m p lex . T h e m ass cur ves h ere r ep e e t bi
y ards o f sw elled m at erial, w hile
r s n cu c

t h e m ass cu r v es o f t h e p recedin g ch ap t er rep resen t cu ic y ards in p lace b .

P AGE

No te
Eco no m ic bl a ancing lin e fo r sim p e lo o p l
Eco no mi c bl a anc ing line fo r co rru gated lo o p

Eco no m ic bl v
a ancin g lin e fo r m ass c u r e w it h t w o lo ng lo o p s sep arat ed b y

a sh o rt lo o p
Eco n o m ic bl a an cing lin e fo r m ass c ur ve w it h e on sag an d o ne h u m
p .

Eco no mic bl a an cing line fo r m ass cur vewit h tw o sag s and t w o h um p s .

W h en sw ell -
fact o rs are all q
e ual
Pract ical use o f m ass c ur ve i n p lannm g dist r i b u t io n
E A RT HW O R K HA UL A N D
O V ER HA UL
PA RT I

C H A PT E R I

CO N SIDERATION S PRELIMINARY TO CO M PUTATIO N OF HA UL

This ch ap t er sh o w s t h e n ecessit y o f ado p t in g an ideal dist rib u t io n , inst ead of

t h e act u a l ,
as a b asis o f co m p u t ing h au l or o ve h l ;
r au t h at , un der so me co m m o n

co ndit io ns , any p redict io n O f sw ell o f m at erial m ust b e su j ec t t o co nsidera le b b

v
un cert ain t y ; an d gi es a m eth o d fo r det erm ining t h e m o st reaso na le sw ell fact o rs b
l
in t h o se cases w h ere fie d m easu rem en t s fo r exact det erm inat io n are no t a aila e v bl .

1 . Haul defi n ed . Supp os e that t h e m at erial b etw een stations

m and n (F ig . 1 ) just m akes or ,
is assum ed to m ake (Sec the .

H au1 = H= Vh st a-
y ds, b ei ng ex p r essedj ns t at io ns an d V.
(It
i n c u y ds ) . .

1
H au l Dist an ce

P 1ane o f Cent er
-

. of v
G r a it y __

F IG . I.

fill b etween stations 0 and p Th e haul w h ich r esults from .

m oving t h e m at erial of cut m n into fi ll o p is eq ual to th e volum e

of t h e cut mn m ul tip lied by t h e distanc e b etw een th e c ent er of
gravity of cut mn and t h e c ent er Of gravity of fill op Thus .

haul is exp r ess ed in com p oun d units In railroa d work t h e .

haul distanc e is usually exp r essed in stations of 1 00 ft and th e .

2 EA R TH W OR K HAUL AND OVERHA UL

volum e in cubic yar ds Hence th e custom ary unit of haul is .

t h e station yar d (h er eafter writt en sta

-
t h e haul r esulting
from hauling 1 c y Of m aterial a distanc e Of 1 sta So 5 0 sta
. . .

y ds is t h e r esult O f hauling 1 c y 5 0 stas ; 5 0 c y 1 sta ; or

. . . . . . .

c y 4 stas ; and so on
. . . .

L et V volum e in t h e cut mn .

’
V volum e in t h e fill op .

g station and p lus of t h e c enter Of gravity of t h e cut mu .

'
g station and p lus of t h e c enter of gravity of t h e fill op .

h g g haul di stanc e distance (statio ns) b etw een

’

t h e c ent er of gravity of t h e fill and t h e c ent er of

grav ity Of t h e cut .

H t h e haul ( sta —y ds) .

Th en
’
V)
’
H Vh (not V h unless V (I ) ,
.

So th en to asc ertain t h e haul r esulting from transp orting a

, ,

given bo dy Of m aterial from a given p osition in a cut to a given

p osition in a fill w e m ust ( I ) asc ertain t h e volum e of t h e giv en
,

bo dy Of m aterial in p lac e ( that is in it s original p osition in ,

t h e cut) ; and ( 2 ) find t h e p osition O f t h e c ent er of gravity of

that bo dy of m at erial in p lace and t h e p osition Of t h e center
of gravity Of t h e sam e bo dy of m at erial after it is haul ed to
t h e fill Th e r ea der is supp os ed to b e fam iliar w ith earthwork
.

m easurem ents and volum e com p utation F o r r easons which will .

app ear lat er m etho ds of det erm ining c ent er Of gravity are de
,

ferr ed to b e taken up after att ention has b een given to t h e dis

,

t rib u t io n and sw ell of m at erial and to t h e m ass curv e ,

.

2
. Dispo sition of m at erial , actual and as sum ed ; sim ple cas e .

In so m e cart work t h e cut and fill starting at t h e gra de

-

p o int are carried forwar d in Opp osit e dir ections sim ultan eously
,

and with full cross s ect i n as sho w n in F igs 2 and 1 2 Su c

o
-
.
, .

cessiv e slabs across t h e cut are brok en down and hauled and ,

dum p ed ov er t h e end of t h e fill wh ere t h e m at erial of each slab

form s another slab on t h e end fac e of t h e fill Un der such .
4 EAR THW OR K HA UL AND OVER HAUL

In Short in com p uting haul w e deal with t h e fill as if it w er e an

,

ideal cart—fill Th e p osition of t h e ideal s ep arating transv ers e

.
,

pl an e is foun d by t h e m etho d giv en in Sec 2 0 . .

A gain let us consider t h e cas e of a cut m a de in th e fo llowing

,

m ann er (Fig A s team shov el starting n ear n m ak es a cut

.
-

ting to t h e v icini ty of o and then backs up to n This p roc ess

,
.

is r ep eat ed until all th e m at erial is r em ov ed from cut no Th e .

steam —Shov el is s erved by two trains Part of t h e tim e both .

trains haul m at erial to o ne fill p art of t h e tim e to t h e other and

, ,

still a thi rd p art Of t h e tim e o ne tra in hauls to fill mn and t h e

other train to fill op accor ding to t h e varying conditions on t h e
,

F IG 3 . .

work In th is ca se it is evidently im p racticabl e to find t h e

.

p osition of t h e c ent er Of gravity Of t h e s p ac e originall y occup ied

by t h e m aterial hauled to t h e left or to fin d t h e p osition of t h e
,

c ent er of gravity Of t h e sp ac e originally occup ied by t h em at erial

haul ed to t h e right Th e only p racticable m etho d of com puting
.

t h e haul in cas es h er e typ ified is to substitut e for this p urp os e an

ideal cart cut for t h e steam —Shovel cut ; that is w e m ust assum e
-

that a transvers e p lane as ab s ep arates that p ortion of t h e cut

, ,

from which m aterial was hauled to th e right from that p ortion ,

from which t h e m aterial was haul ed to t h e left .

3. Dispo sitio n of m aterial : actu al an d as sum ed ; com pl ex

c as e — F ig
.
4 shows by arrows t h e ideal distr ibution of th e
.

m at erial assum ing that t h e m a xim um haul do es not ex c eed

,

t h e distanc e of p ro fi tabl e haul (Secs 2 0 6 F ill ab is m a de

.
,

from t h e a djac ent m aterial be Th ere is m ore than enough

.

m at erial in cc to m ak e t h e fill ef so fill of is m a de from de leaving

, ,
 COM PUTA TION OF HA UL 5

a su rp lus of m aterial cd Fill gh takes ,

. all t h e m aterial from cut
fg Th e sur p lus cd is haul ed to hi and
. t h e r em ainder i] of fill gi
is m a de frOm jk .

I D EAL D I ST RI BUT I O N
OF
MATERI AL BY CARTS —NO CROSS HAUL

F IG 4 . .

If t h e work b e don e by
carts t h e distribution of t h e m aterial
,

wi ll no rm ally b e t h e ideal in dicat ed T h e or der in which t h e .

p arts of t h e work are attack ed is of no signifi canc e W e m igh t .

start a cart gang at b a secon d at e a thi r d at g and a fourth a t

, , ,

j sim ultan eously and pu t a gang on d aft er t h e roa db ed was

, ,

com p l et ed b etw een d and h ; or w e m ight have only o ne gang to

,

tak e up t h e cuts in any or der ex c ep t t hat t h e cut cd woul d not

,

or di narily b e tak en out till t h e roa db ed from d to h h ad b een

com p l eted an d so on
,
.

’
C d d

AN OT HER D I ST RI BUT I O N—NO CROSS HAUL

F IG 5 . .

Th e disp osit ion in dicat ed abov e is call ed ideal b ecaus e th er e

is no crosshaul (Sec 43 ) an d t h e haul (Sec 1 ) is a mi nim um
. . .

T h e p ro fil e Of F ig .
4 is rep eated in F igs .
5 and 6 . F ig 5.

shows a little variation from Fig 4 . . It is p la in that th e t w o

6 EARTHW OR K HA UL AND OVERHA UL

fi gur es in dicat e t h e
sam e am ount Of haul (sta How ever
F ig 4 and not 5 shows t h e norm al disp os ition for carts
.
, , .

In Fig 6 th er e is a surp lus of m at erial at t h e l eft and a defi c it

.

at th e right Supp osefx hauled to fy causing a surp lus at dw

.
, ,

which r esults in hauling dw to zh F ig 6 indicates m or e haul . .

(sta y ds ) than do es F ig 4 for in F ig 6 w e have crosshaul b e

-
. .
,
.

tween y and x .

D I ST RI BUT I O N S HOW I NG C ROSS HAUL AT a: y

F IG 6 . .

N o w if t h e work b e don e by contract and t h e contractor b e ,

dir ected to disp os e of t h e m at er ial as indicat ed by arrows in

F ig 6 t h e hau l Should b e calculated on t h e bas is of t h e dis
.
,

t rib u t io n th erein in dicated by t h e arrows ; how ev er if t h e ,

contractor having b een direct ed to disp ose of t h e m aterial as

,

indicated by t h e arrows in F ig 4 shoul d for his own r easons .

,

m ake t h e disp os itio n as indi cat ed in F ig 6 th en t h e haul shoul d .

,

b e calculated on th e assum p tion that t h e m at erial was haul ed as

indicat ed by t h e arrows in F ig 4 Th is app l ies wh eth er xy is
. .

l ess than t h e free haul di stance (Secs 40 44) or not

-

.
,
.

If t h e fi lls b e m a de by dum p ing from tr estl es w e hav e in this

case (F ig 6 ) not only t h e crosshaul abov e indicated but also t h e
.

crosshaul p ointed out in th e ex am p l es Of t h e p r eceding s ection .

4 S w ell an d sh r ink ag e
. Th e act of ex cavating t h e m aterial
.

of a cut causes t h e m aterial to exp an d in volum e b ecaus e O f t h e ,

s ep arating Of t h e p arts W h en t h e m aterial is dum p ed in t h e

.

fill th er e is usua lly som e r eduction of th e incr eas ed volum e due ,

“ ’
to t h e consolidation of t h e p arts See Gillette s Earthwork and .

It s Cost
” —I
8 Gill ett e s R ock E x cavat ion
’
8—1 1 ”
pp
,
I I ; .
pp ; ,
.
 C OM PUT A T IO N O F HA UL 7

Manual of t h e Am R y Engrg A sso c 1 9 1 1 p 3 5 ; W ebb s

’
”
.
.
,
. .
,

A rts 9 6 9 7 ; Prelini s
’
— ”
R ailroa d C onstruction pp 1 14 1 18,
.
,
.
,

—
E arth and R ock Ex cavat on i pp 3 2 8 33 1 ,
. .

Unifo rm unm ix ed m at erial as san d or clay or loam or , , , ,

sandstone et c handled in a unifo rm way un der unifo rm con

,
.
, ,

dit io ns m ay b e exp ect ed to hav e a constant r elativ e chang e O f

,

PURE MATERIALS

FIG 6 a
. .

volum e du e to ex ca v ation haulin g and dum p ing A fter t h e

, , ,
.

m aterial is p lac ed in t h e fill it s volum e decr eas es as a rul e for , ,

som e m onths or years F ills Of unifo rm unm ixed m aterial m a de

.
,

un der unifo rm conditions in a uniform way m ay b e exp ected

, , ,

with continuing uniform condi tions to contract with ag e accor d ,

ing to th e sam e law Th e for egoing wi th r egar d to un ifo rm

.

unm ix ed m aterials applies as well to uniform m ix tu r es of difi er

ent m aterials B y obs ervation it is p ossibl e to m ake out a
.

schedul e lik e that above for m aterial whi ch is p laced in fill s of like
dim ensions Th e accom p anying schedul e it will b e obs erv ed
. , ,
8 EAR THW OR K HAUL A N D OVERHA UL
is for fil ls of o ne h eight only Fo r fills O f another h eight it woul d .

b e nec essary to m ake a corr esp on ding sim ilar sch edul e Perhap s .

fi v e such sch edul es would b e s uffi cient for h eights of fill r unni ng
u p to 1 00 f eet T h es e fi v e sch edul es woul d giv e data for cas es
.

O f unm ixed m at erials only T h e for ego ing taken in conn ec .

,

t ion with t h e fo llowing section an d with t h e furth er fact that

m ix tur es of en dl ess variety are m et in p ractic e will account for ,

t h e h esitancy Of writ ers to giv e har d—and—fast rul es for p r edict

ing swell .

5 S w ell of t w o or m or e m ater ial s depen ds on th or o ug h nes s

.

o f mixin g F ig 7 shows a lay er of 1 000 c y O f unm ix ed earth

. . . .

Ear t h ( sw ell fac to r :

u b g r ade
'

So lid R o c k ( sw el l factio r =
2000c y . .

30000 y . . Pro fi l e
MATERI ALS K EPT SEPARATE

F IG 7
. .

lying over 2 000 unm ix ed solid rock

c .
y . Of . F ig . shows th e
8
sam e cut . Th e earth is Supp os ed to occup y t h e sam e sp ac e in

( swel l fac t o r =1 0)
.

b
Su g r ade

So l i R o ck s w el l fac to r =1 5 )
.

2000c y . .

3000c y. . Pr o fi

MATERIALS U NI FO RMLY MI XED

FIG 8. .

t h e fill
as in t h e cut that is t h e earth is supp osed n eith er to
, ,

swell nor shrink Th e solid rock is supp osed to swell so tha t

.

1 c y of cut m ak es 1
. .
% c y of fill . . .
 C OMPU T A TION O F HA UL 9

F ig 7 Shows t h e r esult of k eeping t h e rock and earth s ep arate

.

wh en m aking t h e ex cavat ion and fill T h e total fil l m easures .

4000 c .
y . Th e total cut is 3 000 c y H enc e in F ig . . .
7 t h e in
creas e ih t h e volum e of t h e m at erial of t h e cut wh en dep os it ed

Ear t h

Su b s Hid e
-

Mix t ur e o f Mat erial s n o t U nif o rm

I
F LL MAD E BY CARTS D U MPI NG OVER THE END
F IG 9 . .

in t h e fill is 1 000 c .
y ; . that is ,
t h e sw ell ratio of t h e cut taken a s
a whole is (Sec .

F ig 8 shows t h e eflect of p lac ing in t h e fill t h e m aterial Of

.

t h e cut un ifo rm ly m ix ed
,
T h e 1 0 0 0 c y Of vo ids in t h e m ass
. . .

of broken rock is p r ecisely fi lled with t h e 1 000 c y of earth . . .

ub g r ad e
‘

EILL MAD E IN LAY ERS

F IG . 10 .

Hence in Fig 8 t h e fill m easur es 3 000

. c .
y . Henc e t h e m at erial
from t h e fill occup ies t h e sam e total sp ac e as it occup ied in t h e
cut In Fig 8 th en w e have n eith er sw ell nor shrinkag e in t h e
. .
, ,

gra ding as a whol e .

It m ay b e obj ected that F igs 7 and 8 Show ex tr em e cas es .

whi ch are not to b e exp ected in p ractice Th ey do show t h e .

lim iting cas es : in F ig 7 w e have no m ix tur e; in F ig 8 a com p lete

. .

m ix ture Cas es in p ractice th en will b e of som e degr ee o f

. , ,
IO EA RTHW OR K HA UL AN D OV ERHA UL

mix tur e, or rather of var ious degrees of m ix ture app roaching

, , ,

t h e o ne lim it or t h e other dep en di ng on t h e p lant and m etho ds

,

used (see F igs 9 1 0 .

,
Th e p o int m a de h er e is that it is not
,

usuall y p ossibl e to p r edi ct with close app roxim ation t h e sw ell

of a cut com p osed Of two or m ore m aterials even if w e k n ow ,

t h e sw ell ra t io of each of t h e com p on ent m at erials .

o n T HRO UG H FILL
c ao ss s scr n
MADE BY DUMPING
Pro file o f F ill E
FRO M TEMPORARY T R ST LE
Sub g r ade m p leted

F IG . I I .

6 . Swell incr em ent ; well ratio ; swell fact or

s Th e Sw ell .

in cr em ent of a bo dy of m aterial is t h e incr eas e in bulk r esulting

”

from Shiftin g t h e m aterial from it s origin al p osition to a fill .

Swell incr em ent is usually exp r ess ed in cub ic yar ds If th er e .

is shrinkag e t h e incr em ent is n egative

, .

L et C volum e of a given bo dy of m aterial in p lac e ,

(that is in t h e cut b efor e b eing disturb ed)

, .

F volu m e O f t h e sam e bo dy of m at erial aft er

dep osit in fill ;

swell incr em ent ;
sw ell incr em ent
swell ratio ;
volum e In p lace
5 sw ell factor .

T h en t h e sw ell incr em ent is

i F C .

Th e sw ell ratio is

Th e Sw ell factor is

1 + r .
12 EA RTHW OR K HA UL A ND OV ERHA UL

are m a de to full s ection as th e work p roceeds A t any tim e .

during t h e p rogr ess Of this work it is easy to cross s ection t h e -

cut an d t h e fi ll as far as co m p leted at that tim e and thus Obtain ,

t h e volum e of t h e cut an d of t h e fill an d from th es e t h e Sw ell ,

factor Th e cut is cross—sectio n ed at t h e end of t h e m onth for

.

t h e m onthly estim at e and if t h e ex tra work of cross s ection

,
-

in g th e fill is don e at that tim e t h e m ost accurate data for com

,

ut ing t h e sw ell factor are h ad at m in im um exp ens e

p .

east o f Carl: C u t i n Pro g ress

Sub g rade

E nd o f F IIIID

O U ME READ I LY
V L MEAS URED IN PLAC E AND IN FILL

F IG . 1 2 .

In m any cas es how ever t h e fill is not carried forward at full

, ,

h eight and width but in such m ann er that t h e work of cross

,

s ectioning would take considerable tim e m or e tim e often

than could b e g iv en without p roviding an ex tra force for th e
survey in g p arty .

A gain a fill m ay b e com p os ed of m aterials brought from two

,

or m or e cuts and dep osited in such m anner as to interm ingle th e

m at erials from t h e diff er ent sourc es F o r ex am p le t h e output .
,

O f two st eam —shov els work ing in two cuts say o n e O f clay and
, , ,

t h e oth er of solid rock m ay b e us ed to w iden t h e sam e fill

, In .

such a case it is im p racticable to m easure t h e volum e of that

p ortion O f t h e fi ll wh ich com es fro m eith er cut .

F inally of two tra ins s erv ing a steam —shov el o ne m ay b e

, ,

dum p ing on o ne fill and t h e oth er on anoth er fill If t h e m at erial .

going to each fill b e dep osited in w ell defined p osition so as to b e -

r ea dily cross sectioned w e can by counting t h e num b er of car

-

loads go ing to each fill and m ultip lying by t h e av erag e carloa d

,
 CO MPUTA TI N OF HA UL O 13

in cub ic yards , obta in app roxim a t ely th e volum e of h auled cu t

to each fill A nd th en by m easuring t h e fil ls w e can com p ute

.
, ,

an app roxim ate swell factor If however in this cas e either

-
.
, , ,

train add an irregular layer to a ragged fill p reviously m ade in

p art from ano th er cut it will b e im p racticabl e to Ob tain cross
,

sections during th e p rogr ess O f th e work which will give satis

factory sw ell factors .

Th e m etho d of determ in ing th e sw ell factor in th es e com p l ex

cases will b e giv en in t h e n ex t s ection .

9. Determination of swell factor ; com pl ex ca se W h en t h e .

w ork of gra di ng a stretch of ra ilroa d is so carried on that it is

Sw ell F ac t o rs

A djusted s1

'
m
‘ ‘ ‘
Giv en zCut s
-
and F ill s b al an c e b et w een and n

ADJ USTMENT OF ESTIMATED SWELL FACTO RS

F IG . 13 .

im p rac t icable to take such cross—s ections as will enabl e o n e to

com pute di rectly th e swell factor for any singl e cut or p art of a
cu t w e hav e to r esort to es t im ating th e sw ell factor of each cut
,

in g t h e estim at ed sw ell factors as

( p
or art of cut ) a nd so a djus t
to m ake th em harm oniz e with th e fact (asc ertained by cross
s ectioning all t h e cuts and fil ls of t h e str etch in qu estion after
they are co m p leted) that so m any (total) cubic yar ds of cut
have m a de so m any (total ) cubic yar ds of fill .

Let us ill ustrat e R eferring to F ig 1 3 let us assum e that t h e

. .

gra ding has b een com p let ed and that b etw een th ep o ints m and n
th e cuts p r ecisely m ake th e fills ; in o t h er words th e cuts and ,

fi lls balanc e b etw e en m a n d n L e t it b e assu

. m ed that dur ing

th e p rogr ess of th e work it has b een im p racticabl e t o m ak e

I4 EARTHW OR K HA UL A N D OVER HA UL

m easur em ents from which to obta in t h e swell factor of any

singl e cut or any p art of a cut R equ ir ed to det erm in e th e sw ell
.

factor for each Of t h e cuts of th e series .

H avin g no m easurem ents from which to com p ute th e swell

factor of any o ne of th e cuts w e are com p elled to estim ate th e
,

swell factor of each cut basin g th e estim ate on kn owledg e gained

,

from p ast exp erienc e and on t h e knowledge of t h e m at erial of th e

cut and of t h e m etho d and conditions O f han dling th e m at erial .

L et cl estim at ed sw ell ~ fac t o r Of

cut C1 ;
e
2 estim ated sw ell factor of cut C2 ;
-

ea estim ated sw ell factor of cut C3 -

.

No w th es e estim ated sw ell factors m ust b e a djust ed to satisfy

-

t h e known con dition , v iz : Th e sum of th e p ro ducts form ed b y

.

m ul tip ly in g th evolum e of each cut by it s swell factor m ust

ex actly equal t h e sum of t h e volu m es of th efi lls .

Th e m ost r easonabl e a djustm ent of t h e estim ated sw ell factor s -

is that wh ich m aintains th eir r elative valu es .

Let $1 a djusted sw ell factor Of cut C1 ;

-

32 a djusted sw ell factor of cut C2 ;

-

33 adjusted sw ell factor O f cut C3 -

volum e of com p uted

m easur em ents ;
volum e of com puted
m easur em ents
volum e of com puted
m easur em ents .

L et F , volum e of fill PI, as comp uted from fi nal

m easur em ents
F2 volum e of fill F 2, as com p ut ed from fi nal
m easurem ents
 COMPUTAT ION OF HAUL 15

F3 volum e of fill F3 , as com puted fro m fi nal

m easur em ents .

N o w if th e factors areadjusted so as to m aintain th e sam e relative

values ,
w e have

kz, say ;

k3 , say ;

say ;

wh enc e ,

53 733 5 1 ,

F rom t h e known condition that t h e cuts and fi lls balance ,

have
C13 1 + 025 2 “I Csss ‘

+ C5 5 5 F I + F2 +

which by substitutions from eq .

7 b ecom es

Solvin g thi s equation for s1 we have

F 1 + 17 2 + F 3 + Fe

H aving t h e value of $1 , th e values of $2 , 8 3 , S4 , are co m

pu t ed by eq 7 . .

T h e forego ing m etho d Of fixing up on th e sw ell factors for t h e

s everal c uts m ay b e divided for convenient use into t h e follow
ing step s
Step 1 . Estim ate th e sw ell factors e1, e
2, ea, for th e cuts
C1 , C2, C3 , r esp ectively .
16 EARTH W OR K HA UL A ND OVER HA UL
C o m p ut e

3 . C o m p ute t h e a djusted sw ell factor for

-

S tep 4 . C om p u t e t h e a djusted sw ell factor for -

each of
r em aining cuts :

é
Sw el l F act o rs
Est im at ed—
A diust ed

Meas ’
d V o l ts
.

‘ b
F ill s b al ance b et w een m an d
‘ ‘
Cu t s and rt

EXAMPLE OF ADJ USTMENT OF SW ELL FACTO RS

FI G . 1 4.

To illustrate we turn to t h e following ex am p le R eferring .

F ig 1 4 : Th e grading b etween m and n has b een co m p l eted

.
.

Th e final m easur em ents of cuts C1 C2 C3 and fi lls F 1 F 2 F 3 F 4 , , , , ,

have b een m a de; and from th ese m easur em ents have b een co m
p u t ed t h evolum es shown in F ig 1 4 . .

S tep 1 A ccor ding to th e b est availabl e ju dgm ent th e sw ell

.
 COMPUTATION OF HA UL I7

ratios have b een estim ated to b e as foll ows : sw ell ratio of cut
C1 , of C2 , and of C3 Henc e ,

Estim at ed sw ell factor of cut C1 is cl -

Estim ated sw ell factor of cut C2 is 82 -

E stim ated sw ell —factor Of cut C3 is e;,

S tep 2 . B y th e use of eq . 1 1 ,
and a slide rule
-
. th e following
m ul t ip liers are com p uted
kg

S tep 3 . Th e a djust ed sw ell factor for cut C1 is (eq

-

. 12 )
F1 F2 F3 F4
C1 Czkz Cak e
6 2 70 2 2 68 61 1

9 64 2 505 6 (0 7 9 2) 464 3 (0 9 1 7)

S tep 4 Th e a dj ust ed
. sw ell factors for
-

t h e r em aining cuts are

com p ut ed by eq 1 3 . .

32 k25 1 X
53 k3 5 1 X
To ch eck com p utations thi s test is app lied
th e for egoing
Th e sum of t h e p ro ducts form ed by m ultip lying each cut
volum e by it s swell—factor m ust equal th e sum Of th e corre
sp o nding fill volum es that is
-

, ,

C15 1 C25 2 “I“ C33 3 F1 F 2 + F 3 + F4

C13 1 9 64 2 x
028 2 50 5 6 X
C3 33 4 6 43 X
C13 1 C23 2 C 3 s3
PI + F2 + F 3 + F 4

Discrep ancy 16
1 8 EA RTHW OR K HAUL A ND OVERHAUL

Thu s th e t est is m et ; th e work ch ecks ; t h e discrepancy of

16 c y . which
.
,
due to using t h e slide rule is negligibl e;
-

T h e unc ertainty in t h e estim ated sw ell factors is usually such

-

as to p erm it t h e use of t h e slide rule in m aking all

-

pu t at io ns of thi s s ection
.
20 EARTHW OR K HAUL AND OVERHA UL

th e base line 3 00 c y ; and so on Join th e upp er ends o f

. . .

a djacent ordinates thus laid Off by straight lines Th e broken ,

.

line th us form ed is th e m ass curv e or p rofi le of q uantities .

N OTE . In th e illust rat io n ab o ve t h e s t at io n

vo lum es h aveb een sum m ed-

fro m left t o righ t and th us p lo t ted It w o uld b e j ust as w ell t o sum and
.

p lo t fro m righ t t o left A lso w e m igh t call fill s p lus and cu t s m inu s and
.
, ,

th e resu l t ing m ass curve w o uld serve all purpo ses j u st as w ell as w it h cuts

call ed p lus and fills m inu s .

C OM PUTATIO N F OR OR DIN A TE S OF MA SS C UR V E

Vo l .

St at io n . Ordinat es
C ut

1 00
1 00

l 4 + 4o

2 00
— 1 90

— 1 70

1 8 + 20 — 2
10

" "
I IO

F ro m t h e for ego ing w e m ak e t h e following defi nition : a m as s

curve is a curve of which t h e abscissas are stations and th e ,

ordinate at any stat ion (or substation) is th e algebraic sum o f

t h e cut and fill volum es (calling cu t p lus an d fill m inus or vice
-

versa ) b etween that station (or substation) and som e chosen

initial p oint Of th e p rofil e See F ig 1 5 . . .

B efore com pu ting th e ordinat es of th e m ass curve eith er ( I )

22 EA RT H W OR K HA UL A N D OVER HA UL

th e cut volu m es for t h e s everal statio n intervals m ust b e m ulti

- -

p l ied by th eir p ro p er sw ell factors ( Sec or ( 2 ) t h e fill volum es

-
.
-

for t h e s ev eral station intervals m ust b e equat ed to volum e in

-

p lac e (Sec (See excep tion to this statem ent in Sec

. .

If t h e gra ding has b een com p l eted and t h e volum e co m p ut ed

from fin al m easurem ents then t h e fill volum es should b e equated ,
-

to volum e in p lac e and t h e equat ed fill volum es us ed w ith t h e

,
-

cut—volum es in co m p uting ordinates O f t h e m ass curve; but if

t h e gra ding has n o t b een co m p l et ed or has not b een started t h e , ,

cut volum es m ust b e m ultip lied by t h ep roper Swell factors b efor e

- -

t h e or dinat es of t h e m ass curve are co m p ut ed and t h e sw ell ed ,

cut volum es used with t h e fi ll volum es to Obtain t h e or dinat es

- -
.

W h en th ere are both cut and fill in any station int erval as in -

side hill work

-

t h e ex c ess O f t h e o n e ov er t h e oth er is us ed as
an in cr em ent (p osit ive or n egat ive as t h e cas e m ay b e) in co m

p uting m ass curve ordinat es

-

1 1 Ch ar acter is tics of th e m as s curve — A stu dy of F ig 1 5

. . .

will show t h e truth of t h e following statem ents :

W ith in t h e l im its of a singl e cut t h e m ass curve r is es fro m left
to right W ithin t h e lim its of a Singl e fill t h e m ass c urve falls
.

from l eft to right Hen ce in p assing from left to right fro m cut
.

to fill w e hav e at th e gra de p oint a m a xim u m ordinat e for t h e

m ass curv e; an d in p assing fro m l eft to r ight fro m fi ll to cut w e
have at th e gra de p oint a m inim u m or dinate .

N OTE — H ad t h e vo l um es b een sum m ed fro m righ t to left in th e co m

p ut at io n fo r o rdinat es , th e r esu l t ing m ass c ur v e w ld ou rise fro m righ t to

left inst ead of fro m left to righ t w it h in t h e range o f a sing le cut . If cu t s

h ad b een rec k on e
d m inus and fills p lu s, w h ile ret ainin g t o righ t t h e l eft - -

s um m at io n,
'
t h e m ass cur v e w o uld Slo p e do w nw ard fro m left t o righ t w ithi n
t h e range o f a sing l e cu t .

Th e alg ebra ic difference b etw een t h e ordinates of any two

stations which lie b etween a m a xim u m p o int Of t h e m ass curve
and an a djac ent m inim u m p o int r ep r es ents t h e yardage b etw een ,

t h e two stations .
 THE MA SS CURV E 23

Th e slope of th e m ass curve is steepest at stations of gr eatest

volum es See F ig 3 8 . . wher e both m ass c urve and p rofil e are .

drawn to scal e .

Oth er characteristics Of t h e m ass curve are given in Secs . I 2,

I3 , 1 4, 15 .

12 . Th e h or izontal curve in
b al an cing lin e . Th e m ass
F ig 1 5 is p lotted fro m cut volu m es and equat ed fill volum es
.
- -
.

A ny horiz ontal l in e drawn to cut o ff a loop O f such a m ass curv e

cuts t h e curv e in two p o ints b etw een which t h e cut will p r ec isely
m ak e t h e fill T hus th e horiz ontal lin e NO cuts th e curve at
.

N an d 0 B etw een N and O th e cut just m akes t h e fill

. Such .

“
a line is called a balancing lin e ”
Under t h e given con ditions .

of p lotting t h e m ass curve of F ig 1 5 a loop abov e th e balancing .

,

lin e in dicates fo rwar d hauling and a loop b elow t h e balancing ,

l in e in dicates backward hauling See F igs 5 0— 6 0 . . .

It is evi dent that all balanc ing lin es are hor iz ontal for a m ass
curv e which is p lotted fro m cut volum es and equated fill volum es - -

or fro m fill—volu m es and equated swelled) cut vol um es -

.

W h en t h e m ass curve is p lotted from cut volu m es an d actual -

fill volu m es a balanc ing lin e w ill b e Obliqu e if t h e m at erial fro m

-

t h e cut eith er sw ells or shrink s See Sec 1 3 . . .

T h e horiz ontal balanc ing line only is us ed in t h e probl em s of

this book .

13 Th e o b liq u e b al an cin g l in e — F ig 1 6 shows t h e p ro fi l e

. . .

of a cut and fil l L et it b e assum ed t h at th e m aterial of t h e cut

.

swells and that th e cut just m akes t h e fil l Th e m ass curve

,
.

b elow th e p ro fil e is p lotted fro m t h e cut volum es and actual fill -

volum es t h e volu m es in fill have not b een eq uated to volu m es

’
in p lac e Thus t h e total fill volum e I I is gr eat er than t h e
.
-

W h er e t h e m ass curve is thus p lott ed

’
total cut volum e AA -
.

wit hout first equating t h e fill volu m es to volum es in p lac e or -

equating t h e cut —volum es to fill volu m es t h e balanc ing lin e will -

b e a horiz ontal lin e only wh en t h e eq uating factor is unity -

only wh en t h e m aterial of t h e cut n either Shrinks nor sw ells .

24 EARTHW ORK HA UL A N D OVERHAUL

Th e balancing lines in Fig 1 6 are oblique Th e balancing

. .

line whi ch p asses through A p asses also through I b ecause b e ,

'

tween a and i t h e cut just m akes t h e fil l .

Pro duc e th e lin e A I to m eet at N t h e horiz ontal lin e EN

drawn through th e high est p oint E O f th e m ass curve E ach of .

t h e lin es BE CG DF r a,
dia ting from N cuts t h e m ass curve in
,

two p oints and is approxim ately a balancing line .

Su b g rad e

Mass Cur v
e

B al ancing

OBLIQ UE BALANC NG LINE I

F IG . 16 .

It is t h e p ractic e of som e eng ineers to p lot th e m ass curve

from t h eunequated cut and fill —volum es and to use th er efor e th e , ,

O bliqu e balancing lin e An ex am p l e of th e u se of th e oblique :

.

balan cing lin e is given in an article by Mr S B Fisher p rinted , . . .

,

in t h e Engineering News Jan 3 1 1 8 9 1 under th e title Esti.

“
, , ,

m ating Overhaul in Earthwork by M eans of th ePro fil e of Q uan

tities . M r Fish er furth er exp lain ed t h e Ob lique balancing lin e
”
.

in a l ett er p r int ed in th e Engineering New s F eb 7 1 8 9 1 B oth ,

.
,
.

articl e an d l ett er are r ep rint ed in Gillett e s

“ Ear thwork and It s
’

—2 2
5 ; and in Proc eedi ngs Am eric an R ailway
”
C ost, pp 2
. 1 7 ,

E ngin eering A ssociation vol 7 1 906 pp 3 8 1 —3 8 5

,
.
, ,
. .

14. R elation b etw een h aul an d m ass curv e ar ea w h en th e -

m as s cu rve is plo t ted fro m cut v o lum es and equated fill v olum es
- -
.

— Th e m ass curve of Fi
g 1 5 is p lott ed fro m cut volu m es and
.
-
 THE M A SS CUR VE 25

equated volum es Th e ar ea lying b etween t h e balancing

fill -
.

line and th e corr esp onding loop of t h e m ass curve is t h e m easur e

of t h e haul (Sec 1 ) involved in m aking t h e cut and fill b etw een
.

t h e ex tr emities of t h e loop Thus t h e balancin g lin e NO cuts .

t h e m ass curv e at N and O and cuts o ff t h e loo p NPO Th e

,
.

ar ea of t h e loop N PO is a m easur e Of t h e haul p erform ed in

m aking t h e fill b etw een p and o fro m t h e cut b etw een it and p .

Th e ex tr em e haul di stanc e for t h e m at erial b etw een it and o is

-

’
no NO ; an d t h e volu m e of cut up is equal to PP ( to scal e)
equals equat ed fill—volu m e b etween p and 0 .

T o conv er t t h e ar ea NPO into haul ( sta y ds ) m ultip ly t h e ar ea -

.

N P0 (in squar e inch es) by t h e p ro duct for m ed by m ultip lying

th e stations r ep r es ent ed by o ne horiz ontal inch of p ap er by t h e
num b er of cub ic yar ds r ep r esented by o ne vertical inch of p aper .

L et Y num b er of cubic yar ds r ep r es ented by o ne inch O f

or dinate;
num b er Of feet r epr esented by o n e in ch Of abscissa ;
haul area in squar e inch es ;
haul in statio n —yar ds r ep r es ented by o n e squar e
inch O f ar ea .

Th e ar ea , A , Of th e loop NPO m easur ed with t h e p lanim eter ,

is sq . in . F o r F ig . 1 5, Y 2 00 c .
y .
,
and S 2 00 ft . H ence
t h e haul is

H A H1 X x 200 1 1 20 sta -

y ds .

15 . R el atio n b etween h aul wh en m ass and m ass -

curv e ar ea

—
c urve is plo t t ed fro m fill vo lum es an d eq u at ed cut vol um es
-
.

In F ig 1 7 t h e cut is just suffi c ient to m ake th e fill

.
Th e vol um e .

of th e cut is C c y and t h e swell factor is s Th e volum e of t h e

. .
,
-
.
26 EART HW OR K HA UL A ND OVER HAUL

fill is F c .
y . T h en C F 4, and Cs F, where q is t h e

equating —factor of t h e fill (Sec .

F irst w e will r educ e t h e station volu m es of fill to volu m es in

,
-

p lac e by m ultip lying each station volum e by q and const ruct t h e

-

m ass curv e above t h ep ro fil e us ing th e cut volum es and equat ed

,
-

\ Mass Curv e b ased o n

\ cut v o ls ed
and eq uat
Q .

fil l v o ls .

H aul — Ar ea AB D

o file C.L .

B aseL ine

FIG . 1 7 .

fill volum es N ow th e m axim um or dinate of t h em ass curveA B D

-

is C ( to scal e) ; an d t h e ar ea of t h e m ass curve A B D r ep r es ents

t h e haul T h e haul involv ed in t h e gra ding is
.

H (ar ea A B D in sq . in .
)Ii Y sta -

y ds .

N ex t , let us equate t h e station —volum es of cut to fill volum es -

by m ultip lying each station volum e of cut by t h e swell fac tor s ;

- -

then p lot t h e m ass curve A B D b elow t h e p rofile using th e fill

’ ’ ’
,

V olu m es and equat ed cut —volum es In this m ass curv e t h em axi

.

m u m or dinate is equal ( to scal e) to Cs F N o w for ever y .

28 EAR THW OR K HA UL A N D OV ER HA UL
the 2scratch In other wor ds w e know that ther e m ay b e
-

in . .
, ,

du e to lack of p r ec ision in p lac ing t h e m ark B an error of as ,

m uch as in in t h e p osition of B . T hus t h e r esulting error .

in t h e p lott ed distanc e A B m ay b e as m uch as 7 3 — in

3 in . .

If t h e two errors are each in and both outwar d th en th e .

,

distanc e b etw een m ark A and m ark B is in If t h e two .

errors are each in and both inwar d t h e distanc e b etw een

.
,

A and B is in A nd if t h e two errors are .

equal but o n e is inwar d whil e t h e oth er is outward t h e two ,

errors canc el an d t h e distanc e fro m m ark A to m ark B is just

I

2 in .In g en eral if in p lacing t h e z ero scratch of t h e scal e against

,

a m ark and if in p lacing a m ark on t h e p ap er against a given

scratch on t h e scale w e are subj ect to an error of e in th en t h e .
,

limit of error in any distanc e which w e lay o ff at o ne app lication

of t h e scale is 2 e .

Th e stat em ents abov e app ly as w ell to t h e work of scaling a

di stanc e fro m a drawing T h er efor e wh en a distanc e is scal ed
.

fro m a drawing t h e scal ed distan ce is subj ect to an error which

is t h e r esultant of t h e errors of p lotting and of scaling Hence .

t h e lim it of error E in a scal ed distanc e due to t h e lim it of error ,

in p lac ing a scratch of t h e scal e against a m ark is ,

E 4 e in .

If o ne inch of p ap er r ep r es ents S feet

E 4 65 ft .
( 1 6)
Example . A draft sm an lay s o ff o n p ap er a dist ance A B on th e sca e o f l
1 in
.
400 ft . W e sc ale t h e dist ance A B and find it t o b e 8 7 5 ft . W h at
is t h e lim it oi in t h e 8 7 5 ft if in p lo t t ing and in scaling th ere is a
'

erro r .

l
p o ssib e erro r o f in in p lacing a scrat ch o f t h e scale against a m ar o n
. k
t h e p ap er ? T h e answ er is

E 4 65 4 400

17 . Lim it of err or in area du e to error s in distance . Suppos e

th e tru e dim ensions of t h e r ectangl e A B CD (F ig . 18 ) are d
 THE MA SS C URVE 2
9

inch es by a inch es Supp os e

that in scaling t h e dim ensions
.

fro m t h e drawing w e m ake an error E in each so that w e com e ,

to have d + E and a + E as
t h e dim ensions of t h e rec
tangle Th e tru e ar ea o f t h e
.

r ectangle is da T h e ar ea o b .

t ained by u se of t h e scal ed di dz

m ensio ns is (d E) (a E)
da dE dE E 2
Ignoring .

2
E which is r elat iv ely s m all
,
i ‘

(da dE d E) da (dE ,

dB) is t h e l im it of error
,

in area due to t h e error E in

,
’
each dim ension If E is t h e lim it of error in ar ea due to E
.
, ,

t h e lim it of error in di stanc e w e hav e ,

(1 ) sq in
’
E E (d . .
,

wh ere E d and a are in inches

, , .

If each inch of p ap er r ep r es ents S feet , then each squar e inch

of p ap er r ep r esents 5 square feet
2
,

E (d )
’
and E ( 1 8) a S 2 sq . ft .

Substituting for E it s valu e (eq 1 5 ) in ter m s of e ( t h e lim it of .

error in p lacing a scratch of t h e scal e aga inst a m ark on t h e p ap er) ,

eq 1 8 b eco m es
.

’
4 e (d a) 5 sq ft
2
E (1 9) . .

If th e vertical scale of t h e r ectangl e is 1 in Y c y and th e . . .

,

horiz ontal scale is 1 in 5 ft then 1 sq in of p ap er r ep r es ents Y

. .
,
. .

i st a -

y ds . of haul ,
1 00

( )
’
E 4e d a Y sta y ds -
.

Example . A m ass cu rve is dr aw n w it h

leo f 1 in 1 000 c y vert i al
c sca . . .
,

and h o rizo nt al scale o f 1 in 400 ft A rect angul ar area represen ting

. .

h aul is scaled Th e h o riz o nt al dim ensio n app ears t o b e

. in ; and the .
 EA R T HW OR K HA UL A ND OVERHA UL
30

v e t i al
r c ,
in . Th e resul t ing h aul is H A Y (eq . 1 4a ) X 1 .
5

—0
4 9
— If in plo t t ing l
and sca ing t h e m ass cu rve
X x 1 000 st a y ds
-
.

1 00

l
t h e imi t of erro r in p acing a l scrat ch of th e sca le against a m ar k on the

p ap er w as in .
,
w h at is t h e resul t ing limit of erro r in t h e st a -

y ds ? .

S 5 99
(d + a)
’
Th e answ er is E 4 6 Y 4 1 000 1 2 64
1 00 1 00

sta y ds
-
.

W e hav e b een cons idering shoul d b e t h e l im iting error . It

borne in m in d that lim iting errors in drafting are infr equent and ,

that t h eerrors are as likely to b e p ositiv e as n egativ e and there ,

fore ten d to n eutralize o ne anoth er .

18 S cal e of or dinates for m as s curve — W e m ay say that

. .

anything l ess than —inch distanc eon a

p ro fil e is inapp reciabl e .

H enc e for a scal e of 1 in

,
1 00 c y l ess than c y is n egligible; . . . . .

for 1 in 1 000 c y
. less than 5 c y is n egligible; for 1 in
. . . . .

5 000 c y l ess than 2 5 c y is n egligibl e; an d so on

. . Th e larger . . .

t h e scal e t h e l ess t h e unc ertainty du e to t h e drawing its elf in , ,

t h e r es ults obtain ed through t h e u se of t h e m ass curv e On t h e .

oth er han d t h e larg er t h e scal e t h e gr eater t h e required width

,

(t o p to botto m ) of t h e p ap er on which t h e m ass curve is drawn .

T h e choic e of scal e for t h e or dinat es of t h e m ass curve in any

giv en cas e w ill dep en d ( 1 ) on t h e arith m etic su m of th e m axim um
p o sitiv e ordinat e and m a xim u m n egativ e or dinat e of t h e curve;
( 2 ) on t h e horiz ontal scale used ; (3 ) on t h e unc ertainty of t h e
data up on wh ich t h e or dinat es are co m p uted ; (4 ) on t h e desir ed
accuracy of t h e r esults to b e obtain ed fro m t h e use of t h e m ass
curve; and ( 5 ) on t h e convenient m a xim um t o p to bottom - -

dim en sion of t h e p ap er .

W h en draw ing a m ass curve for cuts an d fill s of gr eat volu m e ,

t h e scal e us ed for t h e or dinat es is usually a co m ro m is e In

p .

any case t h e scale shoul d b e no larg er than necessary to keep

t h e errors fro m t h e u se of t h e m ass curv e w ell w ithin t h e l imits
of error in t h e data up on which th e co m p uted o rdinates are
 THE MASS C UR VE 31

based W ith great volum es t h e limi t of error in t h e data is

.

co m p arativ ely great owing to t h e irr egular m a nn er of ex cavating

and dep os iting t h e m at erial (Secs 2
3 .
, ,

19 .Plottin g th e m ass curve Th e m ass curv e is m ost con.

v enient ly p lott ed an d us ed wh en p lott ed on

p ro fil e p ap er of t h e
s a m e horiz ontal scal e as t h ep ro fi l e of t h e l in e un der cons iderat ion .

“
F o r Plat e A p ro fi l e p ap er ( 2 0 horiz ontal rulin gs to t h e inch )
”
,

t h e m ass curv e or dinat es — p rovided t h e scal e us ed th er efor is

,

2 00 or 2 000 or c y to t h e inch
. . are m ost r ea dily p lott ed ,

in t h e m ann er of p lottin g p o ints on t h e p ro fil e F o r Plate B “ .

p ro fil e p ap er (3 0 horiz ontal l in es to t h e inch ) and for a scal e of ,

3 00 or 3 000 or
, c y to t h e inch for ordinat es t h e m ass
. .
,

curve p oints are m ost quickly plotted in t h e m anner of p lotting

p ro fi l e p o in ts Un der oth er con ditions t h e m ass curv e or din at es -
.

are m ost conv en iently la id o ff by m eans of t h e engin eers scal e

’
,

ignoring t h e horiz ontal rul ings of t h e p ro fil e p ap er W h en t h e .

engin eers scal e is to b e used inst ea d of t h e rulings of t h e p ro fil e

’

p ap er in laying o ff t h e or dinat es of t h e m ass curv e t h e scal e of ,

or dinates shoul d for conveni en ce b e o ne of t h e followin g : 1 00

, , ,

1 0 00 ,
or c y to t h e inch ; 2 00 2 0 00 or
. . c y ,
. .

to t h e inch ; 3 00 3 000 or ,
to t h e inch ; 400 4 000 or
, , ,

to t h e inch ; 5 00 5 000 or ,
to t h e inch ; or 6 00 6 000
, , ,

or c y to t h e inch
. . .

W h en p lotting t h e m ass curve an d drawing lin es by m eans of

which to obtain r esults fro m it keep t h e pen cil as sharp as a ,

needle Th e 6 H p encil is b est if t h e eyes of t h e p lotter and t h e

.
-

light are goo d ; otherwise u se a 4 H p encil although this will -

r equir e fr equ ent sha rp ening and th e lines will rub som ewhat ,
.

Sharp en t h ep enc il to a long con e p o in t on em ery p ap er and p olish ,

t h e p oint on a p iec e of deta il p ap er R ep oli sh t h e p oint after .

drawing each foot or two of l in e; and t h e kn if e and em ery p ap er

will have to b e used only occasionally Th e im p ortance of draw .

ing t h e fin est lin es and m a king t h e fin est p o ints in all grap hical
com putation m ust b e fully app r eciated by th e draftsm an ;
 EARTHW OR K HAUL AND OVERHA UL

otherwise second class work

-
result
. Secs 1 6 and
.

F o r t he sake of conv enienc e u se ml : of o ne color for asc en di ng

segm ents of a m ass curve and ink of anoth er color for desc end
,

segrn ent s ; or u se a full lin e for t h e o ne and a brok en

, ,

for t h e other as shown in F ig 1 5

,
. .
 C H A PT ER III
LIMITS AND CENTER o r MASS o r A B ODY or MATERIAL
This ch ap t er describ es h ow , b y ey e, b y arit h m et ic , and b y m ass cur e t o det er
,
v .

l l
m ine t h e imi t s o f a b o dy o f m at eria in cut o r in fill fro m gi en co ndit io ns ; and v
vl
h o w to det ermine t h e cent er o f o um e o r m ass o f such b o dy ( Figs 1 9 , 2 1 , z ra, . .

and 2 4 face p .

2 0. Limit of a fill m ade fro m a giv en b o dy of m at erial .

F ig Let it b e
assum ed that b etw een sta 9 th e m aterial
‘

. 19 . .

and th e gra de oint (sta 1 7 5 ) is to b e us ed to m ak e a p o r

p 3 .

tion of th e adjacent fill F urther let it b e assum ed that th e .

m aterial sw ells 2 5 % (swell ratio and t hat th e station

volum es are as entered on th e lower p art of Fig 1 9 Th ep roblem . .

is to find th ep o int on t h e p ro fil e to whi ch th em aterial b etw een 9

and 1 3 7 5 will m ak e th e fil l .

(a) A rithmetical solution T h e total yar dag e b etw een stas 9

. .

and 1 3 7 5 is 1 2 80 T abulate t h e stations of fill and t h e

.

corr esponding station volum es See t h e tabulation b elow In

-
. .

t h e thir d colum n enter t h e equated fill volu m es (Th e sw ell -

.

ratio b eing t h e sw ell —factor is 5 and th e equatin g factor

-

I
is, ther efore ,
ITS (see Secs . 6, N ex t , fill out t h efourth

colum n by entering opp osite each station th e sum of equated fill

volum es b etween t hat station and th e grade p oint sta 1 3 75 ,
. .

N o w looking at th e s um m ation colum n w e see that th e 1 2 8 0 ,

c y of m at erial will fill to a p oint b etw een stas 1 8 and 1 9

. . Th e . .

fill to sta 1 8 r equ ires 1 1 40 c y leavin g a surp lus of 1 2 80

. 1 1 40 . .
,

1 40 c y to fill b eyon d sta

. .18 . .

A ssum ing that th e cross s ectional area of th e fil l is unifo rm -

b etween 1 8 and 1 9 t h e (equated) volum e of th e fill is

,

1 40
c y p er running foot At this rat e it will r equire
;
. . .
34 EARTHW OR K HA UL AN D OVERHAUL

running feet of fill b eyond sta 1 8 to useup th e 1 40 c y of surp lus . . .

m aterial T hus 1 8
. 2 5 is t h e limi t of th e fill w hi ch t h e given

cut w ill m ake (W e have assum ed that t h e end of th e fill is

.

bounded by a p lane of cross—s ec tion i e that th e fill is m ade of ,

. .
,

full section as far as it go es ) .

( )
b M ass cu rv e so lution -
T h e low er p ortion of Fig 1 9 shows
. .

t h e m ass curv e A GDE corr esp on ding to t h e p ro fil e Th e bas e .

li n e of th e m ass curv e is A B and A is th e origin at sta 9 ,

Th e . .

o rdinat e at sta 1 0 is 5 00 c y ; at sta 1 1 5 00

. .
3 00 8 00 c y ;
. .
,
. .

at sta 1 2 800
. 2 00
,
1 0 00 c y ; at sta 1 3 1 000 2 00 . . .
,

1 2 00 c y ;
. at sta 1 3
.
7 5 1 2 00 . 80 1 2 8 0 c y ; at sta 1 4
,
. . .
,

1 2 80 20 1 2 60 c y ; at sta 1 5 1 2 60
. . 1 20 1 1 40 c y ;
.
,
. .

an d so on Th e ordinat e at sta 1 9 is
.
420 c y . . .

T o fin d t h e limit of t h e fill m ade by t h e cut 9 00 to 1 3 75 ,

.

T hrough t h e p oint of t h e m ass curv e at sta 9 draw a horiz ontal .

to intersect th e right half of t h e m ass curve Th e p oint of .

int ers ectio n is t h e limi t of t h e fill Thus thro ugh t h e p oint A .

draw t h e horiz ontal A B (which is t h e bas e lin e in this case)

inters ecting t h e m ass c urv e at B B m arks t h e right han d l imit
.
-

o f t h e fill and is t h e p o in t sought

,
B y scal ing t h e p lus w e find .

that B lies at sta 1 8 24 . .

36 EART HW OR K HA UL A N D OV ER HA UL

ev idently th e c enter of m ass l ies b etw een t h e m id section -

of mn
and sta . m .

of com p uting haul and overhaul it is custo m ary

F o r t h e work
to assum e that t h e c ent er of m ass of a singl e p rism o id of a
station volum e or substation volu m e) lies m idway b etw een t h e
- -

end s ectio n s of t h e p r is m o id .

22 C enter of m as s of a series of pri sm oids

. A rith m etical .

9 (F ig 20) b e cons ecutiv e stat ions

— L et m n o p
s olution .
, , , ,
.

(or stations and substations ) along t h e p ro fi le .

S ub g r ade

C ENTER OF MASS .

F IG . 20 .

If all th e prism oids are of unifor m cro ss—s ectional area then
t h e c enter of m ass of t h e s er ies of p r is m o ids m n n o op pg l ies , , , , ,

m idway b etw een stas m and 9 T h er e are of cours e oth er

. .
, ,

ex c ep tional con dit ions un der wh ich t h e c enter of m ass w ill lie
m idway b etw een t h e ex tr em e stations of t h e s er ies .

So m etim es t h e c ent er of m ass is assu m ed to b em idway b etw een

t h e ex tr em e stations ev en in thos e cas es (m ost fr equ ent) in which
t h e c ent er of m ass is known to b e actually ecc entr ic ( that is to ,

lie on o ne s ide or t h e oth er of t h e m id p o in t) -

Th e g en eral m etho d of fin ding t h e c enter of m as s of a s er ies

of p rism oids is m ade clear in t h e follow ing ex am p l e
Example . Fig . 2 1 Sh o w s st at io n -
vl b et w een st as 9 and 1 2
o u m es 28 . .

To find t h e c en t er of m ass o f t h is series o f p rism o ids w e p ro ceed as fo llo w s

F ind t h es um of th e vl o u m es o f t h e p rism o ids 1 0 56 c .

y . Th e h alf sum
is 5 2 8 c y . . Th en fin d t h e sum o f th e vl o um es fro m st a .
9 up t o each st at io n .

(Th is w o r ki s sh o w n in t ab u lar fo rm .
)
 LIMITS A N D CEN TER OF MA SS 37

St at io n . V o lum e . S um m at io n

1 000

1 056 c .
y .

fin d t h at b et w een st a .
9 and s t a . 10 t h e sum m at io n vl o um e is less
t h an o ne h a
-
lf th e t o t al vl o um e ( 5 2 8) of th e series of p rism o ids ; and t h at
b et w een st a .
9 and st a 1 1 t h e summ at io n o um e is g reat er t h an o n e h a f
. vl -
l
th e t o t a l v o lum e o f t h e series l l
P ain y , t h en, t h e cen t er o f m ass o f t h e
.

series o f l
p rism o ids ies so m ew h e re b et w een st as . 1 0 and 1 1 . Th e c en t er of

m ass o f t h e series lies 28 c .

y .
(so to sp ea k) t o t h e righ t o f st a . 10 . N o w in
passing fro m 1 0 t o 1 1 w e p ass 3 00 c y , w h ich . .
(assum ing t h at t h e p rism o id
—
1 0 1 1 is o f u nifo rm cro ss sec t io nal area) is at th e rat e o f c
3 y
-
. .

p er runni ng fo o t . v
To p ass o er t h e 2 8 c y , t h en , w e m ust g o . .
2 11
3 ft .

fro m st a. 10 t o w ards st a 1 1 Th u s w e fin d th e c en t er o f m ass

. . of t h e series
o f p rism o ids is at sta . 10

v
E iden t ly t h e resu lt w ill b e t h e sam e if w e carry t h e co m p u t at io n fro m

t h e o t h er end : st a . 12 28 ; t h us

Th e t ab u lat io n sh o w s t h at in p assing fro m 1 2 28 to 1 1 t h e t o ta in t erl

v ening v
o lum e is 2 5 6 w h ich is less t h an 5 2 8 (t h e h alf -
t o ta l v lum e) ;
o and
 38 EARTHW OR K HAUL A ND OV ERHA UL

t h at in p assing fro m 1 2 2 8 t o 1 0 th e t o tal intervening vo lum e is 5 5 6

w hich is g reat er t h an t h e 5 2 8 W e p ass 3 00 c y in m o ving o ver t h e 1 00 ft

. . . .

b et w een 1 1 and 1 0, o r at t h e rat e o f 3 c y p er running fo o t (as . .

s um in g t h e p rism o id —
1 1 10 to be o f un ifo rm c ro ss sec t io na -
l area ) . To
com e to t h e cen t er of t h e m ass o f t h e s eries o f p rism o ids w e m u st m o -

ve fro m
ft .
,
w hich b rings us to

s ta . 1 1 st a . 10 Th us t h e sam e result is o b tained wh eth er

w e st art fro m o ne end o r th e o t h er In p rac tice th e co m p u t atio ns sh o uld
.

b e m ade fro m o ne end and t h en k

t h e resul t ch ec ed b y co m p u t ing fro m t h e
o t h er .

23 Cent er of m ass ve
o f a s eries o f pr ism o ids Tw o m ass cur
-
. .

s ol ution s .
( a)
Co mm o n m ass curve so lu tion Using t h e data -
.

s h own in F ig 2 1 wh ich r ep r es ents a p ro fil e w e p roc eed as follows :

.
,

C onstruct t h e m ass curv e (Secs 1 0 an d 2 0) for th e station —vol .

"

l
um es lying b etween stas 9 and 1 2 28 Th e m a xim um or dinate
. .

( 2 ) M ark t h e p o int C which b isects t h e or dinate C C

’ ” ’
is C C .

"
( 3 ) T hrough C draw a horiz ontal line cu tting t h e m ass curveA C
a t so m e p o int M (4) T h e station and p lus of M is now r ea d as
.

1 0 wh ich is t h e c ent er of m ass of t h e s er ies of

s ta 1 0
z .
, pris
m o ids Th is r esult differs by
. ft from that foun d in t h e pre .

c eding s ect ion .

AS t h e horiz ontal scal e of p ro fi le p ap er is 1 in 400 ft t h e . .

,

unc erta inty in t h e p osition of t h e c enter of m ass as found by t h e ,

u se of t h e m ass cur v e is in g en eral not l ess than 4 ft (Sec , , ,

. .

T h e r esults foun d by t h e alg ebraic and grap h ical m etho ds in any

c as e shoul d substant ially agree .

(b ) A n o ther m ass cu rve solu tion Th e following m etho d of

-

fi n ding t h e c enter of m ass is taken fro m a l etter by Mr T S . . .

R uss ell to Engineering News Th e l etter app ear ed in t h e issue .

of M arch 4 1 1 8 1 de
“
un r t h e cap tion Th e Calculation of Over
9 , ,

“
haul ; was r ep r inted in Gill ette s Earthwork and It s C ost ,
” ’ ”

4 2 1 7 ; and r ep r inted again in Proc eedings of Am erican

—
pp 2 1
.

R ailway Engin eer ing A ssoc iation vol 7 pp 3 86 — 8

3 9 ,
. . .

“
T h e p ro fil e and fi rst m ass curve of F ig 2 1 a are t h e sam e
”
.
 LIMIT S A N D CEN TER OF MA SS 39

as t h e p rofi l e and m ass curve of Fig 2 1 N o w in F ig 2 i a plot . .

, .
,

“e
a s con d m ass curve C MA for t h e sa m e cut ac takin g t h e
,
’ ’
, ,
’
origin at C and p lotting fro m right to l eft Th e or dinat e at .

sta 1 2 is 5 6 c y ; at sta 1 1 5 6
. . . 200. 256 c y ;
,
at sta 1 0 . . .
,

2 56
3 00 5 5 6 c y ; at sta 9 5 5 6
. .
5 00 1 056 c
.
y , C all . .

t h e p o int of int ers ection of t h e fi rst an d s econ d m ass curves M ,

.

Th e v ertical Mm contains t h e c ent er of m ass of t h e cut ac By .

scaling M is found to b e 1 0 ft to t h e right of sta 1 0 ; h enc e t h e

,
. .
,

c enter of m ass of cut ac lies at sta 1 0 10 Th is is t h e sa m e

. .

as t h e r esult found in Sec 2 3 ; though owing to errors of plotting

.
,

and scal ing s uch agr eem ent is not to b e r egularly exp ect ed
,
See .

Secs 1 6 1 7
.
,
.
 C H A PT E R IV

CEN TER O F G RAVITY

In t h is descri ed eig h t me
ch ap t er are b
t h o ds (so —called) o f fin ding t h e cen t er o f

v b
g ra it y o f a o dy o f m at erial , rang ing fro m t h e ro ug h ly ap p ro x im at e t o t h e p ract i
c ally ex act and using t h e ey e, arit h m et ic , o r t h e m ass c ur e
, All t h e m et h o ds are v .

app lied t o t h e sam e p ro blem ,

nam ely , finding t h e cent er o f v
g ra it y o f t h e cu t

bet w ee n 9 00 and 1 2 28 o f Fig .

( F ig s . 19, 21 , 2 1 a, and 2 4 face p .

24 . R elation b et w een haul

nt er of gravity W e have an d ce .

s een (Sec 1 ) that o ne of t h e two factors of haul is t h e distance

.

b etw een t h e c enter of gravity of a bo dy of m ater ial in cut and

t h e c ent er of gravity of t h e sam e bo dy of m aterial in fill To .

fi n d t h e dista n c e factor w e shall fi rst find t h e p os ition of each

c en t er of gravity M etho ds of fi n ding t h e p osition of t h e
.

c en ter of gravity of a bo dy of m aterial are p resented in th e

following s ections .

25 C enter of gr avity of sin gl e prism o id

. In m ost cas es it .

s erves every r equir em ent to assum e that t h e center of gravity

lies at t h e c enter of l ength of t h e p rism oid F o r ex am pl e t h e .
,

c enter of gravity of th e p rism oid lying b etw een stas 1 2 and 1 3 .

(Fig 2 2 ) m ay b e ass um ed to b e at 1 2
.
50 In rar e cas es it .

m ay b e thought that t h e for egoing assu m p tion will not give

satisfactory r esults and in such cases t h e true c enter of g ravity
,

of each single prism oid (station or substation volum e) is deter -

m ined in t h e following m anner .

L et A 12 cross—sectional ar ea at sta 1 2 ; .

A 13 cross s ectional area at sta 1 3 -

. .

It is p lain that t h e tru e c enter of gravity of p ris m oid 1 2— 1 3

lies b etw een sta 1 2 5 0 and t h e station having t h e larger ar ea
. .

T h us as A 12 is gr eater than A 13 (as shown in th e figur e) t h e c enter

, ,

of gravity lies to t h e l eft of sta 1 2 50 . .

40
 CENTER OF G RA VITY 41

Let x th e horizontal distance b etw een t h e tru e c enter of

gravity and th e mid p o int of t h e p rism o id ; -

l station interval (l ength of p rism oid) ;

-

V volu m e of prism oid .

An _ 1
27 V

wher e A and A _1 are t h e cross sectional ar eas at t h e two

, n
-

“
a djac ent stations (See A ll en s R ailroad Curves and Earth
.
’

work pp 1 9 2 — 1 93 for derivation of this form ula and R ay

,
”
.
, ,
’
m on d s R ailroa d F iel d G eo m etry p 2 2 2 eq ,
”
.
,
.

Cent er of G rav it y

Su b g ra

C ENTER O F G RAVITY O F SING LE PRISMO ID

F IG . 22.

A ,, 1
If w e substitute for V in eq . 21 it s valu e l , w e have
X
1
)
n A ri -
1

(See Searles Engin eers F ield B ook ,

’

p . 2 44 , eq .

Example . In Fig . 22, Am 2 00 sq . ft 5 0 sq ft

.
,
and Leng th A 13 1 . .

—
o f p rism o id 1 2 1 3 is 1 00 ft . Th erefo re t h e cen t er o f gravit y o f th e prism o id
lies t o o ne side o f th e mid sect io n t h e dist ance
-

1 50
4 ft
’

2 .

and since t h e area at st a is great er t h an t h e area at st a 1 3 , t h e cent er o f

. 12 .

grav it y lies o n th e left o f t h e m id sec t io n Hence th e c ent er o f gravity lies

-
.

at ( sta . 12 50 ) ft . st a . 12
42 EA RTH W OR K HA UL A ND OV ER HA UL

F o r t h e erro r in o ve h r au l resu t ing l fro m t h e u se o f t h e cen t er of length

inst ead of t h e cen t er of v
g ra it y of t h e p rism o id , see Sec . 1 46 .

n r of avit of r i of r i m o id — Eight
26 Ce t e
.
gr y a s e es p s s .

m etho ds of fin ding th e c enter of gravity of a s eries of p ris

m o ids w ill b e giv en ranging fro m roughly app ro xim at e to clos ely
app ro xim ate T h e m etho ds will b e illustrated in t h e foll owin g
.
,

s ections by app lication to o ne of t h e p ro fi les of F igs 1 9 2 1

,
.
, ,

24 . See colum n s 6 and 1 0 F ig 3 6 for c ent er of grav i ty deter ,

.
,

mined by each o f t h e eight m etho ds .

27 M eth o d 1 Cen t er o f gravity deter m in ed b y eye

. . This .

m etho d s erv es for rough estim at es and rough ch eck on r esults

obtained by o th er m etho ds Th e c enter of gravity of th e cut .

(F ig 1 9 ) b etw een sta 9 and sta 1 2

. 2 8 app ears to b e at about
. .

sta 1 0 . 60 Th e p erson who fin ds t h e c ent er of gravity by

.

insp ection of t h e p ro fi le m ust b e ignorant of th e com p ut ed c enter

of gravity ; otherwise h is r esult will b e bias ed and of no value .

28 M eth o d II Center of grav ity assum ed t o lie at th e

. .

c en t er of l eng th W h en t h e p ro fil e of t h e cut (or fill) is p rae

.

tica lly sym m etrical about a c entral vertical line t h e c enter of ,

gravity m ay for rough estim ates and checks b e assum ed to lie

, ,

at t h e c enter of l ength Though t h e cut sta 9 to sta 1 2 . 28 ,

. .

(F ig 1 9 ) lacks sym m etry w e u se it for an ex am p le for this

[
.
,

m etho d Th e c enter of l ength l ies at sta 9

.
(sta 1 2 2 8) . .

(sta 9 . sta 9 1 64 sta 1 0 64 . . .

29 M eth o d III Ser ies of prism oids t reat ed as a singl e

. .

p r is m o id W h en t h e ar ea of cross s ection i ncr eas es (or de

.
-

cr eases) with p ractical r egularity as w e p ass fro m t h e initial to

t h e final station of t h e s er ies of p r is m o ids a rough det erm ination ,

of t h e p os ition of t h e c enter of gravity of t h e s eries can b em ade

by considering t h e series as a singl e p rism o id and app lying to
this p rism oid t h e m etho d giv en in Sec 2 5 (center of gravity of .

s ingl e p r ism oid) .

A pp ly th is m etho d to t h e s er ies of p r ism o ids (F ig 1 9) lying .

b etw een stas 9 an d 1 2 28 Th e m id—p o in t of th e s er ies is

. .
44 EARTHW ORK HA UL AND OV ERILAUL -

of a bo dy of m aterial wh en th e m ass curve is straight b etw een

th e t erm inal stations of that bo dy .

3 2 M eth o d VI
. Center of gr avity of ea ch prism o id as sum ed
.

t o lie at it s m id point
-
Arith m etical s ol utio n — T h is m etho d
. .
,

o ne of th e standard m etho ds us ed in co m p uting p ay quantities ,

is as follows : F ig 2 3 Let m n o , p b e consecutive stations

. .
, ,

Pro fi l e

Su b g r ad e

(or substations ) along t h e p rofi l e . gravity of

Let th e c enter of

each p r ism o id b e assu m ed to lie at it s c ent er of l ength (ex c e

p t for
this assum p tion this m etho d is ex act)
,
Let V1 V2 V3 .
, , ,

b e t h e r esp ectiv e volu m es of t h ep rism oids mn no op , , , ,

T aking m as a c enter of m om ents

T h e m om ent of V1 about m is VI

T h e m om ent of V2 about m is Va

Th e m om ent of V3 about m is V3 + no

Th e distanc e(stas ) fro m t h e center of m om ents (m

.
,
in this
cas e) to th e c enter of gravity of t h e series is
sum of t h e m om ents about m ( sta
yds )
-

( 23)
.

su m of t h e volu m es

A pp lying this m ethod to t h e o ut b etw een stas .

9 and 1 2 28

(F ig . 1 9 ) w e m ake t h e co m utations b e
p low .
 CENTER OF GRAVITY 45

MO ME N T S A B OUT STA T ION 9

St at i o n
V vlm o u e a v
le er -
arm Va m o m ent
(c (st as (st a y ds
.

y -
. . .

1 05 6 c y 1 3 7 6 st a y ds
-
. . .

A v er ag e l e er
c en t er o f
v
g r a it y
-
ar m

v
dis t anc e fr o m
o f s er ies o f p r ism o ids
st a .
9 to
! s t as .

Henc e station of center of gravity (sta .

9 00 ) stas .

sta 1 0 .

A s a ch eck on t h e co m p utations above w e m ay find t h e c en t er

of gravity by taking m o m ents about t h e oth er ex tr em e station ,

12 28 .

MOM EN T S A B OU T STAT ION 12

St at io n
V v o lum e a lev er -
arm Va m o m ent
(st as ) (sta y ds )
.
-
. .

T o t al s 1 05 6 c .
y . 2088 s t a -

y ds .

v
A er age l e er v -
ar m dis t anc e fro m st a . 12 28

to c ent er o f g r a it y v o f ser ies o f p r ism o ids ly ing s t as .

b et w een st as . 12 2 8 an d 9 00 .

H enc e station of c enter of gravity is ( sta . 1 2 28 )

stas . sta 1 0 .
( check) .

N OTE . Th e tw o tab ular fo rm s ab o ve m ay be co mb ined in o ne wit h

sav ing o f space and tim e . See Sec . 1 18 .
46 EA RT HW OR K H AUL A N D OVERH A UL

33 . Us e eith er m easured or eq u ated fill v olum es -

in co m put

ing b y m o m en t s(M eth o ds VI an d VIII Secs 3 2 and 3 5 ) th e , .

s tation o f c en t er
o f g r avity o f s er ies of fill prism o ids It m at .

t ers not in fin di ng c ent er of gravity of a fi ll by M etho d VI ,

wheth er w e u se t h e fill—volum es or t h e equat ed fill volum es as -

factors in com puting m om ents provided t h e equating factor b e ,

-

constant .

Let VI V2 V3 ,
t h e r esp ective volu m es of fill ;
,

constant equat ing —

factor ;
q
then V19 V29 Vsq ,
t h e r esp ectiv e equat ed volum es of fill
,
.

Let al a2 a3 ,
r esp ective l ever arm s of vols V1 V2 V3
,
-
.
, ,
.

B y us ing fill—volum es VI V2 V 3 , , ,

V101 V202 V3 03
th e averag e l ever -
arm ,

V1 V2 V3
whil e by usin g equated fill—volu m es
, VI9 , V29, V aq ,

t h e av erage l ever arm -

Vi g V2? Vsq

V101 V204 V3 03
V1 V2 “ “
l V3

Th e averag e l ever —arm is thus t h e sa m e whether w e com p ute

it by u se of m easur ed fill volu m es or equated fil l volu m es - -

3 4 M eth o d VII
. C enter o f g r avi ty of each prism o id as sum ed
.

to lie at it s m id point M as s cur ve so lution — This is th e sam e

-
.
-
.

as M etho d VI ex c ep t that h ere t h e work is carried out graphi

cally instea d of arithm etically W e pr esent this m etho d by .

app lication to F ig 2 4 which shows p art of t h e cut of Fig 1 9

.
, . .

( 1 ) Draw t h e m ass curv e A C (F ig .

( 2 ) F ind th e ar ea (sq in ) A C] lying b etw een t h e m ass curve

. .

and it s p roj ection on t h e vert ical through A

(sta Th e ar ea .

m ay b e foun d by m eans of t h e p lanim et er or oth erwis e W e find .

t h e ar ea to b e sq in wh en m easur ed by t h e p lanim eter

. . .
 C ENTER OF GRAV ITY 47

(3 ) Multip ly ar ea A C] (sq in ) by t h e sta y ds repre

th e . .
-
.

s ent ed by 1 sq in of p ap er (Sec
. obtaining t h e total haul
. .

H H. 1 000 x 1 8 0 sta y ds
3
-
.

(4) Divide H by total volum e obtain ed by scaling

’
o r dinat eCC ) of p r ism o ids ly ing b etween stas 9 and 1 2 .

obtain ing t h e distanc e fro m sta 9 out to t h e c enter of gravity .

o f t h e s er ies of p rism o ids Distanc e stas . .

Henc e t h e c ent er of gravity of t h e s eries of p rism oids is at

(sta 9 . 00) stas sta 1 0 . .

Oth erw is e
( 1 ) Draw t h e m ass curve A C .

( 2 ) F ind area A C] in square inch es .

(3 ) Divide A C] by CC (inch es) and m ultip ly by t h e num b er

’
,

of horiz ontal feet p er inch of p ap er thus obtain ing t h e distanc e ,

from sta 9 to t h e c enter of gravity of th e volum e lying b etw een

.

stas 9 and 1 2
. 2
9 .

T h e sam e r esult would b e obtain ed if w e dealt w ith t h e ar ea

’ ’
A CC instea d of th e ar ea A C] ex c ep t that w ith t h e area A CC ,

t h e r esulting distanc e woul d b e that b etw een sta 1 2 2 9 an d .

t h e c enter of gravity of t h e s eries of p ris m o ids lying b etween

stas 1 2 . 29 and 9 T hus t h e p lanim eter g iv es th e area
.

A CC
’
sq in Th er efor e H . X 5 00 X
.

2 1 3 1 sta —y ds Henc e th e distan c e fro m 1 2

. 2 9 to t h e c ent er of

g rav ity of t h e s eries of p rism o ids iiiir stas H ence .

t h e c ent er of gravity of t h e s eries of p ris m o ids lies at ( sta 1 2 .

stas 10 Th e discr ep ancy b etw een t h e

.

b
Th e p ract ica le w ay o f det erm ining o lum e, w h en u sing a gi en m ass cur e, v v v
is t o scale an o rdinat e; and fo r t his reaso n w e h a e h ere u sed t h e alue 1 0 6 4 c y v v . .

o f CC det ermined b y scaling , no t w it h st anding w e cann o t v

ha e fo rgo t t en t h at CC’
l
w as p o t t ed t o rep resent 1 05 6 c .
y .

TTh e p o int c, F ig . 24, l

is t h e eft h and lim it -
of -
l
t h e free hau di st ance sh o w n in
F ig . 19 . In Sec 4 0 it is fo und b y arit hm et ic t h at c lies a
. t st a . 12 28 ; w hile in
Sec 4 1. it is fo und , b y t h e use o f t h e m ass cur e, t h at C lies at v st a . 12 29 ; and

t h is acco unt s fo r t h e fact t h at so m et im es w e spea k of t h e cut 9 00 to 12 28,

and at o t h er t im es o f cut 9 00 to 12 29 .
48 EAR T HW OR K HAU L A ND OVERH A UL

two r esults com es from t h e errors involved in taking o ff t h e

areas Th e larg er t h e scale of ordinates for t h e m ass curve
.
,

t h e s m all er w ill b e t h e discr ep ancy See Secs 1 6 1 7 1 8 . .

, ,
.

35 .M e h d VIII T e
t o h tru e c ent er of g r av
. ity — T i me
hs tho d
is t h e sam e as M etho d V I ex c ep t that in t h e for m er w e locat e
t h e tru e c ent er of gra v ity of each p ris m o id by t h e m etho d

giv en in Sec 2 5 ; wh er eas in t h e latt er w e took t h e m id p o int

-
.

of each p rism o id for it s c enter of gravity .

F rom Sec 2 5 eq 2 2 t h e distanc e in f eet b etw een t h e m id

.
,
.
,

p oint and t h e c ent er of gravity of a p ris m o id is

sum of end ar eas ( sq ft ) . .

us app ly this m etho d to t h e series of p rism oids

T0 illustrat e, let
lying b etw een stas 9 and 1 2 2 8 of F ig 19 . . .

C OM PU T A T IO N F OR POSIT ION OF C EN TER OF G RA V ITY OF

EA C H PR ISMO ID

l
l lengt h A end
Diff .

Sum o f St at i o n of St at io n o f
b e‘ v en Diff 6
St at io n . of p a
gg d
e c
l S um len t h
cent er o f cent er o f

g
m o ld (sq ft )
. . ar eas . p ris m o id .
grav it y .

areas
f
.

0 2 o + so

1 00 0 3 16 7 10 4 50
-
Io +4s

1 00 O O

12 + I4
12 28

N OTE — To co m u t e t h e st at io ns o f t h e cen t ers o f ra vity of th e pris

.
p g
m o ids, is o ver and ab ve th e w k o or q
re uired in th e less exact M eth o d VI .
 C ENTER OF GRA VIT Y 49

MOME N T S A B OU T STA T IO N 9 00

St at io n o f cent er V v ol o f pris Va m o m ent

St at i o n
.

o f gr av it y m o ld (st a
.
.

T o t al s 1 05 6 c y 1 3 44 s t a y ds
-
. . .

Th e v e g e lev e
a ra r ar m
-
dis t an c e o f c en t er

o f g v it y f t h e
ra o s er ies of p r ism o ids fr o m s t as .

st a .
9 00 .

Hence, center of gravity of th e s eries of p rism o ids lies at

sta .
9 sta 1 0 .

C h eck this r esult by takin g m o m ents ab out 12 28 .

MOM ENT S A B OU T STAT IO N 12 28

St at io n o f c ent er V l o f pr is m o m ent
v
v o
St at io n
.

o f gr a it y m o id (C AL ) (st a
.

. .

T o t al s 1 05 6 c y 2 1 1 9 st a y ds
-
. . .

Th e a ve r ag e l e er v -
ar m = dis t anc e fr o m c en t er

of g r av i t y of th e ser ies o f p r is m o ids t o st a . s t as .

12 28 .

Henc e t h e cent er of gravity of th e series of prism oids is at

(sta . 12 28 ) stas . sta . 10 (ch eck) .
 C H A PT ER V

OVERHAUL, F REE HAUL, AND CRO SSHAUL

v l
In this ch ap t er, o erh au is defined ; a digest o f American pract icein co mp ut in g
o v l v
erh au is gi en ; t h e A m erican Rail w ay Engineering Asso ciat io n s Specificat io n ,
’

b
w hi ch is used as th e asis fo r all t h e p ro b em s w o r ed l k in t his b o o k
is p resent ed ;
,

and t h ree m eth o ds — b y ey e, b y arit h m et ic , and b y m ass v

cur e— o f det erm in ing
free h au
-
l l im it s are exp ained l . Cro ssh aul is discussed; and eigh t m et h o ds of

co m p ut ing o ve hr aul are ch aract erized .

( Fig . 19 faces p 9 6 ; Fig 3 6 , p 6 7
. . . F ig .

3 8, p .

Defi nition s — In
som e contracts for railroad grading it
36 . .

is stip ul at ed that t h e contractor shall b e p aid so m uch p er cub ic

yard for ex cavatin g haul ing and dum ping regardless of th e, , ,

distanc e which t h e m ater ial is hauled ; in oth ers that a c ertain ,

r ic e shall b e a id er cub ic yar d for ex cavating hauling and

p p p , ,

dum p in g for all m at erial haul ed l ess than a spec ified distanc e
, ,

and that an ex tra su m shall b e p a id for each cub ic yar d which

is haul ed a distanc e in ex c ess of t h e sp ecified distanc e It is .

sp ecified that to det erm ine t h e num b er of c ub ic yards of m aterial

ex cavat ed haul ed and dum p ed t h e m at erial shall b e m easur ed
, , ,

in it s original con dition ; in oth er wor ds p aym ent is on t h e basis ,

of cub ic yards of m aterial in p lace .

“s c d di stanc e above is call ed th e fr h l stanc

Th e p e ifie ee au di e ~
.

Th e di stanc e in ex c ess of th e sp ecifi ed distance above is cal l ed

Th e ex tra su m aboveis t h em oney p aid
”
t h e overhaul distanc e .

for hauling a cubic yard t h e overhaul distance B y overhaul .

r ic e is usually m eant t h e p ric e st ip ulated for hauling o ne cub ic

p
yar d a distanc e of o ne station ( 1 00 Overhaul is th e p ro duct
of th e num b er of c ubic yards hauled by th e av erag e overhaul ,

di stanc e Th e ov erhaul distanc e is u sually exp r ess ed in stations

.

of 1 00 ft and accordingly t h e overhaul is exp r ess ed in s t a t ion

.
,
~

yards See Sec 1 . . .

52 EARTHW OR K HA UL A ND OV ERHA UL

or som e of t h e m aterial is hauled b eyon d t h e free

lim it .

basis] is call ed t h e fr ee averag e haul

[
Thi s m etho d ,

ap p licabl e how ever o nly to cuts with overhauls

, ,
See .

Sec 3 9 for an in t erp r etation of basis

.

(C) All cuts t h e m aterial from whi ch is di sp osed of withi n

[
,

t h e fr ee—haul limi t s] are l eft out of consideration en

t irely A t all oth er cuts t h e m at erial in t h e cut r equ ired
.

to balance t h e m at erial in t h e n ear est fi ll or fi lls is det er

m in ed with in t h e fr ee—haul lim it s] ; in oth er wor ds a strip
equal to t h e fr ee haul lim it fr ee—haul di stance] is cut
-
[ ,

out of t h e p rofile in such a way that t h e cut balances t h e

fill within t h e li mi t s] of this strip [
T hi s balanc ed m ate
rial within t h e fr ee haul strip is not taken in to account
-
.

All oth er m at erial that is cl early haul ed m or e than t h e

free—haul limi t free—haul distance] is taken into ac
count t h e av erag e haul di stanc e] o f each individual m ass [
[
,

deter mi n ed an d t h e av erag e total haul di stanc e] estab

[
,

lish ed accor dingly Th e fr ee haul distanc e] is deducted

[
-

fro m t h e averag e total haul distanc e] an d t h e balanc e

[
,

r ep r esen ts t h e overhaul distance] app licabl e to t h e total

yardag e of such p arts of cuts as are hauled b eyond t h e
fr ee lim it s]
Thi s m etho d
[ .

basis] is call ed t h e fr ee straight haul as ,

it elim inat es consideration of absolut ely all m at erial that

is haul ed l ess than t h e fr ee l im i t fr ee haul distance]
[
.

B as is ( C ) is us ed throughout t h e following p ag es Of thi s

book See Sec 3 8 ]
. .

R ep lies to t h e c ircular l etter above w er e r ec eiv ed from 1 2 4

m em b ers of t h e A ssociation co n n ect ed w ith 7 5 rail roa ds ,
B asis .

(A ) was p r eferr ed by 4 m em b ers ; basis (B ) by 2 1 ; basis (C) , ,

by 5 4 ; an d 4 m em b ers p r eferr ed other bas es ; whil e 3 7 m em b ers

o mitted t h e overhaul clause from t h e contract .

A s to t h e fr ee haul distanc e: 3 2 m em b ers p r eferr ed 5 00 ft ;

-

1 6, ft ; 4 , 400 ft ; 4 , 3 00 ft ; 3 , 700 ft ; 3 , 6 00 ft ; 3 , 200

1 000 . . . . .

ft ; 2 , 1 00 ft ; 2 , 2 00—5 00 ft ; 2 , 2 00— 1 0 00 ft ; 2 , 5 00— 1 000

. . . .

ft ; o n e each , 1 5 0 m et ers ; 2 5 0 m eters ; 8 00 ft ; 1 5 0 0 ft ; and

. . .

00—1 200 ft See Proc eedings , Am erican R ailway Engin eering

5 .
 OVERHA UL , FREE HA UL , AND CR OSSHAUL 53

A ssocia tion ,vol 7 .2 —

pp 4 9 4 3 1 from w hi ch t h e for egoing
.
,

facts are taken .

3 8 B asis of overh aul co m putation r ec o mm en ded b y Am eric an

.

Rail way Engin eer in g A s so ciation In Jun e 1 9 0 6 t h e A ssoc ia

.
, ,

tion adop ted by l etter ballot t h e foll owing alternate op tional

overhaul claus e which is virtually basis ( C) p res ented above
-

On pp 2 6 and 2 7 of t h e M anual (edition of 1 9 1 1 ) of t h e A ssoc ia

.

tion will b e found inco rporated in Sp ecifications for t h e F orm a

,

tion of t h e R oa dway t h e following claus es on ov erhaul :

,
”

48 . Unl ess oth erwis e sp ec ifi ed, it is distinctly un derstoo d

that t h e contract p ric e p er cubic yard cov ers any haul
found nec essary , and that th ere shall b e no allowanc e
m ade for any so t er m ed ov erhaul -

A LTE R N A TE OPTION A L OV E RHAU L CLA U SE

(The follow ing p tional overhaul clau se is reco m

altern ate o

m ended to be su bstitu ted for clau se N o 48 of the Specifi ca

[
.

tio ns fo r th e F o rm atio n of th e Ro adw ay in all cases w h ere it

is desired to allow overh au l ) .

48 a N o p ay m ent shall b e m a de for hauling m at erial wh en

-

t h e l ength of haul do es not ex c eed t h e lim i t of fr ee haul

free haul dis tanc e] wh ich Shall b e
-

,
ft .

Th e lim its of fr ee haul shall b e det er m in ed by fix ing on t h e

p rofil e two p o ints o n e on each s ide of t h e n eutral gra de

p o int o n e in ex cavation and t h e oth er in em bank m ent ,

such that t h e dista n c e b etw een th em shall equal t h e sp eci

fi ed fr ee haul l im it
-

free haul distanc e] and t h e in cl uded

-

qua n tities of ex cavatio n and em ba nk m ent balanc e A ll .

haul on m aterial b eyond this fr ee haul lim it fr ee haul - -

di stanc e] shall b e estim ated an d p aid for on t h e basis of

t h e following m etho d of co m p utat ion v iz
[
,

A ll m at erial with in t h e l im it s] of this fr ee haul Shall b e

elimi nated fro m furth er consideration .

Th e distanc e b etw een t h e c enter of gravity of t h e r em ainin g

m ass of ex cavation and c ent er of grav ity of t h e r esulting
em bankm ent l ess t h e lim it of fr ee haul
,
l ess t h e free -

haul distanc e] as abov e sp ecifi ed shall b e th e l ength o f

, ,
 EA RTHW OR K HAUL A ND OV ER HAUL
54

overhaul t h e ov erhaul di sta n c e] ; and t h e co m p ensa

tion to b e r ender ed ther efor shall b e determ in ed by m ul
t ip ly ing t h e yar dag e in t h e r em aining m ass as above ,

describ ed by t h e l ength of t h e ov erhaul

,
by t h e
overhaul dista n c e] Paym ent of t h e sam e shall b e by
.
.

units of o n e cub ic yar d haul ed o ne hundr ed ( 1 00) feet .

W h er e m at erial is obtain ed fro m borrow p its alongs ide t h e

em bank m ent and runways are construct ed t h e haul

[
,

distanc e] shall b e det er m in ed by t h e di stanc e t h e t eam

n ec essarily travels Th e overhaul on m at erial thus
.

haul ed Shall b e det erm in ed by m ultip lyin g t h e yar dag e

so haul ed by o ne half t h e round distanc e m a de by t h e
-

t ea m l ess t h e fr ee haul distanc e Th e runways shall b e

-
.

establish ed by t h e engin eer .

Su b g r a

H
OVER AUL: BASIS A AND BASIS 8

F IG . 25 .

It will b e s een that t h e ov erhaul clause above is basis ( C) given

in Sec 3 7 . .

All dir ections g iv en in this book fo r t h e com putation of over

“
haul assu m e that t h e ov erhaul clause 48 a nex t above is t h e ”

b asis of co m p utation .

F o r t h e var ious m etho ds of co m p uting ov erhaul on this A m er

ican R ailway Engin eering A ssoc iation bas is see Sec 4 7 ,
. .

3 9 Int erpr etatio n of b as is (A) an d b asis (B )

. A lthough .

neith er basis (A ) nor (B ) of Sec 3 7 will b e used in this book t h e

.
,

following interp retation is g iven to m ake cl ear t h e differ ences

b etw een t h e three bases cited and to enabl e t h e inexp erienc ed
com p uter to co m pute overhaul by eith er (A) or (B ) if that is
desired .
 OVERH A UL , FREE HA UL , AN D CR OSSHA UL 55

Let us apply basis (A) for th e overhaul of Fig 2 5 in which .

,

t h e arrows indicate t h e distribution of t h e m at erial It is as .

su m ed that cut C1 p r ecisely m akes th e fil l F 1 ; cut C2 t h e fill F 2 ;

and so on .

Let C1 , C2, volum es of bo dies C1 C2 , ,

r esp ectiv ely of cut ;,

h; distanc e (in stations) b etw een t h e c ent er

of gravity of cut C1 and c enter of gravity
Of
fill F 1 ;
hz distanc e (in stations) b etween t h e c enter
of gravity of cut C2 and c enter of grav
it y of fil l F 2 and so on ;
,

f fr ee—h aul distanc e in stations ;

0A ov erhaul ( sta y ds ) com p uted on basis (A ) ;
-
.

OB overhaul (sta y ds ) co m p uted on basis (B )

-
. .

T h en accor ding to t h e rul es under basis (A ) (Sec .

If som e of t h e m aterial of every cut is hauled farth er than t h e

fr ee haul distanc e t h e overhaul will b e t h e sa m e wh en com p uted
-

on basis (B ) as wh en co m p uted on basis (A ) B u t supp ose that .

all of th e m at erial of cuts C4 an d Cs Ce is disp os ed of withi n t h e

—

free haul distance; then t h e overhaul com p uted on basis (A)

-

will b e t h e sam e as b efor e but com p uted on basis (B ) will b e

,

Q +Q +Q
—
fim + a + ai (m

Obs erv e that if o ne p ortion of a cut as p ortion C2 of cut C1 C2— C3

,
‘

(F ig . is haul ed farth er than t h e free haul distanc e all oth er

-

p ort ions of t h e cut co m e into t h e co m p utat ion w h eth er th ey are

haul ed far t h er than t h e free haul distance or n o t
-

4 0 Free h aul lim i t s : arith m etical m eth o d This m etho d is

-
. .

p r esent ed by app lication to a p articular cas e In Fig 1 9 t h e . .

56 EA R THW OR K H AUL A N D OVER HA UL

free haul distanc e is assum ed to b e 3 00 ft Th e swell ratio is

-

assum ed to b e T o fix t h e fr ee haul lim its in this cas e w e -

take t h e following step s :

1 Equat e t h e fill —volu m es (g iven in F ig 1 9 ) to volum es in
. .

p lac e ( Sec (Th e equated fill volum es are enter ed on t h e -

.

p ro fil e ) In t h e succ eedi ng st ep s w e u se t h eequat ed fill volum es

-
.

along with t h e cut volum es -

2 W e tak e stas 1 2 an d 1 5 as trial fr ee haul lim its This

. .
-

gives 8 0 200 2 80 c
y of cut and 2 0 1 20 .1 40 c y
. of . .

fill . T h er efor e b etw een stas 1 2 an d 1 5 cut ex c eeds fill by .

,

2 80 1 40 1 40 c y ; and w e m ust shift t h e 3 00 ft fr ee haul

. .
-
.
-

di stanc e to t h e right ( towar d t h e fil l) so m e distanc e x say in , , ,

or der to decr eas e t h e cut and incr eas e t h e fill to a p oint wher e
t h e cut and fill b etw een t h e l imi ts just balanc e .

3 Th e v olu m e p er running foot b etw een stas 1 2 and 1 3 is

. .

iig 2 c y (av erag e) ; and b etw een stas 1 5 and 1 6 is

. . .

3 c y ( av erag e) T h er efor e if w e shift t h e 3 00 ft fr ee haul - -

. . . .

di stanc e o ne foot to t h e right w e decr eas e t h e 2 8 0 c y of cut by . .

2 c y. and incr eas e t h e 1 40 c y of fill by 3 c y

.
,
Henc e for each . . . .

foot of shift towar d t h e right t h e differ enc e 1 40 c y b etween ,

. .
,

cut and fill volu m es is decr eas ed by 2 -

3 5 cy T h er efor e . .

to r educ e t h e differ enc e to z ero to m ak e t h e cut and fill bal

— w e m ust Shift t h e 00 ft fr ee haul distanc e to t h e right
anc e 3
-
.
-

14 9
a di stanc e equal to x 3 2 8 ft Thus w e fi nd that th e .

free h au l limi ts are at stas 1 2

~
2 8 an d 1
5 28 . .

If t h e tr ial l imi ts h ad b een tak en as Stas 1 3 and 1 6 w e shoul d .

hav e r each ed t h e sam e r esult In such case w e Shoul d have: .

Cut 8 0 c y ; fill 20 1 20 3 00
. .
440 c y F ill is in . .

ex c ess by 440 80 3 60 c y Th er efor e w e shift t h e fr ee haul

. .
-

’
distanc e to t h e l eft a distanc e x 34 9
3 7 2 ft ; and th is p lac es .

t h e fr ee haul lim its fi nally at stas 1 2

-

2 8 and 1 5 2 8 as b efor e .
,
.

4 1 F r ee h aul l imit s : m ass curve m eth o d T h is grap hical

- -
. .

m etho d of fix ing up on t h e l im its of fr ee haul is always us ed

w h en t h e m ass curve is us ed for com p ut ing ov erhaul ; and m ay
 OVER HAUL , FREE HAUL , AND CR OSSHAUL 57

b e us ed when t h e overhaul is co m puted arithm eticall y In th e .

following it is assum ed that t h e m ass curveis to s erve no p urp os e

oth er than finding t h e fr ee haul limits -
.

B elow t h e p ro fil e F ig 2 6 draw a bas e l in e b elow which to lay

,
.
,

—
o ff m ass curv e or dinat es T o a conv enient scal e lay Ofl b elow
.

F IG . 26 .
— L imit s of Fr ee Hau l .

t h e bas e lin e at each station in cut t h e total cubic yar ds of cut

lying b etw een that station and t h e gra de p oint c of t h e p rofil e , ,
.

C onn ect t h e p lott ed p o ints two and two by straight lin es thus
, , ,

forming a m ass curv e with origin at t h e gra de p oint In lik e .

m ann er lay o ff b elow t h e bas e l in e at each station in fill t h e total

cubic yar ds of equated fill lying b etw een that station and t h e
58 EAR THW OR K HA UL A N D OV ERH A UL

gra de p oin t e of t h e p rofil e Draw a broken line through th e

, ,
.

o ints thus lott ed (Th e m ass curv e n eed not b e carried

p p .

farther to t h e right or t h e l eft of t h e gra de p o int than t h e fr ee

haul distanc e ) .

’
N o w find two p oints G and G t h e o n e o n t h e l eft branch and, ,

t h e oth er on t h e right branch of t h e m ass curv e whi ch lie on th e ,

sam e horiz ontal lin e and are s ep arat ed by a distanc e equal to

t h e fr ee haul distanc e
-

One way of fix ing th e p o sitions of G

.

and G is to p lac e t h e z ero of t h e eng in eers scal e on t h e l eft

’ ’

branch of t h e curve whil e t h e edg e of t h e scal e is p arall el to t h e

bas e lin e ( that is horiz o n tal ) ; th en slide t h e scal e upward or
,

downwar d all t h e tim e k eep ing t h e z ero of t h e scal e on t h e l eft

,

branch of t h e m ass curv e an d m ain taining t h e horiz ontali ty of

t h e scal e until t h e scratch on t h e scal e m arking t h e fr ee haul
,
-

distanc e co m es to lie p r ec is ely on t h e right branch of t h e curve .

Draw a lin e along t h e edg e of t h e scal e in thi s p osition cutting

’ ’
t h e m ass curv e at G an d G G an d G are t h e limits of fr ee haul .

’
b ecaus e t h e or dinates at G and G are equal showing that b et w een ,

th em t h e cut will just m ake t h e fill and also t h e distanc e b e ,

tw een t h e p oints is t h e free—haul distanc e .

H aving det erm ined t h e points G and G on t h e p ap er it re

’
,

m ains to r ea d t h e station and p lus of each and ent er th e p lus

on t h e p rofil e T hus w e fin d that G is at sta 1 2
. 29 and .
,
’
G is at sta 1 5 2 9 ( see last p art of Sec
.
'
.

If t h e m ass curve has b een drawn for t h e whol e stretch of

p ro fil e un der consideration in co nn ection with an overhaul

robl em t h e fr ee—haul lim i ts are determined in t h e m ann er
p ,

shown in F ig 1 9 and Sec 1 2 9 . . .

N OTE . In Fig 2 7 let it b e assum ed t h at all t h e m at erial o f out be is

.

needed fo r t h e fill o r fill s t o t h e righ t and t h at no n e o f th e m at erial o f cu t

b eis n eeded t o t h e eft l . In t his case it is p ro p er to fix t h e free h au l lim it s
-

xy o n t h e righ t end of th e cu t , and on t h at en d o nly Th e m at erial x c is

.

assum ed t o b e p laced in t h e fill cy w h et h er it is ac t u all y so p laced o r no t .

See Sec .
3 , seco nd p aragrap h fro m th e en d, an d Sec 44 , las t p arag rap h . .
60 EAR THW OR K HA UL A ND OV ER HA UL

both dir ections over t h e sam e identical p art of t h e line . Th e

nature of crosshaul is cl early shown in F igs 2 8 to 3 1 . .

V o l ‘s —_V
3
Sw ell F ac to rs b

Dis t ance

S HOW ING C ROSSHAUL

F IG . 28 .

SHOW ING NO CROSSHAUL

F IG . 29 .

L et it b e assum ed that t h e volum e of fill a volum e of fill

c V c .
y . Let s, b e t h e sw ell factor of cut b and sd b e t h e swell
-

factor Of cut d . T h en it will tak zcy from cut

e . b to m ake V
Sb

1
1
of fi ll an d
— fro m cut d to m ak e V c of fill
c .
y . c .
y . .
y . .

A ssu m e that th er e are Vb K c .

y . of m aterial in cut b an d
3b

of m at erial in cut d .

N ow if, as shown by arrows in Fig . 28 , V, chaul ed fro m

.
y is.

b to c, and Vd c y is haul ed fro m d to

. . a, t h e r esulting haul is

5 28 17 5 176 Vd da

Q Q d
+ + +
54 Sd se
 OV ERHAUL , FREE HAUL , AN D CROSSHAUL 61

If,on t h e contrary Vb is hauled from b to a and

, ,
Vd is haul ed
from d to c as indicated by t h e arrows in Fig 2 9
,
.
,
t h e r esulting
haul is
Vb ab Vdcd

Su b g r ad e

”
Cro ss h au l d is t anc e
I ’ I
SHOW ING CRO SSHAUL
FIG 3 0
. .

Vb
— V
V o l ’s -

Sw ell F act o r s Sir “

SHOW ING NO GRO SSHAUL

FIG 3 1
. .

Henc e c ss haul
ex e du e to t h e crosshaul is
” d
( 5 i)
— —
s s V +
5d sd

V + 2

— V be + ab ( 29)
Yd
«

It is evidentthat 3 23 E gg m ay in som e cases b e n egativ e that ,

is un der som e condi tions of distanc e and Sw ell crosshauling

, ,

m ay actually r esult in minim um haul .

62 EARTHW ORK HAUL AND OVERHAUL

F o r t h e sp ec ial cas e in which t h e two sw ell factors

-
are equal ,

i
I I
so that say ,
eq . 29 r educ es to

E gg — H 29 V
<
=

F o r t h e sp ecial case in which each of t h e sw ell —factors is unity ,

s 1 ,
and eq s . 2 9 and 3 0 reduc e to

E gg E gg 2 bCV .

S HOW ING NO C ROSSHAUL

F IG 3 2
. .

SHOW ING G ROSSHAUL

F IG 3 3
. .

Looking at eq s 3 0 and 3 1 w e see that wh en t h e two sw ell

.
,

factors are equal whether th ey are each equal to unity or not

, ,

crosshauling incr eas es nev er diminish e ,

s t h e total haul ,
.

F ro m o ne p oint of view all crosshauling with t h e ex c ep tion

noted un der eq 2 9 is unn ecessary hauling and th er efor e a waste
.

of effo rt tim e and m oney ; but often th e conditions of t h e work

, ,

are such that so m e crosshauling giv es an Op erat ing a dvantag e

which m or e than offsets t h e ex tra cost due to t h e crosshauling .

Th is is p eculi arly t h e cas e in st eam Shov el work -

.

It is qu ite p ossibl e to under estim at e t h e ex tra cost due to

crosshauling A case in p oin t which has com e to t h e author s
.
’
 OVERHAUL ,
FREE HAUL , AND CROSSHA UL 63

notic e is illustrated in F igs 3 2 and 3 3 A s indicat ed by t h e

. .

arrows th ere was a sur lus of m aterial on t h e right and a lack

, p
O f m at erial on t h e l eft Th e arrows in F ig 3 2 Show a dist rib u
. .

tion involving t h e l east haul for th er e is no crosshaul In

,
.

m oving t h e shov el from cut cd to cut fg a str eam l et e and , ,

m o der a tely soft botto m lands h ad to b e cross ed To minim iz e .

t h e cost of m aking this m ove t h e contractor haul ed m at erial

from cut cd to t h e right against t h e g eneral m ovem ent of
m at erial m aking t h e fill df full h eight and of t o p width am p l e
for t h e p assage of t h e shovel A fter t h e work was com p l eted .

t h e contractor r equ est ed that t h e r esulting crosshaul b e taken

into account in co m p uting t h e ov erhaul on t h e ground that t h e ,

character of th e dep ression m a de it p ractically nec essary to carry

out t h e work as describ ed T h e saving in m oving exp ense du e
.
,

to taking t h e sh ovel across fro m d to f on t o p of t h e fill inst ead

o f on t h e natural surfac e of t h e groun d was at an outside fi gur e ,

two hundred dollars T o save this am ount t h e actual overhaul

.

w as incr eas ed by crosshaul som e thr ee hun dr ed an d Six ty thou

sand station—yar ds It is safe to say that t h e contractor did
.

not r ealiz e how m uch it was costing h im to m ak e t h e sav in g .

It is t h e author s op inion tha t crosshaul shoul d b e ex cliIded

’

wh en co m p uting ov erhaul ex c ep t wher e crosshauling has b een

order ed by t h e engineer or where t h e contract or a sp ecial agr ee
m ent dir ects oth erw is e .

44 Efi ect o f c ro s s h aul W ith in th e fr ee h aul limits , on over

-
.

h aul. In F igs 3 4 and 3 5 which Show t h e sam e p ro fi l e th er e is

.

lack of m aterial on t h e left and a surp lus on t h e right and this

r esults in a g en eral m ovem ent of m at erial fro m right to l eft .

Fig 3 5 Shows fr ee haul m at erial m ark ed out by fr ee haul limi ts

.
- -

p and r and by free haul limi ts 1) and x on t h e forward ends of

,
-

t h e cuts .

F ig 3 4 shows a ddi tional fr ee haul m at erial m ark ed out by fr ee

.
-

haul limits 5 and u on t h e supp osition that b etw een s and u t h e

,

m at erial is haul ed backwar d against t h e g eneral m ovem ent .

64 EAR THW OR K HA UL AN D OVER HAUL

L et C, designat e t h e bo dy of cut s t ; C of cut yz ; F b of fill ,

tu ; andof fill n o
F d, . Th e distribution in t h e two fi gur es is t h e
sam e ex cep t for this
In F ig 3 5 , . cut C m ak es fil l F
c

and cut Ca m ak es fi ll F b ;
whil e in F ig 3 4 , . cut Cc m ak es fill F b ;
and cut Ca m akes fill F d .

Th er e is no crosshaul in F ig 3 5
there is crosshaul In F ig 3 4 . . .

b etw een s and u . Th e eff ect of th is crosshaul

on t h e total haul
is Shown in t h e p r ec eding s ection N o w what is t h e eff ect of .

crosshaul withi n t h e fr ee—haul limi ts s an d u on t h e o v erh aul D ,

Let a b e t h e c ent er of gravi ty of cut C ; b of fill F b ; c of cu t a , ,

C an d d of fill F d
,
.

F ills F b and Ed have t h e sam e volum e V say , .

L et C volum e of cut C
0

C volum e of cut C ;
Q a

s sw ell factor of cut C

0
-

s sw ell factor of cut C ;

9
-

f fr ee haul di stanc e;
I -

034 total ov erhaul o n volum es C and C in F ig 3 4 ; c , .

03 5 total ov erhaul on volum es C an d C in Fig 3 5 , , . .

L et all di stanc es b e expr ess ed in stations of 1 00 ft .

V V
T h en and C c
so sc

In F ig 3 4 t h e ov erhaul o n CC is n othi ng ,
. b ecaus e t h e m aterial
is all du m p ed withi n t h e fr ee haul dista n c e -

. Th e ov erhaul on C a

is C , (ad f) . Henc e t h e total overhaul on C C and C in Fig 3 4 is

, .

—
034 Ca ( ad f)
1
,
a. so so so

and ad ab be + cd .
 OVERHAUL , FREE HA UL , AN D CROSSHA UL 65

In Fig 3 5 th e overhaul on C is
.
,

—
C, ( cd f) V

and th e overhaul on C ,
is

Ca (ab — f) V

f
-

f= fr eeh aul dist ance

SHOW ING C ROSSHAUL W ITHIN FREEHAUI LIMITS .

F IG 3 4 . .

f = £reeh aul dis t ance

S HOW ING NO C ROSS HAUL

F IG 3 5 . .

Henc e th e total overhaul on C , an d C in F ig 3 5 is

O .

035 V Z
:
“
66 EAR THW OR K HA UL AN D OVER HA UL

Th e overhaul in F ig 3 4 where t h e fr ee haul .

,
m at erial C,
c ro ssh auled ex c eeds t h e overhaul in F ig 3 5 by
,
.

E + E+ o
so so so
_

q
so

s, s

V cd
so SC 8

be ed
03 5 Wi ll be negati ve when
3a 5a 3 e

a p ossibl e condition .

W h en t h e sw ell factors are t h e sam e for cuts

-

C , and C
s, s s say and eq 3 6 r educ es to
, , , ,
.

034 035 + f)

W h en t h e sw ell factors for cuts C-

, and C , are both uni ty , eq 3 6

.

r educes to

In V iew
of t h e for egoing it s eem s plain that wh en com p uting ,

ov erhaul for m aterial on a str etch of p rofi le which indicates

g en eral m ovem ent of m at erial in o ne dir ection as shown in F igs , .

n d fr ee—haul limi ts shoul d b e estab lish ed onl y on t h e for

34 a 35 ,

war d end of each ou t unl ess th er e is a p r evious agr eem ent to t h e

contrary In oth er wor ds when it will not conflict with existing
.
,

agr eem ents overhaul shoul d b e com puted on t h e basis of F ig 3 5

,
.

r ath er than on t h e basis of Fig 3 4 . .

45 Lim it o f error in t otal c o s t of overh aul r esulting fro m err o r

.

in c o m put ed c ent er of gr avity In F ig 1 g is t h e station and . .

,

p lus of t h e c ent er of gravity of t h e cut m n as det ermin ed by som e

m etho d (Chap t er IV) T h er efor e g is in so m e degr ee app ro xi
.

m at e L et us assu m e that w e know that t h e tru e c ent er of

.

g ravity of t h e cut m n l ies w ith in a distanc e E of g Th en t h e .

limi t of unc erta inty or l im it of error in g is E

, T h is m ay b e ,
.
68 EAR THW OR K HAUL AN D OV ER HA UL

$1 . Ob serve t h at w e do no t say th at t h e resul t , 356 2 5 0, is in

. erro r
t o t h e am o unt o f $1 . Th e fact is w e canno t kn ow w h at is t h e ac t ua erro rl
in t h e resul t . We kn o w o nl y t h at t h e erro r du e t o t h e cause s t at ed lies
so m ewh ere b et w een $1 and 81 . W e do k no w , v
h o w e er , t h at in m any
cases in p ract ice th e erro r in t h e ascert ained p o sit io n o f t h e t w o cent ers o f
gra v lk l v
it y is as i e y t o b e p o sit i e as negat i e; and h ence in t h e o ng run v l
t h ese erro rs t end t o neu t ra iz e o ne ano t h er l .

46 . of overh aul — A fter t h e overhaul has b een

S tatem ent .

com p uted t h e nex t step is to m ake a statem ent of overhaul for

,

t h e u se of int er est ed p arties Thi s stat em ent conc erning t h e .

overhaul on any bo dy of m aterial should g iv e not only t h e

am ou nt Of t h e overhaul but also suffi cient data to enabl e o ne to
locate quickly and ex actly o n t h e p rofi le t h e lim its and center of
gravity of that bo dy of m aterial both in cut and in fill an d to ,

ch eck r ea dily t h e overhaul It is b eliev ed that t h e form of .

statem ent g iv en in F ig 3 6 satisfies every r equir em ent ; and .

that no o n e of t h e colum ns of t h e form can b e om itted without

inconv enienc e .

47 .M etho d s of overhaul com putation T h e ov erhaul co m .

p u t at io n s wh ich ap p ear in t h e follow ing p ag es are all bas ed

on t h e ov erhaul clause r ecom m en ded by t h e A m erican R ailway
Eng in eering A ssoc iation See Sec 3 8 . . .

N O TE .
—Th e o v e h a l la
r u c u se is referred t o in t his b o o k as t h e B A SIS
of o ve h a l
r u co m p u t at io n rat h er t h an as t h e M E TH OD o f co m p u t at io n , in
o rder l r
t h at t h e at t er t e m m ay b e free t o b e app ied t o each o f t h e se era l v l
w ay s —
so m e arit hm et ica l , grap h ical , ranging in accuracy fro m th e
so m e

r
ro u ghl y app o xim at e t o t h e clo sely ap p ro xim at e w hi ch are describ ed and
illu st rat ed in t h e fo ll o w ing p ages .

Each of t h e foll owing m etho ds of co m p uting overhaul on th e

A m erican R a ilway Engin eering A ssoc iation basis corr esp onds to ,

o n e of t h e m etho ds g iven in Chap t er IV for det er m ining t h e

c ent er of gravity Each m etho d of co m puting overhaul takes

.

it s num b er fro m t h e nu m b er of t h e m etho d th er ein used to

det erm in e t h e c ent er of gravity .
 OV ER HAUL , F R EE HA UL , AN D CR OSSHAUL 69

Methods of Comp uting Overhaul

48 M eth o d I
. Th e c ent er of gravity of each bo dy of ov er
.

hauled m aterial in cut and in fill is determined by ey e (Sec 2 7 ) .

dir ectly on t h e p ro fi l e Th e l im its of an y bo dy of m at erial .

overhaul ed and t h e lim its of fr ee haul are likewis e deter min ed

by ey e (Sec M etho d I is app lied in Chap t er VI (Secs 5 7
. .

6 6 ) to t h e p ro fil e of F ig 1 9 and in Chap t er V II ( Secs 1 48 — 1 5 6 ) .

, .

to t h e p rofil e of F ig 3 8 . .

49 M eth o d II
. Th e c ent er of grav ity of each bo dy of ov er
.

hauled m aterial is assu m ed to lie at t h e c ent er Of l ength of that

bo dy See Sec 2 8 Th e lim its of each bo dy of m aterial are
. . .

det er m in ed by ey e ( Sec 2 0 ( c) ) or by ar ithm et ic (Sec 2 0 . .

T h elim its of fr ee haul aredet er m in ed by ey e (Sec 4 2 ) or by ar ith .

m etic (Sec T h is m etho d of co m p uting ov erhaul is given

.

in Chap t er V I (Secs 6 7 7 7 ) by app li cation to t h e p ro fil e of

.
-

Fig . 1
9 .

50 M etho d III — Th e c ent er of gravity of each bo dy o f

. .

overhaul ed m ater ial is determi ned by com puting it s distanc e

from t h e center of length (Sec T h e lim its of bo dies o f .

m at er ial are foun d by ar ith m et ic (Sec 2 0 Th elimi ts of fr ee .

ha ul are determ in ed by ar ithm etic (Sec T h e details of .

th is m etho d of overhaul com p utatio n are illustrat ed in Chap ter

V I ( Secs 7 8—88 ) by app l ication to t h e p ro fi l e of F ig 1 9
. . .

5 1 M .eth o d IV — T h e c ent er of gravity of each bo y of

. d m at erial
overhaul ed is assum ed to lie at it s c enter of m ass and is foun d by ,

arithm etic See Sec 3 0 Th elimi ts of bo dies of m aterial arefoun d

. . .

by arithm etic (Sec 2 0 Lim its of fr ee haul are determ in ed

.

by arithm etic (Sec Metho d IV is illustrat ed in detail in

.

Chap t er VI (Secs 8 9 — 99 ) by app l ication to t h e p ro fil e of F ig 1 9

. .
,

and in Chap t er V II (Secs 1 5 7 1 6 7 ) to t h e p rofil e of F ig 3 8

—
. . .

5 2 M et ho d V Th e m ass curv e is us ed Th e c ent er of

-

. . .

gravity of each bo dy of m aterial overhaul ed is assum ed to lie

at it s c enter of m ass See Sec 3 1 Th e lim its of bo dies of . . .

m a terial are det er min ed by t h e m ass curv e (Sec 2 0 Th e .

70 EAR THW OR K HA UL AN D OVER HAUL

limits of fr ee haul are determined by t h e m ass curve (Sec .

T h is m etho d of co m p uting ov erhaul is a li ed in C ha t er VI

pp p
( S e cs 1 0 0
—1 1 1
.
) to t h e pro fil e of Fig 1 9 and in Chap ter VII .
,

( S e cs 1 68 —
. 1 7 9 ) to t h e
p ro fil e of F ig 3 8 . .

A full descrip tion of this m etho d bas ed on Sec 1 (a ) is given

3 , .

in M o litor and B ear d s M anual for R esident Engineers pp 5 7 ’

,
.
~

6 1 and r ep rinted in Proc eedings A m er ica n R a ilway Engineering

, ,

A ssociation vol 7 pp 4 , 0 1
—
.
4 03 T h e sam em etho d bas ed
. .
,

o n Sec
3 1 (b ) is given in Engineering New s M arch 1 4 1 89 1
.
, , , ,

p p 2 5 4 2 5 5 (r ep rint ed in Proc eedings A m erican R ailway Engi

.
, ,

neering A ssoc iation vol 7 pp 3 86 , in a contribution

. .

by Mr T S Russell who g ives cr edi t for t h e m etho d to Mr R P

. . . . . .

B ru er .

5 3 M . e th o d VI —
A rithm et ical com p utation
. Th e c enter .

o f gravity of each p ris m o id is assu m ed to lie at t h e middl e of

«

it s l ength Th e c enter of gravity of each bo dy of overhaul ed

.

m at er ial is det er min ed by t h e m etho d of m o m ents (Sec .

T h e l im its of bo dies of m at erial are det er mi n ed by ar ithm etic

( Sec 2 0. T h e l imits of fr ee haul are foun d by ar ith m etic

( Sec . T h is m etho d of co m p uting overhaul is app l ied in

C hap ter V I (Secs 1 1 2 — 1 2 2 ) to t h e p ro fil e of F ig 1 9 and in
. .
,

C hap t er V II (Secs 1 80—1 90) to t h e p ro fil e of F ig 3 8

. . .

5 4 M etho d VII
. T h e m ass curve is us ed . Th e c enter .

o f gravity of each p rism o id is assu m ed to lie at it s cent er of

l ength T h e c ent er of gravity of each bo dy of m at erial over

.

h aul ed is fo un d by t h e m etho d o f m o m ents app l ied grap hically

by m eans of t h e m ass curve See Sec 3 4 Th e lim its of bodies . . .

o f m aterial are det er m in ed by t h e m ass curve (Sec 2 0 Th e .

l imi ts of fr ee haul are foun d by t h em ass cur v e (Sec Metho d .

V II is g iv e n i n de ta il in C ha p t er V I ( Secs 1 2
—1
3 3 4 ) through it s .

app licat ion to t h e p ro fi l e of F ig 1 9 and in Chap t er VII (Secs .

, .

1 9 1 2 0 2 ) to t h e p ro fi l e of F ig 3 8
— . .

—
5 5 Me . th o d VI I I A rith m etical co m p utation . T h e c ent er .

o f gravity of each p rism o id is foun d by co m p uting it s dist anc e

 OV ERHA UL, FREE HAUL , A N D CR OSSHAUL 7I

fro m t h e c enter of l ength of t h e volum e Th e c enter of gravity

.

of each bo dy of overhauled m aterial is det erm ined by t h e

m etho d of m o m ents (Sec . Th e limi ts of bo dies of m a
t erial are foun d by arith m etic (Sec 2 0
. Th e lim its of fr ee
haul are determined by arith m etic (Sec . T his m etho d of
co m puting overhaul is app lied in Chap ter VI (Secs 1 3 5 — 1 4 5 ) t o
.

t h e p rofi l e of F ig 1 9
. .
 C H A PT E R V I

OVERHA UL CO M PUTED F OR TH E SIM PLE CA SE OF FIG . 19

v
In t h is ch ap t er t h e o erh au l o f F ig 1 9 is co m p ut ed b y each o f t he eigh t m et h o ds
.

v
o f co m p u t in g o erh au l ; th e w o r k
un der each m et h o d eing laid o u t in fo rm a b l
st ep s , and in det ail .
'
Th e result s are p resent ed in F ig 3 6 o n t h e lines w hich egin . b
w it h
“A and co m p ared in Sec . 1 46 . Th is c h ap t er is int ended t o ser ve t h e co m
,

p u t er w h o h as ch o sen o ne o f t h e eigh t m et h ods o f co m pu t ing o erh aul (Secs v .

— T h e fo llo w ing c h ap t er is Similar t o t h is,

48 5 as a g uide in h is co m p ut at io n s .

b
b ut t h e p ro lem t h ere so l ed is v co m p lex .
(Fig . 19 faces p 9 6 ; F ig 3 6 , p
. . .

56 . r em ar k s — Each of t h e eight m etho ds of

Pr elim in ary
com puting overhaul state d in t h e p r ec eding chap ter is app lied
, ,

in turn to t h e sim p l e cas e p r es ented by t h e p ro fil e of F ig 1 9 . .

Th e fi rst st ep in t h e co m putation of overhaul by whatever ,

m etho d of co m p u tation is to gath er all t h e data b earing on t h e

,

p robl em in ha n d Th e data for t h e overhaul p robl em of F ig 1 9

. .

are g iv en in St ep 1 of each m etho d followin g .

A co m p arison of t h e r esults obtain ed by t h e s everal m etho ds

app lied to t h e p articular p robl em of Fig 1 9 is m a de in Sec 1 46 .
,
. .

Ov erh au l o f F ig . 1 9 Co mp u ted by M ethod I

(In M et h o d I c en t er of v
g ra it y and all lim it s are det erm in ed b y ey e ) .

57 . Step 1 . Data . We are g iv en th e following inform a

tion :
( 1 ) W e are giv en t h e pro file F ig 1 9 ,
.
. .

( 2 ) Th e volum e of each statio n and substation as co m puted

from t h e not es of fi nal cross sections is giv en in F ig 1 9 -

. .

3 ) Th e m at erial b etw een 9 00 and t h egra dep oint ( 1 3 7 5)

was used to m ake fill of full s ection fro m t h e gra de p oint toward
t h e right as far as t h e m at erial woul d go .

72
74 EARTHW OR K HAUL AND OVERHAUL

c enter of gravity of that bo dy in cut and th e c enter of grav ity

o f t h e sa m e bo dy in fill .

C ent er of gravity of fill (Sec 6 2 ) sta 1 7 10 .

I
I
. .

C enter of gravity of cut ( Sec 6 2 ) sta 1 0 60 . . .

A v erag e haul distanc e -

stas .

64 . Step 8 . Averag e
overh aul distan ce Thi s is equal to -
.

t h e av erag e haul—distanc e l ess t h e fr ee—haul distan ce .

A v erag e haul distanc e ( Sec 6 3 ) 6 5 0 stas -

. . .

F ree haul distanc e (Sec 5 7

-
stas . .

Overhaul distanc e 3 5 0 stas . .

65
St ep 9
. Th e verh aul
. Th e overhaul r esulting fro m
o .

m oving t h e m at erial of cut 9 00 to 1 2 5 0 to fill 1 5 50 , , ,

to 1 8 20 is equal to t h e volu m e of t h e said cut m ulti lied by

, p
t h e overhaul distanc e Th e volu m e of t h e cut 9 .00 to 1 2 ,

5 0 is about 1 1 00 c y (F ig
,
T h e ov erhaul di stanc e for this
. . .

volum e is stas (Sec Th e ov erhaul

. 1 1 00 X .

3 8 5 0 sta y ds
-
.

6 6 St ep 1 0
. St at em ent o f o v erh aul
. W h en overhaul is .

found by M etho d I it m ay not b e worth whi l e to m ake as co m

,

p let e a stat em ent of it as that shown in F ig 3 6 N ev erth el ess . .

so m e orderly r ecord of t h e work shoul d b e kep t If a series of .

co m putations is worth m aking it s eem s worth t h e troubl e to ,

m ak e a dig est of t h e r esults In or der to p erm it a conv enien t .

com p arison of t h e r esult of each Step by t h e p r es ent m etho d ,

w ith t h e r esults of t h e corr esp onding Step s of t h e other m etho ds

of com p uting t h e ov erhaul of F ig 1 9 a com p l ete statem ent of .
,

t h e ov erhaul just co m p ut ed is ent er ed in F ig 3 6 on l ine A—I . .

Ov erh au l o f F ig . 19 Co m p u ted by M ethod II

(In M et h o d II c en t er of v
g ra it y of b o dy o f cu t o r fill is assu m ed t o lie at cen t er

of lengt h . Lim it s are co m p u t ed by arit h m et ic .

)
67 . St ep 1 . Data . W e are g iv en t h e following inform ation
( 1 ) W e are giv en t h e p ro fi l e, F ig . 1
9 .
 OV ER HA UL COMPUTED F OR F IG . 19
75

(2 ) of each station and substation as com p uted

Th e vol um e
from t h e notes of fi nal cross s ectio ns is given in F ig 1 9 -
. .

(3 ) Th em aterial betw een 9 00 and t h e gradep o int 1 3 7 5 )

was used to m ake fill of full section fro m t h e gra de p oint towar d
t h e right as far as t h e m at erial woul d go .

(4 ) Th e sw ell factor for t h e m aterial of t h e c ut is giv en as

-

5 .

5 ) Th e free haul distanc e is giv en as 3 00 ft

-

68 . Step 2 . Distrib utio n of m ater ial . See Sec 6 7 .

69 . St ep 3 . Sw ell and eq uating -

factor s . Th e sw ell -

factor
is 5 Th e equating factor is ther efore (Sec
;
-

. .

Step 4
7 0. . t tio n vo lum e of fill to volum e in
Eq u ate each s a -

plac e Each . station volum e of fill is m ultip lied by t h eequating

-

factor (Sec . Th e r esulting volu m es in p lac e are ent er ed on

F ig . 19 .

71 . Step 5 . Limi ts
of b o dies of m aterial Th e limi ts of t h e .

cut are 9 75 ( l ft
00 and 1 3 S e 6 T h e e —han d limi t
c 7 .

of t h e fill is at t h e gra de p oint 1 3 75 Th e r ight hand lim it .

-

of t h e fi ll m a de from t h e m at erial of th e cut is found by th e

arithm etical m etho d of Sec 2 0 wh er e for th is p articular cas e .

t h e r ight han d l im it of t h e fill is co m p ut ed to b e 1 8

-

25 .

7 2 S.t ep 6 Lim i t s of fr e
.e h au l T h e fr ee—haul lim its are .

det ermin ed by t h e m etho d of Sec 4 0 wh er e for this p ro fi l e t h e .

lim its w er e co m p ut ed to b e 1 2 2 8 an d 1 5 28 See Sec 40 . .

for t h e details of t h e com p utation .

7 3 Step 7
. C enter s of gr avity. Cent ers of grav ity are .

det erm in ed by M etho d II Sec 2 8 in which it is assu m ed that ,

.
,

t h e c ent er of grav ity of a bo dy of m at erial l ies at t h e m id— p o in t

of that bo dy Th e c enter of gravity of t h e cut 9 00 to 1 2 2 8
.
, ,

was foun d in Sec 2 8 to lie at 1 0 64 .Th e c ent er of gravity of .

t h e fil l 1 5 2 8 to 1 8 25 is foun d by this m etho d to lie at

[
, ,

(sta 1 5
. 28) (sta 1 8 2 5) (sta 1 5 .
(sta . .

15 28 ) sta 1 6 .
76 EART HW OR K HA UL A N D OV ER H A UL

74 . Step 8 . Av erage h aul distan ce -

T h e av erag e haul di s -

tanc e for t h e m at erial b etw een 9 00 an d 1 2 28 is t h e di s

tanc e b etw een t h e c enter of gravity of cut 9 ,
00 to 12 28,

and t h e c ent er of gravity of t h e fil l 1 5 2 8 to ,

18 25 .

C ent er of grav ity of fill ( Sec 7 3 ) sta . . 1 6

C ent er of gravity of cut ( Sec 7 3 ) sta . . 10 + 64 .

A verag e haul di stanc e -

stas .

75 . S tep 9 . Averag e
overh aul dis tance Th is is equal to -
.

t h e av erag e haul —di stanc e l ess t h e fr ee haul distanc e -

A verag e haul di stanc e ( Sec 7 4 ) stas

-
. .

F r ee—haul distanc e (Sec 6 7 3 stas . . .

Ov erhaul distanc e 5 stas .

76 . Step 10 . Th e on t h e m aterial
overh aul . Th e overhaul
o f cut 9 00 to 1 2
,
28 is equ al to t h e volum e of that cut
,

m ultip l ied by t h e ov erhaul distanc e Th e volu m e of t h e cut .

is 1 0 5 6 c y (F ig . . Th e ov erhaul distanc e is
. stas .

( Sec 7 . Th er efor e t h e ov erhaul 1 05 6 X 5 33 00

sta y ds
-
.

t ta n of ov rh ul — A full stat
77 S
. ep 1 1 S t em e t . e a em en t of .

th e overhaul just co m p ut ed is ent er ed on l in e A —II Fig 3 6 ,

. .

Overhau l f F ig
o . 19 Co m p u ted by Meth od III
(In M et h o d III c en t er o f v
g ra it y of b o dy o f cu t o r fill is det erm ined b y co m

p u t ing it s dist ance fro m cen t er o f leng t h . Limi t s are co m p ut ed b y arit h m et ic ) .

78 . St ep 1 . Data . W e are g iv en t h e following inform ation

( 1 ) W e are given t h e p rofile F ig 1 9 ,
. .

( 2 ) Th e volum e of each station and substation as com puted

from t h e notes of fi nal cross—s ections is g iven on Fig 1 9 . .

00 and t h e gra de o int ( 1 3 + 7 5 )

3 ) Th em at erial b etween 9 p
was us ed to m ake fill of full section from t h e gra de p oint toward
t h e righ t as far as t h e m at erial wo u l d go .
 OVER HA UL COMPUTED FOR F IG .
19
77

(4) Th e sw ell factor for t h e m aterial of t h e cut is given as

-

5 .

5) Th e fr ee haul distanc e is giv en as 3 00 ft

-

79 . St ep 2 . Distrib ution of m aterial See Sec 7 8 . .

— T
80 . St ep 3 . S w ell and eq uating factors h e sw ell -
.
-

factor
is 5 (Sec 7 8 Th e equating factor is ther efor e
-

( Sec .

81 St ep 4
. . Eq uat e each s tation volum e o f fill t o volum e in -

p la ce —
Each. station volu m e of t h e fill is m ultip lied by t h e
-

equating —factor (Sec Th e r esulting volum es in p lac e

.

a re ent er ed in p ar enth es es on F ig 1 9 . .

8 2 St ep 5
. Lim its of b o dies of m aterial — Th e lim its of
. .

t h e ou t are 9 + 00 and 1 3 7 5 (Sec 7 8 Th e l eft hand ° -

lim it of t h e fill is at t h e gra de p oint 1 3 75 Th e right han d .

-

lim it of t h e fill m a de from t h e m at erial of t h e cut is foun d by

t h e arithm etical m etho d of Sec 2 0 wh er e for th is cas e t h e right .
,

h an d l im it of t h e fill is co m p ut ed to b e at 1 8 25 .

8 3 S tep 6
. Lim i ts o f fr ee h aul
. Th e fr ee haul l im i ts are .
-

d et erm in ed by t h e m etho d of Sec 4 0 wh er e for this cas e t h e .

,

l im its w er e co m p ut ed to b e 1 2 2 8 an d 1 5 28 .

8 4 St ep 7
. Centers o f gr avity
. Use M etho d III Sec 2 9 .
,
. .

In Sec 2 9 t h e c en t er of gravit y of cut 9

. 0 0 to 1 2 2 8 was , ,

com p uted to lie at 1 0 (See Sec 2 9 for t h e details of .

t h e com p utation ) Th e com p utation for t h e c en t er of gra v i ty

.

of fill 1 5 2 8 to 1 8
5 is m a de thus : Th e m id p o int is at
[
,
2 ,
-

(sta 1 5. 2 8) (sta 1 8 2 5) ( sta 1 5 . 16 .

A r ea of s ection at 1 5 2 8 is 1 0 2 sq ft T h e ar ea of t h e . .

s ection at 1 8 2 5 is 1 8 0 sq ft (F ig T h e l ength Of t h e
. . .

bo dy of fill is (sta 1 8 2 5) (sta 1 5 . 2 8) 2 9 7 ft Co m . .

3 2
put e x
3 ft . Th e c ent er of grav ity sought

lies x feet to th e right of t h e m id p oint , -

that is, at (sta .

16 sta 1 6
.
78 EARTH W OR K HA UL A N D OV ER HA UL

85 . h aul distan ce
St ep 8 . Th e av erag e h aul
Aver ag e -
.

distanc e for t h e m at erial b etw een 9 00 an d 1 2 2 8 is t h e

distanc e b etw een t h e c ent er of gravity of cut 9 00 to 1 2 28 , ,

and t h e c ent er of gravity of t h e fi ll 1 5 2 8 to 1 8 25 ,

.

Center of gravity of fi ll (Sec 8 4) sta 1 6 . .

Cent er of gravity of cut (Sec 8 4) sta 1 0 . .

stas A v erage haul distanc e -

5 .

86 Step 9 Av er ag e over h aul distan ce

. . Th e av erag e ov er -
.

haul distanc e is eq ual to t h e averag e haul di stance less t h e free

- -

haul distance .

A v erag e haul —di stanc e (Sec 8 5 ) stas . .

F ree haul di stanc e (Sec 7 8 stas

-

. .

A v erag e ov erhau l distanc e -

3 53 5
. stas .

87 . S tep 10 . Th e over h aul

on t h e m aterial . Th e ov erhaul
of cut 9 + 00 to 1 2 2 8 is equal to t h e volum e of that m at erial
, ,

m ultip l ied by it s ov erhaul di stanc e Th e volu m e of t h e cut is .

1 056 c y (F ig .Th e av erag e ov erhaul distanc e is

. .
-

stas (Sec . T hus t h e overhaul

. 1 0 56 x
3 730
sta y ds
-

8 8 Step 1 1 . St atem ent of over h aul Th e co m p l et e state

. .

m ent of t h e ov erhaul just com p ut ed is enter ed in F ig 3 6 on lin e .

A —III .

Ov erhaul o
f F ig . 19 Co m p u ted by M ethod I V
( In M et h o d IV c en t er o f v
g ra it y of b o dy o f cu t or fill is assum ed t o lie at

it s cen t er o f v o lu m e, and is co m p u t ed by arit h m et ic . L im it s are co m p u t ed by

arit h m et ic .
)
89 . St ep 1 . Data . W e are given t h e following inform ation :
( 1 ) W e are giv en t h e p ro fil e F ig 1 9 ,
. .

( 2 ) Th e vol um e of each station and s ubstation as com p uted

from t h e notes of final cross sections is g iven on F ig 1 9 -

. .

(3 ) Th em aterial b etween 9 00 and t h e gra de p oint ( 1 3 7 5)

was us ed to m ake fill of full s ection fro m t h e gra de p oint toward
t h e right as far as t h e m at er ial woul d go .
 OVERHA UL COM PU TED FOR FIG .
1 9 79

—
( )
4 Th e sw ell factor for t h e m aterial of t h e cut is g iven as 5 .

—haul distanc e is g iv en as
5) T h e fr ee 3 00 ft .

90 . St ep 2. Dis trib u tio n o f m aterial See Sec 8 9 . .

91 . St ep 3 . Sw ell and eq u ating —fact or s Th e sw ell .

-
facto r
I
is 5 (Sec 8 9 Th e equating factor is ther efor e
-

I 2
(Sec .

Step 4
92 . . Equ at e each st ation volu m e of fi ll to v olum e in
-

pl ac e Each . station volum e of fill is m ultip lied by t h e equating

-

factor (Sec . T h e r esulting volum es in p lac e are ent er ed

in F ig . 1 9 .

Step 5 of m a t Limit s
e ial — T h e lim i ts of
of b o dies
93 . . r .

—han d
t h e cut are 9 00 and 1 3 75 ( S ec 8 9 T h e l eft .

limi t of t h e fill is at t h e gra de p o int 1 3 75 T h e r ight —han d .

lim it of t h e fill m a de from t h e m at erial of t h e cut is found by t h e

arithm etical m etho d of Sec 2 0 wh er e for this case t h e right .
,

han d lim it of t h e fill is com put ed to b e at 1 8 25 .

94 St ep 6. Limit s of fr ee haul . Th e fr ee haul lim its are .

-

det erm in ed by t h e m etho d of Sec 40 wh er e for thi s cas e t h e .

,

lim i ts of fr ee haul w er e com p ut ed to b e 1 2 2 8 an d 1 5 28 .

95 S t ep 7
. C e nt e r s of g r av ity —
. Use M etho d IV Sec 3 0 .
,
.
,

where it is assum ed that t h e c ent er of grav ity lies at t h e c enter

of m ass In Sec 3 0 it was com p ut ed that t h e center of gra v ity
. .

of cut 9 0 0 to 1 2
,
28 lies at 1 0 B y t h e sam e
,

m etho d t h e c ent er of gravity of fill 1 5 2 8 to 1 8 2

5 is foun d , ,

to lie at 1 7 03 .

9 6 St ep 8
. Averag e h aul dist an ce . Th e av erag e haul -
.

di stanc e for t h e m at erial of cut 9 0 0 to 1 2 28 is t h e dis

, ,

tanc e b etween t h e c enter of gravity of that cut and t h e c enter of

grav ity of fill 1 5 2 8 to 1 8 25 ,
.

C ent er of gravity of fi ll (Sec .

9 5) sta . 1 7 0
3 .

C ent er of grav ity of cut (Sec .

9 5) sta . 10

A verag e haul distanc e

-

stas .
80 EAR THW OR K HA UL AN D OVER HA UL

97 . Step 9o v er h aul .di s t an c e — Aver age

Th is is equal -
. to
t h e averag e haul di stanc e l ess t h e fr ee— haul di stanc e
-

A verag e haul di stanc e (Sec 9 6 ) stas -

. .

F r ee hau l distanc e (Sec 8 9 -

stas . .

A v erag e overhaul distanc e -

stas .

98 . St ep overh aul
10 . Th e ov erhaul on t h e m aterial
Th e .

of cut 9 0 0 to 1 2
,
2 8 is equal to t h e volum e of that m at erial ,

m u lt ip li ed by it s av erag e overhaul distanc e Th e volum e of t h e -

m at er ial is 1 0 5 6 c y (F ig Th e av erag e overhaul di stanc e

. . .
-

is stas ( Sec T h er efor e t h e ov erhaul

. . 1 056 X

4 1 5 7 sta y ds -

t ta n of ov r ul — A full stat
99 S. ep 1 1 S t em e t e .h a em ent of .

t h e ov erhaul just com p uted is ent er ed on lin e A —IV F i

g 36 ,
. .

Ov erh au l o f F ig . I9 Co m p u ted by M etho d V

( In M et h o d V c en t er o f v
gra it y o f o dy o f b cu t or fill is assum ed t o lie at it s
c ent er o f v o lu m e, and is det erm ined b y m ass cu r ve . Lim it s are det erm ined b y
m ass cu r ve )
.

1 00 . St ep 1 . Data .
—
We are given th e followin g in form a
tion :
( 1 ) W e are given t h e p ro fi le Fig 1 9 ,
. .

( 2 ) Th e volum e of each station and substation as com p uted

from t h e notes of fi nal cross —s ections is giv en on F ig 1 9 . .

(3 ) Th em aterial b etw een 9 00 and t h e gradep oint ( 1 3 7 5 )

was us ed to m ake fill of full s ection from t h e gra de p oint toward
t h e r ight as far as t h e m at erial woul d go .

(4) Th e sw ell factor for t h e m aterial of t h e cut is given as

-

5 .

5 ) Th e fr ee haul distanc e is giv en as 3 00 ft

-

1 01 Step 2
. Dist rib ution of m aterial
. See Sec 1 00 . .

1 02 Step 3
. S w ell and eq u ating—
. fa ct o r s Th e sw ell —factor .
-

is 5 (Sec . 1 00 Th e equating —facto ris th erefor e

(Sec .
82 EA RT H W OR K HA UL A N D OV ER HAUL

to 1 2 2 9 an d by scal e lies at 1 0
, , ,
10 . M ’
is t h e c ent er of
gravity of t h e fill 1 5 2 9 to 1 8 ,
24, an d lies by scal e
, ,
at
1 7 5 0 .

1 08 Step 9 . Aver ag e h aul distan ce

.
-
. Th e av erag e haul dis -

tance for t h e m aterial of cut , 9 00 to 12 29, is t h e distanc e

b et w een t h e c enter of gravity of that m aterial and t h e c enter of
grav ity of t h e fill 1 5 2 9 to 1 8 24 ,
.

Center of gravity of fill (Sec 1 0 7 ) sta 1 7 0 5 . . .

C enter of gravity of cut (Sec 1 0 7 ) sta 1 0 10 . . .

A v erag e haul di stanc e -

stas .

1 09 . St ep 10 . Averag e overh aul distan c e -

This is equal to
the averag e haul distance l ess t h e fr ee—haul
-
distanc e .

A v erage haul di stanc e ( Sec 1 0 8) -

.
5 stas .

F ree haul di stanc e (Sec 1 00

-
. stas .

A v erag e overhaul distanc e -

stas .

1 1 0. Step 11 . Th e over h aul

on t h e m aterial . Th e ov erhaul
of cut 9 00 to 1 2
,
2 9 is equal to t h e volu m e of that m at erial,

m ultip lied by it s av erag e ov erhaul distanc e Th e volum e of t h e -

’
cut was foun d by scaling t h e or dinat e CC to b e 1 06 4 c y (Of . .

course in this p articular cas e it wo ul d hav e b een easy to find t h e

exact volu m e 1 0 5 6 c y ,
which was originally used in p lotting
. .
,

t h e or dinat e CC See footnot e to Sec 3 4 p T h e average .

,
.

ov erhaul distanc e is 5 (Sec T h er efor e t h e ov erhaul is

-
.

1 0 64 x 4 2 0 2 stat ion —yar ds .

111 Step 1 2
. S tatem ent o f over h aul
. Th e com p l ete stat e .

m ent of t h e overhaul co m p ut ed above is enter ed in F ig 3 6 on .

lin e A —V .

Overhau l f Fig
o . 19 Co m pu ted by Method VI
(In M et h o d V I t h e cent er o f g rav it y of a b o dy o f c ut o r fill is co m p ut e d arit h
m et ically b y t h e m et h o d o f m o m ent s ; t h e cent er o f g ra it y o f each st at io n o um e v -
vl
b eing assum ed t o lie at it s cent er o f engt h l
Th e limit s are co m p ut ed b y arit h .

m et ic ) .
84 EARTH W O R K HA UL A N D OV ER HA UL

Stat io n .

g cent er o f g ra vity v
o f st at io n— o l um e o n t h e assu m p tio n t h at cent er o f g ra it y v
is th e mid p o int
at -
.

V eq uat ed stat io n o um e in y ards

-
vl cu bi
(Th e resu t o f t his co m p ut at io n
c . l
w o uld b e t h e sam e if w e u sed t h e ac t ual s tat io n o um es, as p o int ed o ut -
vl
in Sec .

a lengt h of le er v -
arm (st as ) . fo r t h e p i v
ot 1 5 28 dist ance fro m g t o st a .

15 28 .

Va m o m ent (st a y ds ) o f V ab o u t sta 1 5

-
. . 28 .

b lever arm (stas ) fo r t h e p ivo t 1 8 2 5

-
. distanc e fro m g t o sta . 18 25 .

Vb m o m ent (st a y ds ) o f V ab o ut st a 1 8
-
. . 25 .

A v erag e l ev er about sta 1 5-

arm .

28 distanc e from c en t er of stas .

gravity of fill to sta 1 5 28 .

H enc e t h e c ent er of gra v i ty of t h e fill is at (sta . 1 5 28 )

stas . sta 1 6 .

To ch eck this r esult w e fin d t h e

A v erag e l ever -
arm about sta 1 8 25 .

di stanc e fro m c enter of gravity of gfi g stas .

fill to sta . 18 25

H ence th e center of gravity of t h efill is at (sta . 18 25 ) 32

stas sta
. . 16 whi ch agrees w ith th e resul t obtained
above .

1 19 . Step 8 . Aver ag e h aul distan ce -

.
—Th e averag e haul
distance for t h e m aterial b etween stas 9 and 1 2 . 28 is t h e
distance b etw een t h e two c ent ers of grav ity whi ch w e foun d in
t h e p r ec eding s ect ion
86 EA RT H W OR K HA UL AN D O V ER H A UL

122 . S tep 11 . Sta t em ent of o verh aul — Th e statem ent of .

t h e ov erhaul just com p uted is g iv en on lin e A—VI of F ig 3 6 . .

Ov erh au l of F ig . 19 Co m pu ted by M ethod VII

( In M et h o d V II t h e cen t er v b
gra i t y o f ea ch o dy o f c u t o r fi ll is c o m p u t ed b y
of

m eans of t h e m ass c ur v e b y t h e m et h o d o f m o m ent s Al l lim it s are det erm ined

.

b y t h e m ass c u rv e) .

1 23 . Step 1 . Data .
—
We are given th e fo llowing inform a

( 1 ) W e are given t h e p ro fil e Fig 1 9 ,

. .

( 2 ) T h e volum e of each station and substation as com p uted

from t h e notes of final cross s ectio n s is given on F ig 1 9 -
. .

(3 ) T h e m aterial b etw een 9 00 and t h e gra dep oint ( 1 3 + 7 5 )

was used to m ake fill of full section from t h e gra de p oint toward
t h e right as far as t h e m aterial woul d go .

(4) Th e sw ell factor for t h e m at erial of t h e cut is g iven as

-

5 .

5 ) Th e fr ee haul distanc e is giv en as 3 00 ft

-
.

1 24 Step 2
. Distrib ution of m aterial
. See Sec 1 2 3 . .

125 S tep 3
. Swell and eq u ating fact o r s
. Th e sw ell factor -
.
-

is 5 (Sec 1 23 T h er efor e t h eequating factor is

-

( Sec .

126 . St ep 4 Eq uate each s tatio n vo l um e o f fill t o v olum e in

.
-

pla ce . M ultip ly each st at io n~v o lum e of t h e fil l by t h e equating

factor (See . 12 Th e r esulting volum es in place areentered
in F ig . 19 .

127 . S tep 5 . Plo t th e m as s

curve is c urve . Th e m ass
lott ed fro m cu t v o lum es an d equat ed fill —volum es in t h e m ann er
~
p
exp lain ed in Sec 1 0 In F ig 1 9 sta 9 00 is tak en as t h e
. . . .

origin of t h e m ass cu rv e .

1 28 S tep 6
. Limi ts of b o dies of m at erial
. Th e l eft—hand .

lim it of t h e cut is given as 9 00 W e find t h e right —han d lim it .

of t h e fill by t h e m ass —cu rv e m etho d of Sec 2 0 Through A . .

9 00 on t h e m ass c urv e draw a horiz ontal to m eet t h e right

s lo p e of t h e curve at so m e p o int B Th e horizontal thus drawn .
, ,
 OVERHAUL COMPUTED F OR FIG . 19 87

h app ens, in this cas e to coincide with th e bas e line B is t h e ,

.

right hand lim it of t h e fill m ade from t h e m aterial of th e cut

-

,
’

9 00 to 1 3 75 B y m eans of t h e engineer s scale w e fin d

.

that B is at 1 8 24 (If t h e p lus of B h ad b een estim ated by .

ey e it woul d p robably have b een taken as 2 5 ft instea d of 2 4 ft )

,
. .

Th e p lus 2 4 ft is now recor ded in p roper p osition on t h e m ass

,
.
,

curve in Fig 1 9 . .

129 St ep 7
. Lim its of fr ee h aul Th e fr ee—haul distanc e
. .

is given as 3 00 it B y t h e m ass curv e m etho d of Sec 4 1 w e find

.
-
.

that a horizontal line 3 00 ft long whi ch has it s ex tr em ities C .

,

and D on t h e curv e m ust hav e o ne ex tr em ity at sta 1 2

,
29 .

and t h e oth er at sta 1 5 29 Th es e two stations are t h e fr ee

. .

haul limi ts (Th e p lus of each lim it was scal ed in this case
.

T h e p osition of C was found to b e 1 2 3 0 and that of D 1 5 ,

28 . A s th e two lim its m ust b e just 3 0 0 ft ap art a co m p rom ise .

,

was m a de on t h e p lus of 2 9 ft ) .

130 Step 8
. Center s o f gr avity Th e c ent ers of gravity are
. .

found by M etho d VII Sec 3 4 thus : Draw a vertical through ,

.
,

W e m easur e t h e ar ea A CC A with a p la
’ ’
C cutting A B at C .

n im et er and find it to b e sq in (This ar ea m ay b e co m . .

pu t ed from th e dim ensions of t h e co m p on ent trap ezoids ) Sin c e .

o n e square inch Of p a p er r ep r es ents 2 x 5 00 1 000 sta —y ds .

,
’
t h e area A CC A r ep r es ents x 1 000 2 13 1 sta y ds of -

haul Th e ordinate CC is found by scaling to rep resent

.
, ,

1 06 4 c y (See Sec
. . T hus t h e distanc e fro m t h e c enter of
.

gravi ty E of th e cut A C to th e right—hand limit ; C Of t h e cut is

, , ,

’
or dinate CC (in cubic
stas .

’
E , lik e C is at ,
sta . 12 29
’
EE 2

T herefore E , t h e c enter of gravity of cut ,

sta .
9 to sta 1 2 2 9 is at .
,
sta . 10
88 EAR THW OR K HA UL A ND OVER HA U L

Sim ilarly w e fin d that b etw een t h e l eft hand

t h e di stanc e -

lim it D of , ,
fill DB and t h e c ent er of gravity F of that fill is , , ,

or di nat e DD (in cubic yar ds ) ’

35 59, stas .

F
’
,
like D is at ,
sta . 1 5 29
’
FF 1 67

T h er efor e F , t h e c enter of gravity of fill DB ,

is at sta . 1 6 96 .

13 1 . Step 9 . Average h aul dis tan ce

averag e haul -
Th e
distanc e for t h e m at erial of t h e cu t sta 9 00 to sta 12 29 ,
. .
,

i s t h e distanc e b etw een E t h e c ent er of gravi ty of thi s cut and , ,

F t h e c ent er of gravity of t h e corr es p on ding fill stas 1 5

,
29 ,
.

to 1 8 24 F ro m Sec 1 3 0 w e hav e
. .

E at sta 1 0 .

F at sta 1 6 .

A verag e haul -
distanc e EF stas .

1 32 . Step overh aul— dis tance Th e av erag e

1 0. Aver age .

overhaul distanc e for t h e m aterial in t h e ou t b etween stas 9

-
.

and 1 2 2 9 is equal to t h e av erag e haul distanc e l ess t h e fr ee -

haul di stance .

A v erag e haul di stanc e (Sec 1 3 1 ) -

.

F r ee haul distanc e (Sec 1 2 3 -

A v erag e overhaul -

di stanc e stas .

’
Th e averag e overhaul stan c e is evidently equal to EE p lus —di

’
F F also ,
See F ig 1 9 . . .

133 St ep 1 1 Th e overh aul

. Th e ov erhaul on t h e m at erial
. .

m ov ed from cut A C to fill DB is equal to t h e v o lum e of cut A C

fi

m ultip lied by t h e av erage ov erhaul distanc e V olum e of cut -

is 1 06 4 c y (Sec 1 3 0) and t h e av erag e overhaul distanc e is

. . .
-

stas ( Sec Th er efor e t h e ov erhaul

. 1 0 64 X
.

sta — ds
39 7
0 y .
90 EARTHW ORK HAUL AN D OV ERHAUL

1 36 . Step 2. Distrib ution of m a t erial . See Sec . 135

137 . S tep 3 . Sw ell and eq uating factor s -

. Th e sw ell -

facto r
I
is 5 (Sec . 135 Th e equating —factor is th erefore
( Sec .

138 . Step 4 Eq u ate each station vo l um e of fill t o volum e in

.
-

pla c e . W e m ultip ly each station —volum e of fill by th e equa t ing a

factor (Sec Th e equated fill volum es have b een

.
-

ent er ed on Fig 1 9 . .

139 Step 5. Limits of b o dies of m at er ial — Th e l im its of

. .

t h e o u t are 9 00 and 1 3 7 5 ( Sec 1 3 5 Th e l eft han d -

lim it of t h e fill is 1 3 75 Th e r ight hand lim it of t h e fill m a de

.
-

from t h e m at erial of th e cut is foun d by t h e arithm etical m ethod

of Sec 2 0 It was found in Sec 2 0 that t h e right—hand lim it o f
. . .

t h e fill is 1 8 25 .

1 40 . Step 6 of fr ee h aul
. Th e fr ee haul lim its are
Lim its .
-

determ in ed by t h e m etho d of Sec 40 In Sec 40 t h e fr ee—hau l . . .

lim its for Fig 1 9 w er e foun d t o b e stas 1 2

. 2 8 an d 1 5 28 . .

1 4 1 S t ep 7. Cent er s of gravity
. Use Metho d VIII Sec 3 5 .
,
. .

B y this m etho d t h e c ent er of gravity of t h e cut to ,

was foun d to lie at 1 0 A pp lying t h e sam e m etho d t o

fin d t h e c ent er of gravity of th e fill 1 5 2 8 to 1 8 2 5 w e hav e , ,

t h e following co m p utations :

C OM PU TA TION F OR C EN TER O F G R A V IT Y OF EAC H ST A T ION

B O DY

St at io n

2 04
2 04

2 70

3 48

l lengt h (ft ) o f p rism o id (st at io n

. b o dy );
A end area ( sq .

x distanc e ( ft ) fro m m id po int t o -

c ent er o f g ra ityv of p rism o id .
 OVER HA UL COM PUTED FOR F IG .
19
91

C OM PU TATIO N OF M OMEN TS

St at io n .

g cent er o f v
g ra it y o f st at io n b o dy , as co m pu t ed a o b ve .

V q
e uat ed st at io n -
v o lu m e in cu bi c y ards . ( Th e re
s u lt of t h is c o m p ut at io n

w o uld b e t h e sam e if w e u sed t h e act ua l fill -

v o lum es inst ead of the
q
e uat ed (Sec .

a length of leve r ar m
-

(st as ) for
.
pi v ot at s ta . 15 28 dist anc e fro m
cent er o f b dy t t
gra it y v o f st at io n o o s a . 1 5 28 .

Va m me t ( t
o yd ) f t ti
n v l me b t
s a . s . o s a on -
o u a ou st a . 1 5 28 .

b le g t h f lev e
n m ( t
o ) f p iv t t t r ar-
s as . or o a s a . 18 25 dist an c e fro m
e te
c n f g vit y f t t i
r o b dy t t ra o s a on o o s a . 1 8 25 .

Vb m m e t ( t y d ) f t h e t ti
o n s a v l me b
-
s . o s a on -
o u a o u t st a . 18 25 .

A v erag e l ev er -
arm about sta 1 5 28 .

distanc e from c enter of gravity stas .

of fill to sta 1 5 28 .

H enc e t h e c ent er of gravity of t h efi ll is at ( sta 1 5 2 8) 1 6

53 . .

stas . sta 1 6 .

T o ch eck thi s r esult w e find th e

A v erage l ever arm about sta 1 8 + 2 5 -
.

distanc e from c enter of grav ity stas .

of fill to sta 1 8 25 .

H enc e t h e c enter of gravity of th efil l is at (sta 1 8 2 5) 1

316 . .

stas . sta 1 6 (check w ithin

. ft ) .

1 42 Step 8
. Av er ag e h aul distan ce. Th e av erag e haul -
.

distanc e for t h e m at erial of t h e cut 9 00 to 1 2 28 is t h e , ,

distanc e b etween t h e c ent er of grav i ty of that m at erial and t h e

c enter of grav i ty of t h e fill 1 5 2 8 to 1 8 25 ,
.

C ent er of gravity of fill (Sec 1 4 1 ) sta 1 6 . .

Center of grav ity of cut (Sec 1 4 1 ) st a 1 0 . .

Average haul dis tance stas -

.
1

92 EAR T HW OR K HAUL A N D OV ERHA UL

1 43 . S tep 9 ov erh aul distan ce

. Thi s is equal to
Aver age -
.

t h e av erag e haul distance l ess t h e fr ee—

haul distance
-

A v erage haul distance (Sec -

. 1 42 ) stas .

F rec -
haul distance (Sec . 13 5 stas .

A verage overhaul distanc e -

stas .

1 44 . Step 1 0. on t h em aterial
Th e overh aul . T h e ov erhaul
of t h e cut 9 00 to 1 2
,
28 is equal to t h e volum e of that,

m at erial m ultip lied b y it s av erag e overhaul distanc e Th e -

.

volum e of t h e m aterial is 1 0 5 6 c y (Fig Th e average . . .

overhaul distanc e is
-

(Sec Th er efor e th e ov erhaul

.

1 05 6 X 3 8 6 5 sta y ds
-

1 45 S tep 1 1
. Stat em ent of overh aul. Th e com p l et e stat e .

m ent of th e overhaul com p ut ed above is enter ed in Fig 3 6 on .

,

line A— V III .

Co m p arisonf the Sev eral M ethods of Overhaul Comp u tation

o

1 46 Co m parison of r esults — Th e overhaul of F ig 1 9 has

. . .

now b een com p uted by each of t h e eight m etho ds describ ed in

thi s book F o r conveni ence t h e r esults taken fro m colum n 1 8
.
,

of F ig 3 6 are tabulated b elow

.
,
Sinc e M etho d V III is t h e .

m ost ex act w e shall assum e that th e overhaul com p ut ed by

thi s m etho d is th e true overhaul and com p ute th e absolute and ,

relative err or of each r esul t on thi s basis .

94 EARTHW OR K HA UL A ND OV ERHA UL

to obtain m or e or l ess discor dant r esults by Metho d V Any .

differ ence b etw een t h e r esult obtain ed by M etho d V and that b y

Metho d IV is du e to thos eerrors which occur in p lotting an d scal
in g t h e m ass curv e L et us see what is t h e m axim um p ossible
.

error in t h e r esult as foun d by t h e m ass curv e

,
If th e total .

p oss ibl e error in p lotting a di stanc e is inch an d t h e total ,

p oss ibl e error in scaling a di stanc e is t h e sam e t h e m axim um ,

r esultant error in t h e yardag e as scaled from t h e m ass curve

, ,

is X 5 00 10 c y So t h e volum e of t h e overhaul ed m a
. .

t erial scaling 1 06 4 c y m ay b e as sm all as 1 0 6 4

,
. .
,
10
5
10 4 ,

or as great as 1 06 4 10 1 0 74 ; and t h e distanc e ov erhaul ed ,

scaling stas m ay b e as little as

.
,
X
stas or as m uch as
.
,
stas Th er efore .

t h e true ov erhau l ( true taking M etho d IV as t h e stan dar d) m ay

b e as li ttl e as 1 0 5 4 X 40 7 9 sta y ds or as m uch as 1 0 7 4 X

-

.
,

43 2 8 sta y d
-

s T hat t h e r e
.sult 4 2 0 2 sta — ds
y whi ch h as, .
,

b een obtained by M etho d V is so near t h e r esult from Method

IV — so far wi thin t h e ex tr em es com p ut ed above — is du e t o
t h e fact that of t h e s ev eral errors m a de in p lotting an d scaling ,

som e hav e b een n egativ e and som e p ositive and t h e two kinds ,

of error larg ely n eutraliz e each other It is b ecause errors of .

grap hical work are as lik ely to b e positiv e as negative and very ,

larg e errors are rare that t h e actual resul tant error in th e

,

overhaul for o ne bo dy of m aterial com p uted by t h e m ass curve

is s el dom so larg e as t h e com put ed lim it of error ; and that t h e
error in t h e sum of s everal it em s of overhaul thus co m p ut ed is
g enerall y insignifi cant See Sec 2 03 . . .

Metho d V I gives a r esul t in error by and thi s r esult ,

too is determ ined by t h e assmnp tio n s r elative to t h e p osition

,

of t h e center of grav ity of each station —volum e up on whi ch th e

m etho d is bas ed Th e judgm ent of t h e com p ut er has no effect
.

on t h e r esult Th e error obtain ed is a true m easur e of t h e

.

accuracy of t h e m etho d un der t h e con di tions of t h e given p rofil e .

Metho d VII differs from M etho d V I only as Metho d V differ s

 OVER HAUL COM PUT ED F OR FIG .
19
95

from Metho d IV ; M etho ds V I and V II are bas ed on t h eassum p

tion that t h e c enter of gravi ty and center of length of a station
volum e are coincident but t h e com putations of t h e latter m etho d
,

are p erfo rm ed grap hically (us ing t h e m ass curv e) an d of t h e ,

form er arithm etically

,
H enc e t h e error in th e r esult obtain ed
.

by Metho d V II is not a true m easur e of t h e accuracy of t h e

m etho d .

In t h e for ego ing it has b een assum ed that t h e r esult 3 8 6 5

, ,

s t a y ds of ov erhaul Obtain ed by t h e u se of M etho d V III is

-
.
,

w ithout error b ecaus e of t h e r efi n ed p roc ess of det erm ini n g t h e

c enter of grav i ty of a g iven bo dy of m aterial W e m ust r em em .

b er how ever that t h e lim its of each bo dy of m at erial are det er

, ,

m in ed in thi s m etho d as in II III IV V I on t h e assum p tion

, , , , ,

that t h e volum e p er running foot of a station solid is constant ; , ,

and in t h e cas e of t h e p robl em of F ig 1 9 thi s is not tru e It is . .

b elieved that b ecause of t h e unc ertainties as to sw ell and dis

t rib u t io n t h e lim its of error in t h e cross s ectioning and b ecaus e
,
-

o f t h e sm all cost of o n e station yar d of haul an d of t h e ex tra -

w ork involv ed in com p uting ov erhau l by that m etho d t h e u se ,

of Metho d V III will not b e justifi ed ex cep t under ex traordi nary

condi tions .

T o sum u p : Th e p erc entag e errors in t h e r esults Obtain ed by

M etho ds II III IV V I an d V III Show t h e true r elativ e accu
, , , ,

r acies of thos e m etho ds for all p ro fi l es sim ilar to that of F i

g 19 . .

F o r bo dies of m at erial of oth er shap es t h e r elative accuracies

will b e diff er en t .

Th e p erc entag e of error in t h e r esult obtain ed by M etho d I

is dep endent entir ely up on t h e skill and ju dgm ent of th e co m
p ut er . If wh en about to co m p ut e by som e o n e of t h e m or e
,

accurate m etho ds t h e overhaul for t h e various bo dies of m aterial

along a given p ro fi l e t h e com p uter will take t h e troubl e to
,

com p ute first by ey e (Metho d I) t h e overhaul on each bo dy and

m ake a r ecor d th er eof h e will have a rough ch eck on t h e corr ect
,

n ess of t h e later r esults obtain ed by t h e m ore accurate m etho d

96 EA RT HW OR K HA UL A ND OV ER HA UL

and at th e sam e tim e h e w ill have an opp ortunity to find t h e

p erc entag e of error in each of t h e r esults obtain ed by ey e and ,

thus find app ro xim ately his limi t of error in t h e u se of that

m etho d .

T h e error in t h e r esul t obtain ed by M etho d V is a r esultant of

t h e error obtain ed by M etho d IV and t h e errors in cidental to

p lotting and scaling t h e m ass curv e and t h e latter errors depen d

,

up on t h e skill of t h e draftsm an and t h e scale of t h e m ass curve .

In t h e sam e way M etho d V II giv es an error in any cas e wh ich

, ,

is t h e r esultant of t h e error com ing fro m M etho d V I and t h e

errors of p lotting an d scaling t h e m ass curve . See Sec 2 0 3 for
.

com m ents on r esults obtain ed for t h e overhaul of F ig 3 8 . .

It is sugg est ed that t h e eng in eer who is r esp onsibl e for th e

s election of a m etho d for com puting ov erhaul on an ex tensive
p iec e of earthwork app ly M etho ds IV V V I and V II to a few
, , , ,

of those bo dies of overhaul ed m aterial for whi ch t h e four

m etho ds m ay b e exp ect ed to giVe t h e m ost widely differing re
su lt s and s el ect for t h e co m putation of t h e r em a ining ov erhaul
,

that m etho d which whi le giving satisfactorily p r ecis e r esults

, ,

r equir es th e l east work . W h en tim e p erm its M eth o ds V and

,

V II s erv e as ex c ell ent ch ecks on M etho ds IV and V I resp ec

t iv ely . Th e engin eer will usually b e co m p ell ed by lack of tim e
to u se M etho d I to ch eck t h e overhaul com p uted by su b o rdi
nates by so m e o n e of t h e m or e ex act m etho ds .
 C H A PT E R V II

OVERH AUL COM PUTED F OR THE CO M PLEX CA SE OF F IG .

38

In t h is ch ap t er Met h o ds I, IV , V , VI, and V II of o ve h r aul co m p ut at io n are

app lied ,
o ne aft er ano t h er , t o t h e co m p lex p ro lem b F ig 3 8of Th e s t ep s in each
. .

m et h o d are fo rm ally st at ed . Th e result s are p resent ed in F ig 3 6 o n t h e ines . l

b egi nning w it h
“B
, and co m p ared in Sec . 2 03 Th is ch ap t er, li e t h e p recedin g ,
. k
is des igned t o ser ve as a w o r ki ng g uide t o t h e co m p ut er as so o n as t h e m et h o d

h as b ee n selec t ed .
( Fig .
3 6 fac es p ag e 6 7 ; F ig s 3 6 a, 3 7 , . and 3 8 face p ag e

1 47 . ov erhaul com p utation m etho ds I IV V

E ach of th e , , , ,

V I and V II (Secs 4 7 —5
,
w ill b e app lied in th is chap t er to t h e
.

com p lex overhaul p robl em p res ented by t h e p rofi l e of F ig 3 8 . .

It will b e obs erv ed that t h e p roblem of F ig 3 8 diff ers fro m .

that of Fig 1 9 in two p oints : ( 1 ) In F ig 3 8 ther e are four dis

. .

tinct bo dies of m aterial overhaul ed whil e in F ig 1 9 th er e is but ,

.

o ne ( )
2. T h e work of det er m ining sw ell and equat ing —factors

and distribution of m at erial was sim p l e in Fig 1 9 but is co m .

,

p arat iv ely co m p licat ed in F ig 3 8 A ft er w e hav e det erm in ed . .

t h e swell and equating factors and t h e distribution of m aterial -

for t h e case o f F ig 3 8 w e shall find that t h e further step s of

.
,

det ermining lim its c ent ers of gravity et c are littl e m or e than
, ,
.
,

rep etition of t h e corr esp onding st ep s taken in Chap t er VI for

F ig . 1 9 .

To conform to goo d p ractice w e first m ake r ea dy for t h e corn ,

p u t at io ns by gath ering all t h e availabl e data A ll t h e data for .

t h e ov erhaul p robl em in hand are given in Sec 1 4 8 whi ch is .

,

St ep I of M etho d I and are r ep eat ed in Sec 1 5 7 , . .

Th e r esults obtain ed by t h e diff er ent m etho ds of com p utat ion

will b e r ecorded in Fig 3 6 and c om p ar ed in Sec 2 03 .
, . .

97
98 EAR THW OR K HAUL AND OVER HA UL

Over hau l o f F ig .
3 8 Co m p u ted by M ethod I
( In Met h o d I cen t er o f g ra it yv and all limi t s are det ermin ed b y ey e ) .

1 48 . Step 1 . Data .
— W e have t h e following data b earing
on t h e distributionof m aterial b etw een t1 and t17 in F ig 3 7 .

which shows a sm all scale cop y of t h e p ro fi l e of F ig 3 8

-

. .

( 1 ) A ll t h e gra ding was done w ith a steam shov el p lant -

.

( 2 ) V olum es com p ut ed from final m easur em ents are as follows

Th e volum es tabulated above are shown on F ig 3 7 ; and t h e .

v olum es stat ion by stat ion are shown on F ig 38 . .

(3 ) T h e gra ding was p erform ed in thi s order : (a ) Th e shovel

w ent first to cut t14t16 Th e ex cavat ed m aterial was hauled in
.

both dir ections m aking all of fill t16 t17 an d nearly all of fill tu tu
, .

A ft er com p l eting this cut (b ) t h e shovel m ov ed to tn and m a de

a cutting to tg sending p art of t h e m aterial to t h e right co m
, ,

p let ing fi ll tu tu ; p art to fill tstg ; an d a thir d p art to fill t4h .

W ithout com p l eting cut tg ll z ( c) t h e Shovel m oved to t8 and m a de

a cutting from t, to t7 s en ding t h e m aterial to fi ll t4 t7 Th e
,
.

s hovel th en turn ed aroun d an d m a de a cutting from t7 to ts ,

s en ding t h e m at erial to fill l4iq T his work com p l et ed t h e cut

.

mg (d) Th e shovel m ov ed to t, and com p leted t h e cut tg tm

. ,

s ending a p art of t h e m aterial to fill tgtg enough to com p lete

that fill and t h e r em a in der of t h e m at erial to fill t4tq (e) Th e .

S hov el th en turn ed aroun d an d m ov ed to t4 an d ex cavated cu t ,

tzt4 a p art of t h e m aterial m aking t h e entir e fi ll tl lg and t h e

, ,

r em ain der com p leting fill t4t7 .

ro iary nd da ily car r ecor ds t h e num b er of car loa ds

(4 ) F m d a -

h aul ed from ou t tgtl g to fill t4t, was asc ertain ed F ro m t h em onthly .

I OO EARTHW OR K HA UL AN D OVER HAUL

of t h e p rofi le that this would r equir e all t h e m aterial of t h e

a djacent cut back as far as 8 1 70 T h e lim i ts of bo di es of .

m at erial whi ch app ear ed to b e ov erhauled hav e b een ent er ed in

F ig 3 6 on li n es B — I— 1 3 4
.
(Such fo rm al r ecor d m ay b e con
, ,
.

sidered sup er fl uous in p ractice for t h e details of rough estim ates

of overhaul Th e details are enter ed h er e to p erm i t com p ari
.

sons to b e m a de b etween t h e various m etho ds of com p utin g

overhaul ) .

15 1 S tep 4
. Center s o f gr av ity . Th e c ent er of grav ity of .

each bo dy of cut an d of fill overhaul ed was p ick ed out by ey e

( Sec . F o r ex am p l e t h e c ent er of gravity of cut 7 6 80

, ,

to 8 1 7 0 app ear ed to t h e estim ator to b e at 7 8

, 90 (To .

m ak e t h e b est estim at e of t h e p os ition of t h e c ent er of gravi ty

of a bo dy of cut or of fill t h e pro fi le to t h e right and to t h e l eft ,

of that bo dy shoul d b e conc ealed from view whi le m aking t h e

estim at e ) T h e c ent ers of gravity det erm in ed by ey e have
.
, ,

b een enter ed in F ig 3 6 on lin es B I— 1 3 4 .

,
-

, ,
.

152 St ep 5
. Averag e h aul — dis tan c e
. T h e av erag e haul .

distanc e for a bo dy of ov erhaul ed m at erial is t h e distanc e fro m

it s c ent er of gravity in cut to it s c ent er of gravi ty in fill Thus .

t h e av erag e haul distanc e for t h e m at erial of cut 7 6

-

8 0 to ,

81 7 0 is t h e distan c e b etw een sta 7 8

, 9 0 ( colum n 6 ) and .

sta 6 3
.
5 0 ( colum n or stas which is ent ered in .
,

colum n 1 1 .

153 St ep 6
. Aver ag e overhaul distan ce — Th e av erag e over
.
-
.

haul distance for any bo dy of overh aul ed m aterial is equal

-

to t h e averag e haul distance for that bo dy l ess t h e fr ee haul

- -

distanc e T h e fr ee haul distanc e is given as 1 00 0 ft (Sec 1 48

.
-
. .

T hus t h e av erag e overhaul di stanc e for t h e m at erial of -

cut 7 6
,
8 0 to 8 1 7 0 is equal to ( taken from colum n 1 1 )
,

l ess 1 0 stas whi ch is enter ed in colum n 1 2

.
,
.

154 Step 7
. V olum es of b o dies of overh aul ed m ater ial
. .

If t h e station volum es along t h e p ro fi le ar e g iv en t h e volum e of

-

each bo dy of ov erhaul ed m at er ial m ay b e foun d by sum m ing

 OVERHAUL COM PUTED FOR FIG 3 8 . 101

t h e st ation volum es that constitute that bo dy In this way t h e

-
.

volum es r ecor ded in colum n 1 5 lines B —I— 1 3 4 w er e foun d , , , ,

.

If t h e station —volum es are not inclu ded with t h e data th ey m ay ,

b eestim at ed wi th t h e h elp of earthwork tabl es or a yar dag e scal e .

155 .S tep 8 Th e over h aul Th e ov erhaul on a bo dy of

. .
-

m at erial is equal to t h e volum e (in p lac e) of that m at erial m u l

t ip lied by it s av erag e ov erhaul distanc e F o r ex am p l e t h e ov er -

.
,

haul on t h em aterial of cut 7 6 8 0 to 8 1 7 0 is equal to , ,

—I
( tak en fro m col um n 1 5 F ig 3 6 li n e B 4) m ultip lied by
,
.
,
-

( taken from colum n 1 2 ) sta y ds which is ent ered in -

.
,

colum n 1 8 .

1 56 .St ep 9 St atem ent of over h aul

. Th e full stat em en t .

of t h e overhaul just estim ated for t h e p ro fil e F ig 3 8 is gi v en ,

.
,

on th e upp er set of lines B —I— 1 3 4 F ig 3 6 Th e low er set of , , ,

. .

l in es B —I— 1 3 4 shows r esults obtain ed by a s econ d estim ator

, , .

Ov erh au l of F ig .
3 8 Co m p u ted by M ethod I V
( In M et h o d IV cen t er o f v b
gra it y o f o dy o f cut o r fill is assum ed t o lie at it s
cent er of v o lum e, and is co m p u t ed b y arit h m et ic Lim it s are co m p ut ed b y
.

arit h m et ic .
)
157 . S tep 1 . Dat a —
W e hav e th e foll owing data b earin g on
t h e distribution of m aterial b etw een t1 an d t17 in F ig 3 7 which .

shows a sm all —scal e cop y of t h e p rofile of F ig 3 8 : .

( 1 ) All th e gra ding was don e with a steam Shovel p lant -

.

( 2 ) V olum es co m p uted from final m easur em ents are as foll ows

Th e volum es tabulated above are shown on F ig 3 7 ; an d t h e .

volum es station by station are shown on F ig 3 8 . .

(3 ) Th e grading was p erform ed in thi s or der : (a) Th e shovel

 1 02 EA RTH W OR K HA UL A N D OV ER HA UL

w ent first to cut t14t16 Th e ex cavated m aterial was ha ul ed in

.

both dir ec tions m aking all of fil l t16 t17 and n early all of fill tu t“
,
.

A fter co m p l eting thi s cut (b ) t h e Shov el m oved to tu and m a de

a cutting to tg s en ding p art of t h e m at erial to t h e right co m
, ,

p leting fil l tu tu ; p art to fill tstg ; an d a thi r d p art to fil l t4t7 .

W ithout co m p l eting cut lgll g (c ) t h e shovel m oved to t8 and m a de

a cutting fro m lg to h sending t h e m aterial to fil l t4t7 Th e
,
.

s hov el th en turn ed aroun d an d m a de a cutting fro m A to lg ,

s en din g t h e m at er ial to fill t4ty Th is work co m p l et ed t h e cut

.

h tg .
(d) Th e shov el m oved to lg and co m p l eted t h e cut tg ll z ,

s en ding a p art of t h e m at erial to fill tstg enough to co m p l et e

t hat fill an d t h e r em a in der of t h e m at erial to fi ll t4t7 (e) Th e
“
.

s hovel th en turn ed aroun d an d m ov ed to t4 an d ex cavat ed cut ,

t zt4 a p art of t h e m aterial m akin g t h e entir e fill tl tz and t h e

, ,

r em ain der co m p l et ing fill t4h .

(4) F ro m diary an d daily car r ecor ds t h e num b er of car loa ds -

haul ed fro m ou t tg tm to fill fit; was asc ertain ed F ro m th em onthly .

estim ates and car r ecor ds t h e av erag e car —loa d ( cub ic yar ds in

p lac e) was co m p ut ed In th is way it was co m p ut ed that 5 00 0

.

c y . .
(in p lac e) of cut tgtm went to fi ll t4t7 .

5 ) F ro m fi el d di ar ies and car r ecor ds it app ear ed that 1 4 00 c y . .

(in p lac e) went from o u t t9 l12 to fi ll tu tu .

(6 ) Sw ell C u t t14t16 h ad a unifor m sw ell Th e 1 400 c y

. . . .

hauled fro m cut tg tm to fi ll t12t14 h ad no Sw ell Th e m aterial .

h aul ed to fil l tgtg h ad a u n iform swell Th e m at erials m aking

.

,
fi ll s tl tz an d t4ty h ad t h e sam e sw ell Th es e sw ells w er e bas ed on
.

t h e ju dgm ent of thos e who watch ed th e p rogr ess of t h e gra ding .

N O m easurem ents h ad b een m a de fro m which th e sw ell of any

o n e bo dy of m at erial coul d b e dir ectly co m p ut ed .

( 7 ) F ree haul distanc e is 1 000 ft (C ontrac t )

-
.

(8 ) Th e Am erican R a ilway Engineering A ssociation basis of

c o m p uting ov erhaul is to b e us ed (Instruction s )
.

1 58 .S tep 2 .Distrib ution o f m at erial T h e data Show that

.

t h e distribution of t h e m aterial was com p l ex (Secs 1 It .

,
1 04 EAR THW OR K HAUL A N D OVER HA UL

As stated in Sec 1 5 7 . all t h e m aterial from c uts C1 C2 , ,

C3 ,
and C5 just m a de t h e fills F 1 , F2, F 3 , and F 4 Th er efor e
.

C1 3 1 C25 2 I C 3 5 3
“ "
C5 8 5 F 1 I F 2 “I F 3 I
“ " “
F4 “ "
.

F ro m Sec . 1 57 s1 sz s3 s5 ;

th er efore ,
C1 + C2 + C 3 + C5

F rom t h e data , Sec . 1 57 w e hav e

PI c .
y . C1 + C2
F 2 + F 3 + F4 c .
y . C3

F 1 + F 2 + F 3 + F4 Cs
c .
y .

C1 + C2 + C 3 + C5
T h er efor e

and $ 2 , s3 , have t h e sam e value

and s5 . Th e corresp onding
equating —factor for fil ls F 1 F 2 F 3 and F 4 is , , ,

QI Q2 Q3 Q4

F 1 91 X c .
y .

(C1 I C2) C1
“ “
1 7 12 50 C

C25 2 1 i , 4 93 X c .

y .

C5 s5 5 000 X 5 6 40 c .
y .

(F . P3 + F 4> ( 2
1
1 + F 3)
5 6 40 ) c .
y .

As a ch eck
X c .
y .

T his checks t h e p r ecedi ng value of F 4 within 1 8 c y and . .

,

discr ep ancy is no gr eat er than m ay b e r easonably exp ect ed fro m

t h e u se of t h e slide—r ul e; h enc e t h e ch eck is consider ed to b e
satisfactory T h ese quantities are enter ed on Fig 3 7 as soon
. .

as com p uted .
 é
OVERH A UL COM PUT ED F OR FIG 3 8 . 10
5

T h e sw ell -
factor for cut C6 is uni ty ( Sec . 1 57 th er efor e
F, Case 1 400 X 1 1 400 c .
y .

C4 (C4 C5 Cs) (C5 Ce)

( 5000 1 4 00 ) c .
y .

T h e equating —factor for fill F 5 is 95

g: gig
Th e volum e of fi ll F 7 (F 6 F7 ) F6 1 400

C -
y
Th e equating -
factors for fil ls F 7 an d
foun d thus : F ro m F8 are

t h e data , Sec . 1
57 and t h e for ego ing com p uta tions w e have

F 7 97 “I F 8 98 ‘
C7 C8 ,

q’ 0 78 °

(F7 + F s) + 4 6 00)
07 F 7 47 X 0 7 53 - c y
Cs m a 4 6 00 X 0 7 53 - cr

c .
y .

Thi s valu e of C7 C3 differs from (t h e volum e

Step 1 by 3 yar ds This is a clos e agr eem ent
‘

. .

T h e sw ell factors of cuts C7 and C8 are

-

I I

97 98 0 -
753
Having on t h e p rofil e F ig 3 7 all thes e com puted
enter ed ,
.
,

volum es swell factors and equating factors w e are rea dy for

,
-

,
-

t h e n ex t Step .

1 60. S tep 4 Lim it s o f b o dies of m aterial

. F igs 3 7 and 3 8 . . .

Th er e is no division p lan e in fill F 1 Th e p osition of di vision .

p lan e t, w hi ch lim its cu t C1 on t h e right is foun d thus : W e have

found that C1 c y ; by t h e m etho d giv en in Sec . 20 . .
,

w e fin d that in p assing fro m tz (sta 1 4 1 2 ) to sta 1 7 . .

w e hav e a total volum e of and that in p assing from t; t o

1 06 EAR THW OR K HA UL A ND OVER HA UL

18 have a total of
we 561 3 c y . .

H ence t h e right han d lim it t3 of cut C1 m ust li e b etw een 1 7 + 3 0 5

-

and 1 8 05 5 N ow b etween th es e two stations t h e volum e p er

. .

running foot

74 8. C Y
(sta . 18 -

( sta . 1 7 4
.

75

T h er efor e ta lies to th e right of 1 7 a di stanc e

ft . Th er efor e th e div is ion p lan e b e

74 8
tween cut C1 and cut C2 lies at
t», ( sta . 1 7 sta . 1 7

(To ch eck this r esult w e com p ute t h e distance from sta . 1 8 05 .

5
back to t3 : t;, to 1 8 T h ere
74 8 -

for e t h e station of ta is (sta 1 8 sta . .

T hi s agr ees with t h e p r ec edin g r esult A s t h e com p utations .

w er e p erfor m ed with t h e Slide rul e a discr ep ancy of som e tenths -

of a foot is to b e exp ected an d t h e p r ecis e agr eem en t h er e is,

accidental ) .

Th e details of t h e com p utations p erfo rm ed to asc ertain t h e

station and p lus of each o f t h e oth er division p lan es are om itted -

Th e r esults of t h e com p utation s are tabulat ed b elow .

POS IT IO N S O F DIV ISION PLA N E S .

Su b st at io n vl o um es .

v
Di is io n p lane . St at io n an d pl us .

On t h e left . O n t h e r ig h t .
1 08 EA R TH W OR K HAUL A N D OV ER HA UL

and e nter ed on t h e p ro fil e in it s p ro p er p lac e F o r ex am p l e, t h e .

lim it 7 6 di v ides t h e station —volum e, 1 6 1 5 c y , lying b e . .

tween 7 6 5 0 an d 7 7 00 , into two p arts , t h e l eft of whi ch is

7 40 c y , and t h e right , 8 7 5 c y
. . . .

1 63 .S tep 7 C enter s o f g r avity . Use M etho d IV , Sec 3 0 . . .

T h e c en t ersof gravity o ne in cut and t h e other in fi ll have b een , ,

com p uted by this m etho d for each bo dy of m aterial overhauled .

Th e r esults are ent er ed in F ig 3 6 lin es B — IV — r 2 3 4 colum ns .

, , , , ,

6 and 1 0 T hus t h e c ent er of gravity of cut 3 5

. to ,

41 is 3 7 (colum n
1 64. S tep 8 Aver ag e h aul distan c es — Th e av erag e haul
.
-
.

distanc e for a bo dy of m aterial is t h e distanc e from it s c ent er of

gra v ity in cut to it s c ent er of gravity in fill F o r ex am p l e t h e .
,

averag e hau l distance for t h e bo dy of cut 3 5

-

to 4 1 53 , ,

is equal to ( sta 3 7 (sta 2 4 . stas . .

which is enter ed in colum n 1 1 line B —IV— r F ig 3 6 , ,

. .

1 65. S tep 9 Aver ag e overh aul dis t ances

. T h e average -
.

overhaul distanc e for any bo dy of overhaul ed m aterial is equal

-

to t h e averag e haul di stanc e for that bo dy l ess t h e fr ee haul - -

distanc e Th e fr ee haul di stanc e is 1 0 stas ( Sec 1 5 7

.
-

. .

T hus t h e av erag e overhaul —distanc e for t h e m aterial of cut ,

35 to 4 1 is equal to ( taken from colum n 1 1 )

l ess 1 0 stas which is enter ed in colum n 1 2 .
,
.

1 66
. St ep 1 0 Th e overh aul Th e ov erhaul o n each bo dy of
. .

cut is equal to t h e volum e of that cut m ultip lied by it s average

ov erhaul distanc e Th e volum e of each bo dy of cut overhauled
-
.

is enter ed in col um n 1 5 and t h e corr esp on ding ov erhaul distanc e ,

-

in colum n 1 2 o n t h e sam e lin e; an d t h e p ro duct of th es e two

,

quantities is enter ed in colum n 1 8 Thus t h e overhaul on t h e .

,

bo dy of cut 3 5 ,
to 4 1 is 8 990 X
sta y ds which is enter ed in colum n 1 8 line B —IV— r of F ig 3 6
-

.
, , ,
. .

1 67
. S tep 1 1 St at em ent o f overh aul . F ull stat em ent of .

t h e ov erhaul com put ed abov e for t h e p ro fil e of Fig 3 8 is enter ed

,
.
,

on lin es B —IV 1 2 3 4 of Fig 3 6 -

.
, , . .
 OVERHA UL COMPUTED F OR FIG 3 8 . 1 09

Overhaul of F ig .
3 8 Co m puted by M ethod V

(In Met h od V gra it y o f o dy o f

c ent er o f v b cut o r fill is assum ed t o lie at it s
cent er o f vl o u m e, and is det erm ined b y m ass cur ve . Lim it s are det ermined b y
m ass cu r ve ) .

1 68 . St ep 1 . Data Rea d Sec 1 5 7

. . .

1 69 . Step 2 . Distrib ution o f m aterial . See Sec . 1 58 .

1 70 . Step 3 . Deter min ation of

well factor s and v olum es of s -

t h e sever al b o dies of cut and fill R ead Sec 1 5 9 . . .

17 1 S tep 4 . Eq u at e each s tatio n volum e of fill to volum e in

.
-

p lace See Sec 1 6 1

. E quat ed fill volum es only are us ed w ith
. .
-

t h e cut volum es throughout t h e r em ain ing st ep s of thi s M etho d

-
.

172 St ep 5 . Plot th e m as s curve Th e origin of t h e m ass

. .

'
cur ve was taken above t h e p rofi le at sta 1 0 08 F ig 3 8 .
,
. .

Th e cut volum es are consider ed p ositive an d t h e fi ll—volum es

-

n egative Th e or dinate at each station is t h e alg ebraic sum

.

of t h e station volum es lying b etw een that station and 1 0 08

-
.

T h e incr em ent to t h e m ass curv efor a station int erval which con -

tains both cut an d fill is t h e ex c ess of t h e o ne over t h e other In

,
.

F ig 3 8 t h e horiz ontal scal e of t h e p rofil e an d m ass curve is

.

1 in 400 ft ; t h e v ertical scal e of t h e p ro fi l e is 1 in

. . 2 0 ft ; . .

and t h e v ertical scal e of t h e m ass curve is 1 in c y . . .

N OTE .
— T h e o ri ina
g l draw ing fo r th is m ass cur ve w as m ade o n a ro ll
o f cro ss sect io n -

p ap er , 10 X 10 t o t h e inch ; and t h e l
sca es w ere 1 in .

1 00 ft .
,
h o riz o nt al , and 1 in . 2 5 00 c .
y .
, vert ical . Th e resu l t s g i v en in
t h e fo llo w ing St ep s w ere o b t ained fro m t h e o riginal draw ing .

—
1 73 St ep 6 . of m at erial . Th e bas e line
Lim it s of b o dies .

o f th is m ass curve is t h e balancing lin e T h e p o ints at whi ch .

t h e m ass curv e cuts t h e balancing lin e m ark t h e lim its of t h e

bo dies of cut and fill Th es e p oints are noted and t h e p lus of .

each is scal ed o ff and enter ed on t h e m ass curve Thus th er e .

are div is ion p lan es at stas 1 7 64 2 3 44 5 4 94 5 8 1 2 .

, , , ,

and 8 1 24 A lso t h e hor iz ontal drawn through t h e summi t

.

o f t h e m as s curve at st a 4 1 5 3 is a balanc ing lin e which by .

, , ,
1 10 EAR THW OR K HA UL AN D OVERHA UL

cutting t h e m ass curve gives us , division p lanes at stas . 24 02 ,

41 5 3 , and 5 2 98 .

1 74 S tep 7
. Lim it s . of fr ee of fr ee haul . F in d t h e lim its
haul by t h e m etho d of Sec 4 1 Th e p lus of each lim it of free . .

haul is scal ed and enter ed on t h e m ass curve Th e fr ee haul .

-

lim its determ in ed by thi s m etho d are

Stas . an d

St ep 8 of gr avity Th e c ent er of gravity of

Center s
"

175 . . .

each bo dy of m at erial is foun d in cut an d in fill by Metho d V ,

Sec 3 1
. T hus t h e c ent er of gravity of cut 3 5
. 1 2 to 4 1 53 , ,

is fou n d to b e at 3 7 66 whi ch is ent er ed in colum n 6 lin e , ,

B — V— 1 F ig 3 6 , C ent ers of gra v i ty thus det erm in ed are in di

. .

cat ed abov e t h e m ass curv e on F ig 3 8 by t h e p r efix CM

”
.
, , .

176 S tep 9
. Aver ag e h aul distan ces
. Th e av erag e haul -
.

distanc e for a bo dy of m at erial is t h e distanc e from it s c ent er of

grav i ty in cut to it s c enter of gravity in fill Thus t h e averag e .

haul distanc e for t h e bo dy of cut 3 5 1 2 to 4 1

5 3 is equal
-

, ,

to (sta 3 7 . 6 6) (sta 2 4 + 5 3 ) stas whi ch is re. .

,

cor ded in colum n 1 1 lin e B — V— r F ig 3 6 , ,

. .

177 St ep 1 0
. Aver ag e over h aul distan ces
. Th e av erag e -
.

overhaul distance for any bo dy of overhaul ed m aterial is equa l

-

to t h e averag e haul distanc e for that bo dy less t h e fr ee haul

- -

distanc e T h e fr ee—haul distanc e is 1 0 stas (Sec 1 48

. . .

T hus t h e averag e overhaul distanc e for t h e m at erial of cut -

35 1 2 to 4 1 5 3 is equal to (taken from colum n 1 1 )

,

l ess 1 0 stas whi ch is r ecor ded in colum n 1 2

.
,
.

1 78 Step 1 1
. Th e over h aul . Th e ov erhaul on each bo dy .

of cut is equal to t h e volum e of that cut m ultip lied by it s av erage

haul—distanc e Th e volum e of each bo dy of cut overhauled is
.

ent er ed in colum n 1 5 and t h e corr esp on ding av erag e ov erhaul

,

dis t anc e in colum n 1 2 on t h e sam e lin e; an d th e p ro duct of

II2 EAR THW OR K HA UL A ND OVER HA UL

colum n 6 ; for t h e fills ,

colum n 1 0 Th e com p utations m ade
in .

to find t h e p osition of t h e c ent er of gravity of t h e bo dy of cut

lying b etw een stas 7 6 . and 8 1 ar e giv en b elow .

St at io n .

o o o o o o o o o o o o o

g c ent er o f v
gra it y o f st at io n -
v o lum e o n assum p t io n t h at c en t er o f v
gra it y lies
at t h e mid p o int
-
.

V v
st at io n— o lu m e in c u ic y ards b .

a leng t h in s t at io ns , o f le er arm v -
dist anc e fro m each mid po int , in t urn , t o -

t h e c ent er o f m o m en t s , st a .
76 00 .

Va m o m ent ( st at io n -

y ards ) of V a b o u t st a .
76 00 .

b v
l e er -
arm l eng t h , in st at io ns distanc e fro m each mid p o int , in t u rn , t o t h e -

cent er o f m o m en t s , st a . 82 00 .

Vb m o m ent ( stat io n -

y ards) of V b
a o ut st a . 82 00 .

A v erage l ev er —arm about sta 7 6 .

00 distanc e fro m c ent er of stas .

gravity of cut to sta 7 6 0 0 .

H ence t h e c ent er of gravity of t h e cut sta 7 6 7 2 to sta 8 1 ,

. .

is at ( sta 7 6 00) . stas sta 7 8 This . .

result m ay b e ch ecked in th e following way .

A verag e l ev er—arm about sta 8 2 .

00 distanc e fro m cent er of stas .

gravity of cut to sta 8 2 00 .

H enc e t h e cent er of gravity of t h e cut sta 7 6 7 2 to sta 8 1 ,

. .

is at ( sta 8 2 00) . stas sta 78 ( check) . . .

T his r esult sta 7 8 ,

is ent er ed in colum n 6 line B — VI—4
.
, ,
 OVERHA UL COMPUTED F OR F IG 3 8 . 1 13

Fig 3 6 . . Th e other cent ers of gravity w er e co m p uted in like

m ann er , and entered on lin es B — V I in column s 6 and 1 0 , ,

Fig 3 6 . .

N OTE 1 .
—Th e co m p u t er w h o fo und t h e resu lts ab o ve m ul t ip ied l and
,

v
di ided in th e lo ng w ay . A no t h er co m p ut er , using t h e 1 0 -
lide rule o n
inch s -

th e sam e dat a fo und t h e su m l Va t o b e o f co um n and o f co lum n Vb ,

and fo un d t h e cen t er o f g ravit y fro m m o m en t s Va t o b e at 7 8 90,

and fro m m o m en t s V b , at 78
N OTE 2 . It w ill b e o b served t h at in th e co m p u t at io n ab o ve ,
t h e c ent er
of m o m ent s w as a rb itrarily k
t a en at 7 6 00 inst ead of 76 w h ich
is th e l eft lim it of t h e b o dy of m at erial un der co nsiderat io n , b ec au se o f t h e
great er ease t h ereb y affo rded in m a ing t h e su b t rac t io ns t o o b t ain leng t h s k
v
o f le er arm s , co lum n a
-
F o r t h e sam e reaso n t h e cen t er o f m o m ent s fo r
.

t h e ch ec k co m p u t at io ns k
w as t a en at 8 2 00 rat h er t h an at 8 1

1 87 . Step 8 . Aver age h aul distan ces -

. W e have alr ea dy
entered in F ig 3 6 li nes B — V I— r 2 3 4 t h e center of gra v ity of
.
, , , , ,

each bo dy of cut ov erhaul ed an d t h e c ent er of gravity of t h e ,

corr esp onding bo dy of fill Th e distanc eb etw een t h e two c enters .

of gra v ity en ter ed on t h e sa m e lin e is t h e av erag e haul distan c e -

for t h e bo dy of cut t h e lim its of which app ear on that lin e an d , ,

is enter ed in colum n 1 1 on t h e sam e lin e T hus t h e av erag e haul .

distanc e for t h e bo dy of cut lying b etw een t h e lim its 5 2

and 5 2 is ( sta 5 2 (sta 4 2 . .

stas .

1 88 Step 9 . Aver ag e overh aul distan ces Th e av erag e

.
-
.

overhaul distance for each bo dy of cut is equal to t h e averag e

-

haul distan c e of t h e bo dy less t h e fr ee haul distance ( 1 000 feet

- -

in thi s cas e) T h e av erage overhaul distanc e for each bo dy of

.
-

cut is enter ed in colum n 1 2 F ig 3 6 ,

. .

1 89 S tep 1 0 . Th e o v erh aul — Th e volum e of each bo dy

. .

of cut is enter ed in colum n 1 5 F ig 3 6 ; and t h e corr esp onding ,

.

ov erhaul which is t h e p ro duct of t h e volum e by t h e av erag e

,

overhaul distanc e is enter ed in colum n 1 8

-

,
.

190 St ep 1 1 . Statem ent o f o ver h aul Lin es B — VI— r 2 3

. .
, , ,

4 of F ig 3 6 now constitut e a full stat em ent of t h e ov erhaul on

,
.
,
1 14 EARTHW OR K HA UL A ND OVERHA UL

t h e m at erial r ep r esen t ed by t h e p rofi le of F igs 3 7 . and 38, as

co m puted by M etho d VI .

Overh au l f F ig
o .
3 8 Co m pu ted by Method VII
(In M et h o d V II t h e cent er of
g ra it y o f eachv o dy b o f cu t or fill is co m p u t ed

b y m eans o f t h e m ass c ur v e b y t h e m et h o d o f m o m en t s . All limi t s are det erm ined

b y t h e m ass curv e) .

191 . S tep 1 . Dat a R ea d Sec 1 5 7

. . .

1 92 . S tep 2 . Distri b ution of m at erial R ea d Sec 1 5 8 . . .

1 93 Step 3 . . Determ in ation of th e s well factor s an d t h e vol -

um es of th e s everal b o dies of cut an d fi ll . R ea d Sec 59. 1 .

1 94 . S t ep 4 Eq uat e each s tatio n —

. volum e o f fi ll to volum e in
pla ce . R ea d Sec 1 6 1 Equat ed fill volum es only are us ed
. . with -

cut—volum es throughout t h e r em aining Step s of this M etho d .

195 St ep 5. Plo t th e m as s c urve

. Th e origin for t h e m ass .

curve was taken above t h e l eft end of t h e p ro fil e at sta 1 0 + 08 .

,

Fig 3 8 . Th e cut volum es are r eckon ed p ositiv e and t h e fill

.
-

volum es n egativ e Th e ordinat e at each station is t h e alg ebraic

.

su m . of t h e station volum es lying b etween that station and -

sta 1 0
. 08 In F ig 3 8 t h e horiz ontal scal e of t h e p ro fi l e and
. .

of t h e m ass curve is 1 inch 4 0 0 feet ; t h e vertical scal e of t h e

p ro fi l e is 1 inch 2 0 f eet ; and t h e v ertical scal e of t h e m ass

curve is 1 inch c y . .

N OTE — T h e o rigin al draw ing fo r t h is m ass curv e w as m ade o n a ro ll o f

.

c ro ss sec t io n p ap er 1 0 X 1 0 t o t h e inch ; and t h e sc ales w ere: h o riz o n t al

-

, ,

1 inch 1 00 feet ; v ert ical 1 in ch 2 5 00 c y T h e resul ts giv en in t h e

,
. .

fo ll o w ing St ep s w ere o b t ained fro m t h e o riginal draw ing .

1 96 . S tep 6 of m at erial
. Th e bas e l in e
Lim it s of b o dies .

of thi s m ass curve is a bala n cing lin e T h e p o nts at whi ch t h e . i

m ass curv e cuts t h e balancing li n e m ark t h e lim its of t h e bo dies ,

of cut and of fi ll T hese p oints are noted and t h e p lus of each

.

is scal ed o ff an d ent ered on t h e m ass curv e Thus th er e are .

division p lan es at stas 1 7 64 ; 23 44 ; 5 4 94 ; 5 8 12; .

81 24 A lso t h e horiz ontal drawn through t h e sum m it of t h e

.

m as s curve at 4 1 5 3 is a balancing line which by cutting t h e , ,

1 16 EA RT H W OR K HA U L A N D OV ER HA UL

2 02 . S tep of overhaul
12 . Stat em ent
Th e co m p l et e stat e .

m ent of t h e ov erhaul on t h e p ro fil e Shown in F igs 3 6 a 3 7 as .

, ,

com p ut ed by M etho d V II is g iv en on l in es B — V II— r 2 3 4 of , , , ,

F ig 3 6
. .

Co m p ariso n
f Resu lts o

2 03 Th e for ego in g r esults co m par ed

. Th e r esults obtain ed .

in this chap t er are cl early set forth in F ig 3 6 an d are r ea dily .

,

com p ar ed H ow ever to sav e t h e tim e of t h e r ea der t h e r esults

.
,

have b een r etabulat ed in thr ee di ff er ent ways b elow Metho d .

V III t h e m ost accu rat e of all was not app lied to Fig 3 8
, , .
,

b ecaus e of t h e labor in volv ed So in t h e com p arisons of T ab les .

I and II t h e r esults obtained by M etho d V I which m etho d ,

stan ds secon d in p o in t o f accu racy (Sec ’

are consider ed to .

b e tru e r esults .

R eferrin g to T abl e I Th e errors in t h e r esults of M etho d I

.
,

in whi ch t h e lim its and c ent ers of grav ity are det erm in ed by ey e
dir ectly fro m t h e p ro fi l e rang e from 1 3% to , app r o xi

m at ely Obs erv e that t h e error in t h e total ov erhaul is only

.

about less than as is to b e exp ected b ecaus e t h e error

in t h e sum of s everal estim at es will always b e sm all er than t h e
larg est error of t h e com p on ent estim ates In F ig 3 6 are show n . .

t h e r esults O btain ed by two m en s ep arat ely app lying M etho d I .

Th e grou p of r esults that w e hav e not cop ied into t h e follow ing
tables has decidedly sm all er errors than thos e copied H o w .

ev er a thir d estim ator m ight obtain r esults in error by m or e

,

than It shoul d b e stated h er e that t h e p ro fil e of F ig 3 8 .

p r es ents ex tr em ely unfavorabl e con ditions for deter m ining over

haul by M etho d I b ecaus e Of t h e fact that cuts (F ig 3 6 a) t2t4
,
.
,

tgtl z t14t16 an d fi lls t4 t7 tstg t 15 t17 w er e on st eep hills ides

, , , , Th e fair
, .

r esults obtain ed by this by far t h e qui ck est m etho d of co m , ,

p uting ov erhaul s eem to in dicat e that it has decided valu e for

,

m aking rou gh estim ates of ov erhaul wh eth er for ch ec king ov er ,

haul com put ed by som e m or e accurate m etho d or for p relim i

nary stu dies ; o r un der p rop er con ditions for m aking m onthly
, ,
 OV ERH A UL COM PUTED F OR FIG .
38 11 7

estim ates of ov erhaul Th e b est r esults from this m etho d are

.

to b e exp ected from o ne who is fam iliar w ith t h e ground along

t h e p ro fil e an d with o ne of t h e m or e accurat e m etho ds of ov er
,

haul com putation F o r r em arks on acquiring skill in t h e u se of

.

M ethod I see Sec 1 4 6

,
. .

é
TAB LE I
Erro r s in t h e o er h auv l o f Fig .
38 c o m pu t ed by Met h o ds I , IV , V , V I, V II,
g r o uped b y Met h o ds . v
O erh aul c o m p u t ed by Met h o d V I is t a enk as t h e
v
t ru e o erh aul .

Ri e
Met h o d or
.

ggsg gr nt

to +5 25

to

to

7 13 2 5
N OTE O er h au l
. v
c o m pu t ed b y
M et h o d V I is
k
t a en as t h e
t rue o erh aul , v
in t h is t ab e l .

to
1 18 EAR TH W OR K HA UL AN D OVER HA UL

In M etho d IV t h e com p utations are all m a de by ar ithm etic ;

in M etho d V by t h e m ass curv e; but in both t h e c ent er of
,

volum e is tak en as t h e c enter of gravity On t h e individual .

bo dies t h e error ranges fro m z ero to app ro xim ately ; but

t h e error of t h e total is only about On this p articular
p ro fi l e t h e errors du e to assu m ing that c enter of gravity lies at
c enter of volum e are all of o ne sig n and ther efor e cum ulative
, , .

Of cours e t h e Sign of t h e error for any giv en bo dy of m at erial

dep en ds up on t h e Shap e of that bo dy .

In T abl e II t h e r esults obtain ed by t h e s everal Metho ds for

each bo dy of m at erial are group ed tog eth er .

T A B LE II
v
Err o r s in t h e O er h au l of F ig 3 8 c o m p u t ed b y Met h o ds I IV V , V I, V II ,
.
, ,

g r o up ed b y b o dies o f o v er h au l ed m at er ial . v
O er h au l c o m p u t ed b y M et h o d
k
V I is t a en as t h e t ru e o er h au l v .

B o dy o f o v
er
Met v
gt g g
ci co m
h aul ed rnat e O erh aul (st a Erro r ( st a Erro r (per cent )
ti
.

n
r1 al I\
Io .

In T ableIII all t h e ov erhaul quantities obtain ed by m ass curve

are so arranged as to bring out cl early t h e range of errors which
1 20 EAR TH W OR K HA UL A N D O VER H AU L

obtain ed for bo dy N o 4 by this larg e scale m ass curve is about

.
-

whil e t h e l im it of error for t h e sm all er bo dy N o 1 is about

,
.
,

this on t h e assum p tion that all errors of p lotting and

scaling are of m a xim um Size and of such sign as n o t to p erm it
canc ellation in sum m ing th em . T hus t h e sm all errors actually
obtained are sm all b ecaus e errors of m a xim um siz e are not
fr equ ent and m or eover tend to canc el in t h e sum m ation Th e .

larg er t h e scal e t h e sm aller t h e error to b e exp ected .

W h en w e co n sider t h e uncertainty in t h e volum es obtain ed by

cross s ectioning irr egular cuts and fil ls and in t h e swell factors
-

,
-

and furth er r em em b er that t h e actual distribution of m at er ial

, ,

m ust b e r ep lac ed by an assu m ed distr ibutio n b efore w e can

p roc eed with t h e com p utation of overhaul t h e u se of t h e m ass

,

curve when du e r egar d is p aid to t h e scal e s eem s even for t h e

, , ,

m etho d of m o m ents to b e fully justifi ed

,
.

In any cas e t h e cho ic e of m etho d w ill b e influ enc ed by t h e

quality of t h e data supp lied to an d t h e tim e at t h e disp osal of
,
,

t h e com p ut er t h e u se to whi ch t h e r esults ar e to b e p u t and

, ,

fi nally by t h e p r evious training and exp erienc e of t h e com puter .

1 22 EARTHW OR K HA UL A N D OV ER H A UL

from m onth to m onth say as h e obtains a dditional data on

,

swell from t h e gra ding in p rogr ess Of course when any un

.

exp ected con di tion o f m at erial is foun d in t h e work of gra ding ,

t h e side slop es as w ell as t h e estim at ed sw ell factors m ay r equi r e

-

m o difi cation Su pp os e that t h e orig inal p lan of di stribution

.

of m aterial along t h e p ro fil e was based on quantities com p uted

from an assum ed side slop e of 1 1 in cut and of 1 in fill .

If at t h e end of t h e fi rst m onth say of gra ding it is foun d that

, ,

t h e m at erial is such as to m ake it wis e to chang e t h e side slop es

in o n e or m or e p lac es to such an ex tent as to m ak e a considerabl e
chang e in t h e estim ated yardage o n whi ch t h e original p lan w as
bas ed t h e engin eer Shoul d r evise t h e p lan of distribution using
, ,

v olum e est im at es bas ed on t h e r evis ed side slop es Oth er con

.

dit io ns m ay arise whi ch m ak e it im p racticabl e to carry out in

ev ery detail t h e b est p ossibl e original p lan of distribution For .

ex am p l e h eavy and continu ed fl

, oo ds m ay m ake it im p ossible
to build a bridg e in tim e to p erm it t h e p assag e of m at erial as .

p lann ed ; or de lay in p urchas e of a p iec e of lan d for r ight o i—way -

waste ban k or borrow p it m ay p r ev ent carrying out som e detail

,

of t h e origin al p lan of dis p osition of m aterial ; or som e condi tion

not dev elop ed by t h e investigations p r elim inary to t h e m aking
of t h e p lan of di stribution m ay ev en requir e a change of aline
m ent or of gra de whi ch will up s et t h e orig inal p lan of di st ri
b u t io n at l east in p art
,
T h e natur e of t h e m at erial in each
.

p ro p os ed ex cavation can b e ( though s el dom is) det erm in ed with

all r eq uisite accuracy by borings or test pits ; but ev en then n o
ex act estim at e of r es ulting sw ell can b e m a de for t h e r easons
,

stated in Secs 2 and 3 Th e frequ ent checking an d occasional

. .

r evision of t h ep lan of distributio n takes m uch tim e but is never ,

t h eless im p erative from t h e stan dp oint of econom y See Pro .

ceeding s Am erican R ailway Engineer ing A ssoc ia t ion vol 7

, ,
.

—
PP 414 42 1
2 05 . volum es m u st b e r educed to fill volum es
Cut -
In-
.

p lanning t h e distribution of t h e m aterial along t h e p ro fil e it is .

 PR ELIM IN AR Y CON SIDERATION S I 23

first necessary t o convert t h e cu t volum es into sw elled v olum es

-

by m ultip lying each cut volum e by it s estim ated swell factor

- -
.

W e ca nn ot equate fill volum es to volum es in p lac e at thi s p oint ;

-

for until t h e p lanning is com p leted and w e hav e determ ined t h e

distribution of m at erial w e do not know from what cut or p art
of a ou t any giv en fill or p art of fill is going to b e m a de and ,

th erefore do not kn ow what equating factor to u se in any giv en -

Est im at ed Sw ell F act o rs

r o fi l e C. L .

S u b g r ade

FIG 40
. .

case F o r ex am p le in p lanning t h e distribution of th e m at erial

.
,

shown in F ig 40 w e can say at onc e that every yar d of cut C1

.

will m ak e s1 yar ds of fill wher ever it m ay b e dep osited and that ,

t h ewhol e of cut C1 w ill m ake C1s, yar ds of fill wh eth er t h em at erial

b e all dum p ed in o n e bo dy or scatt er ed in both fi lls On t h e .

contrary it will take m or e or fewer yar ds in p lac e to m ake fil l

F 1 accor ding to t h e cut from which t h e m at erial is tak en and ,

so for fill F 2 .

A ft er t h e p lanning is co m p l eted w e know wh er e t h e m ateri al

for each fil l is to com e from and can th en com p ute t h e p rop er
equating —factor and fi nall y r educ e all volum es to volum es in
,

p lac e .

W h en t h e engin eer has no r eliable data to t h e contrary h e will

a dop t u nity as t h e swell—factor that is assum e that a yar d of
, ,

cut will m ake a yar d of fill for th e ex c ellent reason that by so

,

do ing th e com p utations are r educ ed to a m in im u m .

2 06 Lim itin g dis tanc e

. lim it of pro fi t ab l e h aul wh en th er e
is no free h aul Th e lim iting distance
. often called limi t of
1 24 EA RTHW OR K HA UL A N D OV ER H A UL

p ro fi tabl e haul —
is discuss ed in this Section from t h e stan d

p o int o f t h e contractor and of t h e own er who do es h is own

gra ding C ost in thi s sectio n m eans cost to t h e contractor or
.
, , ,

to an own er who do es h is o w n grading F o r a discuss ion of

.

lim iting distanc e from t h e stan dp oin t of t h e own er wh en t h e

gra ding is to b e do n e under an overhaul contract see Sec 2 0 7 . .

Th e cost of gra di ng p er cubic yar d is com p os ed of ( 1 ) cost

, ,

of ex cavating and loa ding ; ( 2 ) cost of haulin g ; and (3 ) cost of

dum p ing Th e cost of hauling only incr eas es w ith t h e distanc e
.
, ,

of haulin g .

R ef erring to F ig 4 1 and assum ing for t h e m om ent that th er e

.

is no sw ell of m at erial : W e can ex cavat e a cub ic yar d of m at er ial

at m haul it to n and p lac e it in t h e fill at a cost of K c ents
, , , ,

say Or w e can ex cavate t h e cu bic yar d at m and throw it to

.
,

o n e s ide waste it and ex cavat e a n oth er cub ic yar d along

side n and p lace it in t h e fill at n borrow a yar d at n at a

’
cost of K c ents say N o w t h e ,
.

us eful r esults are t h e sam e in

both cas es ; by each p lan a yard
D
1

of ex cavation is m a de at m and
q
a yar d of fill is m a de at n A S
F IG 4 1
.

. .

su m in g that t h e cost of ex cav at

ing loa ding and dum ping is constant which of t h e two is t h e

, , ,

m or e econom ical p lan ? Ev i dently wh en m and n are v ery n ear

tog eth er t h e fi rst p lan is t h e ch eap er ; an d when m and n are
very far ap art t h e s econd p lan is t h e ch eap er Th er e is th en .
, ,

so m e distance b etw een m and n within which t h e cut to fill p lan - -

and b eyon d whi ch t h e wast e and—borrow p lan -

is t h e m or e ,

“
econom i cal T his p articular distanc e w e shall call t h e lim i ting
.

distanc e and designate by p

”
.
,

W e have so far in th is s ection assu m ed a swell factor of uni ty -

for t h e m ater ial wasted and t h e m aterial borrowed In t h e .

following derivation of a form ula for limi ting distanc e thi s as

s um p tion is om itt ed .
1 26 EA RTHW OR K HA UL A N D OV ERHAUL

is m ade at n Th e total cost of

. 1 c .
y . of ex cavation at m and

c .
y . of fill at n ,

if eff ect ed by haul ing fro m ou t to fi ll K Th ;

if eff ect ed by waste and borrow ,

W B

E vidently it ischeap er to haul from ou t to fill instea d of wasting

and borro w ing so long as t h e ha ul distanc e h is such as to m ak e
, , ,

K + Th < W +B (4 1 )
sb

It isch eap er to waste and borrow t han to haul from ou t to fill,

wh en t h e haul dis tance h is such as to m ake , ,

K + Th > W +B (4 2 )
B oth p lans are equall y econom ical when t h e haul distanc e, h , is

such as to m ake
K + Th = W +B (43 )
That valu e of h which r educes t h e inequalities of eq s 4 1 and 4 2 .

to t h e equali ty of eq 4 3 is t h e lim iting distanc e whi ch w e call p

. .

Thus t h e lim iting distanc e wh en th er e is no fr ee haul is , ,

If sm that is
s, , if t h e sw ell of t h e two m at erials is t h e sam e,

eq .
44 b ecom es

L ooking at eq . that t h e lim i tin g distanc e increas es

44 w e see
with decr easing haul p ric e T ; ,

with incr easing cost of borrowing B ; ,

w ith incr easin g cost of wastin g W ; ,

with decr easing cost of ex cava ting and dum ping K ; ,

w ith incr easing sw ell factor sm ; and -

w ith decr easing sw ell factor sb -

,
.
 PRELIMIN AR Y CONSIDERA TION S I2
7

W h en estim ating t h e cost of wasting a yar d of m aterial t h e

n ec essary haul distanc e for wast e m ust b e tak en into account .

Unless th er e is room for this wast e on t h e right o f way t h e lan d - -

r equir ed for t h e waste dum p s m ust b e p urchas ed or t h e right to

w ast e on p rivat e lan ds m ust b e acquir ed ; and t h e cost of such
land or right p er yar d of wast e is a p art of W F o r a giv en cost
, ,
.

o f such lan d or right t h e gr eat er t h e nu m b er of yar ds to b e wast ed

,

t h e l ess will b e t h e cost p er yar d aris in g from cost of lan d or

r ight Som etim es t h e conditions are such that no land in t h e
.

im m ediate vic inity of t h e m aterial to b e wast ed is availabl e an d

th en t h e cos t of wasting is incr eased by t h e long er haul distanc e ,

as well as by lh e cost of t h e land .

W h en estim ating t h e cost of a yar d of borrow w e hav e to tak e

into account t h e cost of ex cavating t h e m at erial which is avail
a bl e withi n a m inim um di stanc e . If t h e n ear est availabl e m a
t erial is soli d rock w e naturally look farth er for m at erial whi ch
can b e ex cavated at a cos t enough sm all er than that of exc av at
ing solid rock to m or e than o ffs et t h e incr eas ed cost of hauling .

( Solid ro ck as borrow has som e p oints in it s favor : it m ak es a

fi ll of fi rst quali ty ; and it has a hi gh sw ell factor whi ch m eans
-

that o ne yar d of solid rock will m ake m or e fi ll than o ne yar d of

m at erial which is m or e ch eap ly ex cavated ) In som e cas es t h e
.

m at erial for borrow is not availabl e on t h e right o f—way an d it

-
-

b ecom es n ec essa ry to buy lands for borrow pits or to buy t h e

right to borrow m aterial fro m p rivate lan ds T h e cost of t h e .

land or right p er cubic yar d of borrow is a p art of t h e total cost

, ,

of a yar d of borrow .

It is im p ortant to b ear in m in d that t h e desirab ili ty of a piec e

of lan d for borrow or for waste dep en ds som ewhat on it s el eva
tion w ith r esp ect to subgra de on t h e int erv ening top ography on
, ,

t h e charact er of t h e gra ding p lant us ed and on t h e quantity of

,

waste or borrow contem p lated Furth er t h e desirab ility of a

.
,

p ie c e of lan d for borrow w ill dep en d on t h e horiz ontal and v ertical

dim ensions of t h e bo dy of m aterial which it is desir ed to borrow ,

1 28 EAR TH W OR K HA UL A N D OVER H A UL

as w ell as on t h e am ount of borrow r equi r ed If a section of t h e .

roa d involves h eavy gra ding throughout it s l ength so that it is

r egar ded as a steam shovel job an d t h e contractor s b id was
-

,
’

t ender ed an d acc ep ted on t hat sup p osition it cannot b e expected ,

that up on that s ection o th er than a steam shovel will b e used for

borrow ; and h enc e under t h e conditions stat ed ar eas of shallow
, ,

earth cannot b e count ed on for ch eap borrow .

Th e for egoin g p rincip l es wi ll n o w b e app lied to two ex am p l es .

Example 1 . W h at is the lim iting dist ance under th e fo llo w ing

co ndit io ns?

Co st of v
exca at ing , lo ading , and dum p ing 1 c .
y . of th e cu t

Co st h aul ing , p er s t at io n y ard

of -

To t al co st o f w ast ing 1 c y fro m t h e cu t

. .

To t al co st o f b o r ro w ing 1 c .
y fo r t h e fill
.

Sw ell fac to r fo r t h e m at erial in th e c u t

-

Sw ell fact o r fo r th is m at erial b o rro w ed

-

Th e lim iting dis tan ce is

p X 43 st as .

Example 2 . W h at is t h e lim iting dis t ance in Ex am p le 1 if t o t al co s t of

k
w asting is t a en at 7 0 c ; t h e co s t
. of v
ex ca at ing , o ading , an d l dum p ing , p er
cu b ic y ard fro m th e cu t , is t a ke
n at 65 c .
; and th e sw e ll -

facto r o f th e
m aterial of t h e cu t is t a en atk
p X 50 st as .

2 07 . Lim iting distan c e wh en th er e is fr ee h aul — In this .

Section it is assum ed that t h e gra ding is done un der an over

_
> I

F IG 4 2
. .

haul contract ; and t h e lim iting distance is fi gur ed fro m t h e

stan dp oint of t h e own er rath er than from that of t h e contractor .

C ost in th is Section m eans t h e cost to th e own er not t h e cost

, , ,
1 30 EAR T HW OR K HA UL A N D OVERH A UL

Th e limit ing distance is

p X s t as
‘

3 .

Example 2 . W h at is t h e lim it ing dist an ce in Ex am p le 1 if t h e m at erial

fro m th e cu t cann o t b e w ast ed w it h a h aul distance sh o rt er t h an 8 00 ft ? .

Under t h e ch ang ed co ndit io ns W K T M K 5 T

5
and p X 3 s t as .

2 08 . Prin cipl e of things being

ec on o m ic distrib ution . Oth er
equal that is t h e m ost econom ical distribution of m aterial along
,

t h e p rofil e whi ch r esult, in m inim um total haul (sta

Th e app li cation of t hi s p rincip l e is m a de by m eans of t h e m ass
c urve to som e sp ecial cas es in t h e follow in g chap ters In C hap .

t er IX it is throughout assum ed that t h e m ass curv e is p lotted

( 1 ) from actual cu t volum es and actual fill volum es t h e cu ts

- -

having each a swell factor of 1 ; or ( 2 ) from actual cut—volum es

-

and equat ed fill—volum es In C hap t er X it is ass um ed through

.

out that t h e m ass curve is p lotted from actual fill —volum es and
equated swelled) cut—volum es .

N OTE Under so m e co ndit io ns o f g rading it is no t o n t h e w h o le eco nom

.

ical t o adh ere st rict ly to a p lan o f di st rib u t io n w h ich inv o l v es minim um

h aul Th is po int is discussed in No t e 3 Sec 2 1 3 w h ich see
.
,
.
,
.
 C H A PT E R IX

ECON OMIC B ALAN CIN G LINES FOR MA S S CUR VES PLOTTED FR OM

CUT VOLUMES A ND E Q UATED FILL—
-
VO LUM ES , OR FR O M
CUT VOLUMES A ND F ILL—VO LUM ES W HEN
-

SW ELL FA CTOR IS UNITY

-

This ch ap t er discusses t h e app licat io n o f th e p rin cip le o f eco no mic dist ri utio n b
v l l
t o each o f se era t yp ica fo rm s o f m ass cur e, p ro gressing fro m t h e sim p e t o th e v l
co mp lex . All th e m ass v
cur es o f t his ch ap t er are assum ed t o b e p o tt ed l fro m
pay y ards, t h at is, fro m y ards in p lace All t h e m ass cur es o f t h e fo o wing ch ap
. v ll
l
t er are assum ed t o b e p o t t ed fro m y ards o f sw elled m at eria Ot h erwise t h e t wo l .

ch ap t ers are simi ar l . F igs 5 0—6 0 a face p age 1 46

. .

2 09 No te — It is im p ortant to b ear in m in d th at , b ecaus e

. .

ev ery m ass curve in this chap t er ( 1 ) r ep r es ents grading in which

th er e is n eith er sw ell nor shrinkage, or ( 2 ) is p lotted from actual
cut volum es and equ ated fill—volum es
-

,
t h e balancing linein every
case m ust b e horizontal and haul ,
haul ar ea m ultiplied by
-

VS
1 00
(see Sec .

F o r th e econom ic balancing line for m ass curve plotted from ,

fill volum es and equat ed cut volum es see Chap t er X

- -

,
.

,
t o u se estim at ed volum es of cut and
It is of cours e n ec essary _ ,

of fill in t h e work of p lanning distribution .

2 10 Economic b al an cin g lin e for th e sim pl e l oop

. B etween .

two a dj acent z ero or din ates of th e m ass curve th e distanc e b e

tween which is not greater than th e lim iting distance t h e base ,

lin e is th e economi c balancing li ne p rov ided no adjac ent loop ,

lying on th e sam e side of t h e bas e line is near er than th e lim it ing

distance .

Let it b e ass um ed that t h e p ro fil e m o Fig 43 r ep r es ents a ,

.
,

s elf contain ed str etch of earthwork Let th e cu t mn b e assum ed

-
.

to contain just suffi cient m aterial to m ake t h e fill no This is .

131
132 EARTHW OR K HA UL AN D OVERHA UL

indicat edby t h e m ass curve which rises from M to N an d th en

descends r eturning to th e base line at 0 Let M0 b e not gr eat er
.

MO is Ec o no m ic B al ancing Line

F I G 43
. .

than t h e lim it in g distance (Secs 2 0 6 and

. In t his cas e MO,
t h e bas e line is t h e econom ic balancing line
, .

M0 is t h eEco n o mi c B al ancing
' ’
Line
FIG 43 a
. .

Ar ea MNO is th em easur e of t h e haul (sta y ds ) involved in th e

-
.

gra ding , t hat is , t h e haul is p rop ortional to this ar ea (Sec .

1 34 EARTHW OR K HA UL AN D OVER H A UL

which r esults from using t h e bas e lin e as a balancing lin e can b e ,

dim ini sh ed only by raising t h e balancing lin e; an d ra ising t h e

balancing lin e intro duces waste and borrow which un der t h e
condi tions nam ed is not econom ical .

( 2 ) A ssum e that M U is gr eater than p t h e lim iting distanc e ,

.

T h en t h e econo mi c balancing lin e is M 1 U1 so p lac ed that

M 1 U1 p p ro v ided M1 U1 do es not touch t h e curve at any point
,

b etw een M 1 and U1 .

(3 ) Draw t h e horiz ontal M2Q 2 U2 tangent at Q 2 to t h e low est

sag in t h e m ass cu rv e Draw M 3 U3 to cut t h e m ass curve at .

two p o ints only b etw een M 3 and U3 Th e two interm ediate .

’
p o ints are Q 3 an d Os .

A ssum e that M2 U2 is gr eater than p This cas e falls un der .

Sec 2 1 0 or Sec 2 1 2
. . .

2 12 Econo m ic b al ancing lin e fo r t w o l ong l oops s eparat ed b y

.

a sh ort loop In Secs 2 1 0 and 2 1 1 it has b een shown that t h e

. .

bas e lin e is u n der lim iting con ditions t h e econom ic balancing

, ,

l ine for a single isolated loop whether sim ple or corrugated ,

.

If t h e m ass curve in qu estion contains two clos ely a djac ent

loop s on t h e sam e side of t h e base line as in F ig 4 5 t h e work of ,
.
,

fi n ding t h e econom ic balancing lin e is m or e com p l ex .

It is assum ed that A C and E G F ig 4 5 are each l ess than p , .

, ,

t h e lim itin g distanc e Th e econom ic balancing lin e for loop

.

A B C wh en that loop is consider ed by its elf is t h e bas e lin e A C

, ,
.

So too t h e bas e lin e EG is t h e econom ic balanc ing lin e for loop

'

, ,

EF G wh en that loo p is consider ed ap art fro m t h e r est of t h e

m ass curv e .

N ow let us consider at o ne tim e t h e whol e m ass curve b etween

A and G Adop ting t h e balanc ing l in e A G r esults in t h e dis
.

t rib u t io n in dicat ed by t h e arrows in F ig 4 5 a : cut ab m ak es fill .

bc ; cut de m ak es fill cd ; cut e f m akes fill jg Th e total haul is .

r ep r es ented by t h e sum of t h e ar eas A B C CDE and EF G , ,

.

’ ’
N ex t let us Shift t h e balanc ing lin e to a higher p os ition A G
, ,

In thus rais ing t h e balancing lin ew eeff ect thr ee chang es : ( 1 ) W e

 ECON OM IC BALA N CIN G LIN ES F OR MA SS CURVES

’ ’
decreas e t h e total haul ar ea by th e sum of t h e two strips AA C C
-

’ ’
and EE G G and this decr eas e is an a dvantag e; ( 2 ) w e incr eas e
,
’ ’
t h e total haul ar ea by t h e str ip CC E E ; an d this is a di s
-

a dvantag e; and (3 ) w e intro duc e w aste b etween A and A an d ’

,
’
borrow b etween G and G ; and this is a di sa dvantag e T h e di s .

’ ’
t rib u tio n r esulting from t h e balancing lin e A G is shown b y

[
f A
’
p, A'G
"
is t h eec o n o mic b al ancin g l in e

F IGS 45
.
(m iddle) , 45 a (up p er) , 45 b ( lo w er) .

arrows in Fig 4 5 b W h eth er or not it is economi cal

. .

t h e balancing lin e abov e t h e bas e lin e dep en ds up on t h e

b etween t h e a dvantag e of decr easing t h e haul ( sta y ds ) -

corr esp onding disa dvantag e of intro ducing wast e and

’ ’
If A G is so drawn as to m ake
’ ’ ’’ ’ ’
A C EG CE p ,

’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’
A C EG CE p ,
136 EARTH W OR K HA UL A ND OV ERHA UL

W h r p is t h e lim iting distanc e; then A G is t h e econo m ic

ee
’ ’

balancing line T hi s m ay b e shown as follows .

’ ’
If w e drop t h e balancing lin e A G ( so draw n as to p ro duc e
’
t h e equali ty abov e w r itt en ) t h e yar d at A go es to C givi ng a
’
, ,
’ ’ ’ ’
haul A C sta y ds t h e yar d at E go es to G giving a haul -

.
,
’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’
E G sta y ds ; t h e total haul for t h e two yar ds b eing A C
-

. EG
sta
y ds
-

’ ’ ’
If w e rais e t h e balancing lin e go es abov e A G ,
t h e yar d at E
’ ’ ’
t o C giv ing a haul ’
, E C sta y ds Th e yar d at A is wasted -

.
,
’ ’ ’
and t h e yar d at G m ust b e borrow ed thus g iving a haul of E C ,

p lus a yar d of wast e p lus a yar d of borrow and this is eq uiv a ,

’ ’
l ent to haul E C p sinc e o ne yar d of waste p lus o ne yard of ,

borrow is equival ent to o ne yar d haul ed a distanc e 1) ( Secs 2 06 .

’ ’ ’ ’ ’ ’
and Sinc e by assum p tio n A C EG CE p it is
p lain that it is a m att er of in diff er enc e wh eth er w e haul t h e yar d
’ ’ ’ ’ ’
a t A to C an d t h e yar d at E to G or haul t h e yar d at E to ,
’ ’ ’
C an d waste t h e yar d at A an d borrow a yard for G
‘
,

N o w if w e rais e t h e balancin g lin e o n e cub ic yar d (to scale)

’ ’ ’ ’
abov e A G to t h e p ositio n A G
I/ I/ l/ /l ll /l
A C +E G < G E + P, (4 9 )
”
w hi ch m eans that it is ch eap er to haul t h e yard at A to C and
” ” ” ”
haul t h e yar d at E to G than to haul t h e yar d at E to C , ,
” ”
w aste t h e yar d at A an d borrow t h e yard for G On t h e ,
.

o th er han d if w e low er t h e balancing lin e by o n e cub ic yar d

,
’ ’

( to scale) from A O to
H I lll /l / IN /l l
( 50)
ll/
A C + E G C E p ,

’
which m eans that it is cheap er to haul t h e yar d at E to C
’ ”
waste t h e yar d at A and borrow t h e yar d for G than to
” ’
haul t h e yar d at A to C an d haul t h e yar d at E to G
2 13 Econo m ic b al an cing lin e for a m as s curve o f o ne sag
.

and o ne h um p F ig 4 6 shows a s elf contain ed s ect ion of earth

. .
-

w ork Th e m ass curve shows that t h e cut is not su ffi cient to

.

c o m p l et e eith er of t h e two fi lls It is assum ed that t h e n ec essary .

138 EARTHW OR K HAUL AN D OV ERH A UL

consideration w e shall find that n eith er A B nor CD is t h e eco

n om i c balancing lin e for this m ass curve .

Draw by trial t h ebalancing lin eLM N so as to m ak eLM = MN

L M N is t h e economi c balancing lin e U sing thi s balancing lin e .
,

t h e cut to t h e l eft of m m ak es t h e fill to l ; and t h e r esulting haul

is m easur ed by t h e ar ea LCM Th e cut to t h e r ight of m m ak es .

t h e fill to n ; an d t h e r esul ting haul is m easur ed by t h e ar ea

M B N Th e total haul with this balancing lin e is thus m easur ed

by total ar ea LCM MB N W e now go on to show that this
,

total ar ea is a m inim um .

If w e rais e t h e balancing lin e LM N slightly say a di stanc e

t t h e right han d haul —ar ea is decr eas ed by t h e strip abov e
-

M N ; but t h e l eft han d haul ar ea is at t h e sam e tim e increas ed

- -

by t h e longer str ip abov e LM ; and t h e net r esult of raising t h e

balancing line t h e slight di stance t is to incr ease t h e total haul , ,

ar ea Ev idently by raising t h e balancing lin e step by step

.

a distance t each tim e t h e strip a dded at each step to t h e

l eft—han d haul ar ea is lo n g er than t h e corr esp onding strip taken
-

away from t h e right han d ar ea Thi s m eans that any p osition

-

of t h e balancing line abov e LMN involves m or e haul ar ea and -

th er efor e m or e haul than t h e balancin g line LMN ,

A gain try t h e eff ect on haul ar ea of low erin g t h e balancing

,
-

lin e from t h e p osition LMN B y dropp ing LM N a sm all di s

tan c e t t h e haul ar ea on t h e l eft is decr eas ed by t h e strip lying
, ,
-

b elow LM but at t h e sam e tim e t h e long er strip b elow M N is

a dded to t h e haul ar ea on t h e right H ence t h e net r esult of
-
.

lowerin g t h e balancing line by t h e sm all distance t is an increas e

in t h e total haul ar ea If w e go on low ering t h e balancin g lin e
-

step by step each successive step incr eas es t h e right—hand haul

,

ar ea m or e than it decreases t h e l eft—hand haul ar ea T hus it -

app ears that any p osition of t h e balancing line b elow LMN

involv es m or e haul ar ea an d th er efor e m or e haul than LM N
-

, ,

T o su m u p Th e balanc ing line LM N is so drawn ( by trial)

.

that t h e two segm ents LM an d M N are equal A ny balancing , ,

.
 ECONOMIC B ALA N CIN G LINES F OR MASS C URVES

line above or b elow LMN involv es m or e haul ar ea and ther e

,
-

for e m or e haul than L MN T h erefor e LMN is t h e econom i c

,

balancing lin e .

MNTP P

If LM=MN, LN is t h e Ec o n o m ic B a l an c in g L in e
F IG 4 6 a
. .

N OTE 1 .
—A no t h er w a
y o f st at ing t h e p ro p o sit io n ab o ve i s: fo r t h e
co ndit io ns sh o w n in Fig 4 6 , t h e p o sit io n o f t h e eco no m ic
. s div i i on p o in t in
th e cu t is k
t h at w hich m a es t h e ex t rem e h aul dist ances eq u al -
. Th u s t h e

p ro p o sitio n is st at ed b y Mr Geo rg e H Tin er w h o ga e an . . k v algeb raic p ro o f

o f it in Engin eering N ew s, 1 9 0 1 , v o l 4 5 , p 8 2 . . .

N OTE 2 . Th e sam e p ro po sit io n app lies , o f co urse, in t h e case o f a p ro fil e

w hich sh o w s a fill ly ing b et w een t w o cu t s eit h er o ne o f w hi ch is suffi cien t

k
t o m a e t h e co m p et e fill l Th u s in F ig 46 a, LM N w hich is
. . so draw n as t o

k
m a e LM MN , is t h e eco no m ic b alancing line .

N OTE 3 Fig 4 6
. . . v
Th e di isio n p o int m o f t h e cu t h as b een so lo cat ed
as t o give t h e leas t t o t al h aul If t h e m at erial in t h e cut is no t di ided at
. v
m t h ere w ill b e u nn ecessary h aul N o w , u n der so m e co ndit io ns o f grading
.

it is no t eco no m ica l ,
on l
t h e w h o e, t o eim inat e all l su ch un n ec essary h aul .

Fo r exam ple, if t h e m at erial is m o ved w it h rt s and h auling again st grade ca ,

is m o re exp ensive th an with t h e grade b y reaso n o f t h e st eep n ess o f t h e ,

grade o r t h e p resen ceo f w at er in t h e up grade cu t it w ill b e unw ise t o adh ere

-

t o t h e p lan o f dividing t h e cu t p recisely at m Again if t h e cu t is tak en .

,
1 40 EARTHW OR K HA UL A N D O V ER HAUL

ou t b y m eans o f a st eam —
sh o vel p lan t t h e eco no m ica w o l rking o f th at plant
l l r
w i l p ro b ab y requi e w ide dep art ure fro m t h e p lan o f dist rib u t io n wh ich

v lv
in o es t h e east h au l l v
p erh ap s e en t o t h e ex t ent o f h auling all o f th ecut
in o ne direct io n if th et op o grap h y at o neend o f t h e c u t p erm it s a lo w gradefor
t h e h aul ing t rac k while th e t r
o p o g aph y at r
t h e o t h e end requires an exces
siv e grade .

Th e fac t t h at in pract ice it is o ft en w ise t o dep ar t m o re o r less fro m t h e

p lan w hich invo lves t h e least h aul is n o t an argum ent against m aking such
p lan . k
It is so und engineering t o m a e su ch p lan o f dist rib ut io n and depart
fro m it o nl y in so far as go o d reaso ns fo r so do ing p resent th em selves .

2 1 4. Econo m ic c ontin u ou s b al an cin g lin e fo r a m as s curve

with tw o sag s and t w o h um p s . F ig 4 7. shows a p rofi le of a self

B o rro w

0 ] II /l
N 0; O P

Th e Eco n omi c Co nt in u o us B al an cing Line is LP if L M NO

k B
MN O P; b u t t h e B r o en al anc ing Line L N N P” is t h e'
”

Ec o n o mic B al anc in g L in e in t h is Cas e

F IG 4 7 . .

contained str etch of earthwork ; that is no m aterial is m oved ,

p ast a or f Th e m ass curve drawn b elow t h e profi l e shows

.
, ,

that there is m ore fill than cut M aterial to th e am ount repre .

’
s ented by th e ordinateFF m ust b e borrowed Let it b eassum ed .

that borrow is as readily got at o ne p art of th e p rofil e as at

anoth er .

Th e lin e LP drawn by trial so as to m ake

,

LM NO M N OP (5 1 ) ,

is t h e economic continuous balancing line for this m ass curve

,
142 EARTH W OR K HA UL AND OVERHAUL

not so Fig 48 shows a m ass curve for whi ch LP so dr awn as

. .
,

to m ake LM NO MN OP is the econom ic balancing ,

lin e If w e br eak LP at N and shift each p art r egar dl ess of

.
, ,

t h e oth er to obtain a mi nim um total haul ar ea for each p art w e

,
-

,
’
find that LN m ust b e low er ed to t h e p osition L N for which
LM
’ ’
M N and N P m ust b e raised to t h e p osition N P
’ ’ ’

’’ ” ” ”
for whi ch N O O P B u t this shifting of t h e two p arts
.

B ase Lin e ,

A 2 F

T h e Ec o n o m ic Co nt in uo us B al an cing Line LP is t h e Ec o n o m ic
B al an cing Line in t his Case

F IG 4 8
. .

’
caus es th em to overlap b etween N and N and such overlapping
is ina dm issibl e In t h e cas e shown in F ig 4 8 t h e continuou s
. .

econom ic balanc ing lin e is th er efor e the econo m ic balancing lin e .

It m ay b e stated as a gen eral rul e that t h e continuous economi c

balancing lin e is the econom ic balancing lin e ex c ep t wh en it can
b e broken into p arts and each p art cons ider ed by its elf shi fted , ,

to t h e p osition of l east haul without an overlapping of t h e p arts .

2 16 W h en th e b as e lin e is th e econ o m ic b alan cing lin e

. .

In Fig 4 9 which r ep r es ents a m ass curve constru ct ed on t h e bas e

.
,

lineA D let it b e assum ed that t h e l ength of each of t h e segm ents

,

into wh ich t h e bas e lin e is cu t by t h e m ass curv e is not gr eater

than t h elim iting distance 1) (Secs 2 06 and Th e m ass curve
,
.

shows that t h e cuts and fi lls balance b etween t h e two p oints A

and D Let it b e assum ed that no m at erial is to b e m ov ed p ast
.

A or D Let it b e assum ed furth er that

.
, ,

A B + CD ~
BC < p
 ECONOMIC B ALAN C IN G LIN ES F OR MA SS CUR VES

Un der t h e for egoing conditions t h e economi c balancing lin e

is t h e bas e lin e A D Thi s is tru e b ecaus e to rais e or low er t h e
.

balancing lin e A D or any p art th er eof is to intro duc e waste and

b orrow ; and un der t h e g iven con ditions wast e and borrow are
n o t econom ical .

Mass Cur v e

AB> P CD> P

Th e B ase Lin e is t h eEco no m ic B al ancing Lin e

F IG 49
. .

217 . of econo mic b alancing lines

Exam pl es It is assum ed .

t hat t h e con di tions are such that no m aterial will b e m oved p ast
eith er end of t h e p ro fi l e in any of t h e fig ur es ( folding p lat e p age ,

1 4 6 ) to wh ich r ef er enc e is m a de in t hi s s ection Each p ro fi l e is .

a ccom p anied by it s m ass curv e .

On each m ass curv e t h e economic balancing lin e is r ep r es ent ed

b y a full h eav y lin e and is designat ed by two or m or e of t h e
,

l ett ers L M N L M N
’ ’ ’
.
, , , , ,

Th e econo m ic distribution of m at erial corr esp on ding to t h e ,

econom ic balancing lin e is in dicat ed by arrows on t h e p ro fil e ,

.

T h e fig ur es are g iven in p airs ; t h e fi rst fig ur e of each p a ir

s hows t h e m ass curve above t h e bas e lin e; t h e s econ d shows t h e

m ass curv e b elow t h e base lin e Th e two fi gur es of each p air .

r es ent t h e sa m e p robl em as far as d eterm ining t h e econom ic

p
balancing line .

In ev ery cas e p lim iting distanc e (Secs 2 06 and .

Fig 5 0
. Th e p ro fi le shows a cut only
. Th er e is no fill into .

w hich t h e m at erial of t h e cut m ay b e dum p ed ; h enc e t h e entir e

cut m ust b e wasted This condition is cl early r eflected in t h e
.

m ass curv e which rising from start to fi nish p r eclu des a b alan c
, , ,

ing lin e Fig 5 0 a shows a fill t h e m aterial for whi ch m ust b e

. .

b orrowed .
1 44 EARTHW OR K HAUL AND OV ER HA UL

F ig 5 1 . Her e w e hav e a cut and a fill Th e cut ab is m or e

. .

than suffi cient to m ake t h e fill b m H enc e ther e is waste T his . .

condi tion is sho w n by t h e fact that t h e right ex tr em ity of t h e

m ass curve lies abov e t h e bas e lin e Draw a horiz ontal through .

M to m eet t h e m ass curve at L If LM is not gr eat er than p .

,

t h e lim iting di stanc e L M is t h e econo m ic balancin g lin e

,
As .

su m ing that LM 31 > p draw t h e v ertical Ll Th e p ortion lb of

,
.

t h e cut just m akes t h e fill b ni T h e p ortio n c l of t h e cut is

.

wasted Thi s is t h e econom ical distribution of t h e m aterial

.
,

and is in dicat ed by arrows o n t h e p ro fi l e In F ig 5 1 a w e hav e . .

t h e for ego in g con di tions r ev ers ed : t h e fill ab is larg er than t h e

cut b in so that t h e fill d l is borrow ed and fill lb takes t h e entire

, ,

c ut , bm .

F ig 5 2
. T h e r ight ex tr em ity , C , of t h e m ass curve lies at
.

’
a distanc e CC abov e t h e bas e l in e, wh ich m eans that waste to
the am ount of CC (to scale) cannot b e avoided W e drew
’
.

’
through C t h e horiz ontal CA m eeting t h e l eft slop e of t h e m ass
’
W e scal ed t h e distanc e A C and foun d it to b e
’
curve at A .

’
gr eater than p t h e limiting distanc e Th er efor e A C canno t
,
.

b e t h e eco n o m ic bala n c in g li n e N ex t w e rais ed t h e balancing

.

lin e to t h e p os ition LM such that LM p LM is t h e econom ic .

balancing lin e H enc e t h e econom ic distrib u tion : cut lb m akes

.

fill b ni ; cu t d l is wasted ; an d fill m e is borrow ed In Fig 5 2 a . .

w e hav e a s im ilar cas e ex c ep t that t h e fill is larg er than t h e

,
’
cut H enc e borrowin g to t h e am ount CC (to scale) cannot b e
.

' ’
avoided A C is gr eater than p ; ther efor e A C is not t h e eco
.

no m ic balan cing line Th e econom ic balancing line in this figur e

.

is LM so draw n as to m ake LM = p
\

T h e arrows show t h e .

econo m ic distribution .

F ig 5 3. Her e t h e cut balanc es t h e fill

. T hat is to say t h e .
,

m at er ial of t h e cut is just suffi cient to m ake t h e fill Thi s con .

dition is show n by t h e m ass curv e which b egins and en ds on t h e

bas e lin e It is assum ed that t h e base line intercep t LM is no t
.
, ,

gr eater than t h e lim iting distanc e In this cas e t h e econ om ic .

1 46 EAR T HW OR K HA UL AN D OVER HAUL

H er e econom y r equi r es that

’ ’
lin e A N at w e br eak t h e balancing
M an d rais e t h e l eft han d p ortion to t h e p osition L M such that
,
-
’ ’

LM p L M M N is t h e eco n om ic balancing line Th e

’ ’ ’ ’
. .
,

arrows in dicate t h e econom ic di stribution T h e sam e r em arks .

app ly to F ig 5 7 a . .

Fig 5 8 H er e as in F igs 5 6 and 5 7 th er e is a fill lying b e

. .
,
.
,

tween two cuts Draw a horiz ontal through D t h e right hand

.
,
-

’ ”
end of t h em ass curv e cut ting t h e m ass curv e at B and B As,
.

sum e that B D is gr eater than B B ”

B B D is not t h eeconom ic
’ ’ ’ ’

balancing line Draw t h e horiz ontal LM so as to m ake t h e two

.

interc ep ts LM and M N equal ,

A ssu m ing that n eith er LM nor ,
.

M N is gr eat er than t h e lim itin g distanc e L M N is t h e eco ,

n om ic balancing lin e F ig s8 a shows a cut lying b etween two . .

fills but t h e p robl em of det erm ining t h e econom ic balancing line

is t h e sam e as in F ig 5 8 . .

F ig 5 9 Th e con ditions h er e ar e lik e thos e of F ig 5 8 ex c ep t

. . .
,

that h ere w e fi nd on draw ing a horiz ontal LN so as to m ake

LM M N that both LM an d M N ar e greater than p t h e lim it
, ,

in g distanc e H enc e L MN is h er e not t h e econom ic balancing

.
,

lin e E conom y r equir es us to br eak t h e balancing line LM N at

.

M ; rais e t h e l eft p ortion to t h e p osition L M such that L M ’ ” ”

p ; and lower t h e r ight p ortion to t h e p osition M N such that

’ ’

MN ’
p Th e broken balancing lin e L M M N is t h e eco
’
.
” ”
,
’ ’

nom ic balancing line Fig soa pr es ents t h e sam e p roblem . . .

F ig 6 0 H er e again w e hav e a fill lying b etw een two cuts

. . .

T h e fi ll in this cas e how ev er is gr eat er than t h e com b in ed cuts

, , ,

an d thi s m eans unavo idabl e borrow Draw through N t h e .

’
,

right end of t h e m ass curve a horiz ontal cutting t h e curve at M ,

’
.

A ssum ing that n eith er LM t h e bas e line int erc ep t nor M N is

’ ’
, ,

gr eater than p t h e lim iting distance t h e broken balancing line

, ,

LM M N is t h e econom ic balancing l in e F ig 6 0 a shows a cut

’ ’
, . .

ly ing b etween two fi lls t h e cut b eing m or e than suffi cient to ,

m ak e t h e fi lls so that th er e isunavo idabl e wast e Th e p robl em

, .

o f F ig 6 0 a is t h esam e as that of F ig 6 0
. . .
 C H A PT E R X
EC ONO MIC BALA N CIN G LINE F OR M ASS C UR VE PL O TTED
FRO M FILL VO LUM ES AN D E Q UATED CUT VOLUM ES- -

Th is ch ap t er discu sses t h e ap p licat io n o f t h e p rincip e o f eco no m ic dist ri u t io n l b

v v
t o each o f se eral t y p ical fo rm s o f m ass c u r e, p ro gressing fro m t h e sim p e t o t h e l
co m p lex . Th e m ass c ur ve
s h ere rep resent bi
y ards o f sw elled m at erial ; w hile
cu c

t h e m ass cu r v es o f t h e p receding ch ap t er rep resent cu ic y ards in p lac e b .

2 19 . Note —
curve in this chap t er is p lotted
Ev ery m ass
.

from th e estim ated fill volum es and equated estim ated cut -

volum es T his m eans that each station volum e of cut was

.
-

m ultipl ied by it s estim ated sw ell —factor and t h e r esulting swell ed ,

volum es wer e com b ined with t h e estim ated fill volum es to obtain -

t h e or din at es to t h e m ass curv e .

F o r econom ic balancing lin es for m ass curv es p lott ed from

cut volum es and equated fill—volum es and for m ass curves
-

p lott ed from fi ll volum es and cut volum es of unity sw ell see

- -

C hap t er IX .

2 20 Econo m ic b alan cin g lin e for s im p l e loo p — Th e bas e

. .

line F ig 6 2 is t h e econom ic balanc ing lin e p rov ided A C is n o t

,
.
,

g r eat er than t h e l im it ing distanc e; and t h e

(5 5 )

wh ere s swell factor for cut ab ; Y -

cubic yar ds p er inch of
o r dinate; and S f eet p er horiz ontal inch of t h e m ass curve .

If A C is gr eat er than p t h e eco nom ic balanc ing lin e is A C

’ ’
,

(5)
’ ’ ’
(area A
’
lac ed that A C p; and t h e total haul BC )
so p

YS sta but in this case AA ’

is wasted and C C is borrowed
yds ;
- .

TOO
 ECON OMIC BAL AN CIN G LIN E F OR MA SS CUR VE 1 49

w ell F ac t o r s

Su b g r ade

F IG 6 2. .

22 1 . Eco no m ic b alancing l ine for corrugat ed Icon — R eferr ing

to Fig 6 3 : Let s1 and 5 2 b e t h e sw ell factors of cuts C1 and C2 -

resp ectively A E is t h e base line of th em ass curve Draw t h e

. .

horiz ontal A 2Ez to touch t h e sag at C Draw th e horiz ontal .

—
fs Sw ell F ac t o rs —
1
Su b g r ade

F IG 6 3
. .

A 1E1 b etween A zEz and t h e base line Draw A 3 E3 ab o v e A 2 .

’ ”
to cut t h e sag at C and C N o w if A zEz is l ess than p t h e ,

limitin g distanc e t h e p roblem of determ ining t h e econom ic

balancing line is t h e sam e as if t h e loop w er e simp l e (Sec .
 I 50 EAR THW OR K HAUL AN D OVERHAUL

B u t if A gEz is greater than p t h e p roblem of determini ng t h e

,

econom ic balan cing lin e com es un der Sec 2 2 2 which see .

,
.

222 . Econo m ic b alan cing lin e for two long loo p s s eparated
b y a sh ort loop . Fig 64 A t fi rst glance th e bas e lin e s eem s
. .

Sw ell Fac t o rs

B as e Line

F IG 6 4 . .

to b e t h e econom ic balancing lin e provided n either LN nor Q U

,

is great er than 17 t h e limiting distanc e

,
.

Let W total cost of wasting 1 c y in plac e at l l ess X1 ; . .

,

B total cost of borrowing 1 c y in p lace at u ; . .

K 1 cost of excavating and dum ping 1 c y (in p lace) of . .

t h e m aterial of cut 1 ;
K2 cost of ex cavating and dumping 1 c y (in p lace) of . .

t h e m aterial of cut 2 ;
$1 swell factor of cut 1 ;
-

52 swell factor of cut 2 ;

-

Sb swell factor of m at erial for borrow at u ;

-

T cost p er station yard of haul -

cost of hauling 1 c y . .

(in p lace) 1 00 ft .

W ith t h e base lin e as balancing lin e t h e dis t ribu tion is as foll ows
m at erial of cut lm m akes fill mn ;
m at erial of cut o q m akes fill no ;
m aterial of cut qr m ak es fill ru .
1 52 EARTHW OR K HA UL AN D OV ER HA UL

L et $1 sw ell factor of cut 1 ;

-

$2 sw ell factor of cut 2 ;

-

Y cubic yar ds r ep res ented by o ne inch of or dinate '

S feet r ep r esented by o ne horizontal inch of m ass curve .

R em em b er that or dinates of t h e m ass curve are m ade u p

th e
from fi ll -
vol um es and equated cut volum es -

Sw ell F ac t o rs
31 32

Su b g r

LMN is t h e Eco no mi c B al ancing L ineif LM MNt oo

F o r m eaning o f hp h g, 223

FIG 6 5
. .

Draw t h e horizontal LM N so as to m ake

LM MN
31 82

LMN is t h e econom ic balancing line . This m ay b e shown as

fo llo w s
balancing line LM N a sm all distanc e t to t h e
If w e rais e t h e

p osition L M N w e add to t h e ar ea M CN a strip MM N N of

’ ’ ’

whi ch t h e l ength is (M N MN h say ; and ,

th s m eans an ncr as of ( N
i i e e M h) i — sta — ds of haul
S2 fi y . .

( Secs . 1 4 and But at t h e sam e tim e w e take away from th e

 ECON OMIC B A LAN CIN G LIN E FOR MASS CURVE 1 53

haul area LB M
-

th e strip LL M M of which t h e length is

’

% (LM L M ) LM
’ ’
hz, say ; and this m eans a decr eas e of

(LM
g If w e let H
’
ho ) sta -

y ds . of ha ul . n et in

cr eas e in haul which r esults from raising th e balancing line

from t h e p osition LMN to t h e p osition w e hav e

H (MN (EM
’
= h1) he)

MN LM
52 81

ther efor e
$1 1 00

T hus w e find that this increase H in t h e total haul du e to ,

’
, ,

raising t h e balancing line t h e sm all distance t is p ositive T her e ,

.

for e it is not econom ical to raise t h e balancing lin e above t h e

é
p osition LM N
A gain : If w e low er t h e balancing lin e a sm all distanc e t to ,

t h e p osition L M N w e add to t h e haul ar ea LEM t h e strip

’
-

LL M M t h e l ength of which is — (LM L M ) LM

” ” ” ”
,
h3 ,

say ; and this increases t h e haul by (LM h 3) A nd at

t h e sam e tim e w e take away from t h e haul area M CN t h e strip -

MM N ” ”
N ,
t h e l ength of which is % (M N M N ) = MN h4 ” ”
,

22
1
say thus
,
decr easing t h e total haul area by (M N
-

sta—y ds Let H net incr eas e in haul r esulting from t hi s

.

lowering of t h e balancing line Then .

H (LM h .) 55 —
(MN h4)
1 00

13 £ 9
sta -

y ds .
,
I OO
 1 54 EAR THW OR K HA UL AN D OV ERHA UL

LM MN
H is a p ositive quantity . T h er efore it is
51 52

not econom ical to low er t h e balancing line b elow t h e p osition

LMN
W e see that eith er to rais e or to drop t h e balancing lin e from
t h e p osition LM N is to incr eas e t h e total haul T h erefor e LM N .

t h e balancing lin e of m inim um haul is t h e econom ic balancing ,

lin e .

2 24 Econo mi c b alan cing l in e for a m a s s curve with t wo sag s

.

and t w o h um p s F ig 66 Th e p ro fil e shows fro m l eft to right

. . .

a cut a fill a cut a fill and a cut Th e m ass curve shows that
, , , ,
.

t h e m aterial of t h e cuts ex c eeds t h e r equir em ent of t h e fi lls by

’
F F ( to scal e) cub ic yar ds .

Draw t h e horiz ontal LQ so as to m ak e

LM NG M N _OQ
$
+
$ 5
+
S
( 62) .

1 2 2 3

LMNOQ is t h e economi c continuous balancing lin e as , we shall

see .

Let sl swell factor of cut

-

1 ;
( i N ( l
$2

33 3;
111 decr em ent in LM du e to raising LQ a sm all distanc e t .

h A
incr em ent MN u cc

ha decr em ent NO
h4 incr em ent OQ
“
hf, LM dro pp ing
he decr em ent MN
h7 incr em ent NO
kg decr em ent OQ
Y cubic yar ds r ep r esented by o ne inch of or dinate;
S feet r epr esented by o ne horiz ontal inch of m ass curve .

If w e rais e t h e balancing lin e a sm all distanc e, l , above t h e p osi

tion LQ , t h e net incr eas e in haul is
1 56 EARTHW OR K H A UL AN D OV ERHA UL

LM N0 MN Q_ 0 So H is p os itive, and dropping

$1 82 $2 $3

t h e balancing line b elow t h e p osition LQ incr eas es t h e haul .

W e fin d that t h e haul is incr eas ed wh eth er raise or lower we

t h e balanc ing lin e from t h e p osition LQ whi ch m eans that LQ ,

is t h e econom i c continuous balancing lin e .

In Sec 2 1 5 it is sho w n that t h e continuous econom ic balancing

.

line is not in every cas e the economi c balancing line Som etim es .

t h e form of t h e m ass cu rv eis such as to m ak e it p oss ibl e to r educ e

t h e haul r esulting from t h e balancin g lin e LQ by br eaking that
lin e at N Th e p rincip le brought out in Sec 2 1 5 applies here
. . .

225 W h en s w ell fact o r s ar e all eq u al

.
-
If t h e swell fac .
-

tors o f any s ection of thi s chap ter each b e r eplac ed by 1 th e ,

s ection will r educ e to t h e corr esp on ding s ection of t h e p r ec eding

chap t er F o r ex am p le eq 6 2 will then b ecom e eq 5 1

.
,
. M ore . .

over if t h e swell factors of any s ection of thi s chap ter b e given

,
-

a uni form valu e other than 1 t h e section will b ecom e about ,

as sim p le as t h e corr esp on ding s ection of t h e p rec eding chap ter .

W ith thi s change eq 6 2 for ex am p le will reduce to eq 5 1

.
, ,
. .

226 Pra ctical u s e of m ass curve in pl a

. n n ing dis t r ib ution .

Th e work of p lanning distribution with m ass curv e bas ed

on equal swell factors is littl e gr eater than with m ass curve
-

based on t h e com m on swell —factor 1 (Sec 1 On t h e contrary .

,

t h e a ddi tional work r equ ir ed with m ass curve bas ed on un equal

swell factors is considerable H owever it is not often th at
-

.
,

data p ertaining to futur e swell and yar dage is so r eliable as to

justify t h e a dop tion of un equal swell factors in p lanni ng dis -

t rib u tio n In t h e m ajority of cas es t h e engin eer w ill u se t h e

.

swell—factor 1 for all t h e cuts involved in o nedistribution p robl em ;

and in m ost of t h e cas es in whi ch t h e data will warrant devia t ing

fro m t h e swell—fact o r 1 will b e jus tified in a dop t ing som e oth er

,

uni form sw ell factor -

.
 IN DEX
( References are t o pages . )

A dj ust ment o f sw ell fact o rs, 1 3 -

.

A llen, C Fran , 4 1 . k .

A merican Rail way Engineering A sso ciat io n, iv .

ab st ract o f o erhaul pract ice, 5 1 v .

v
b asis o f o erhaul co m putat io n, 5 3 , 5 4 , 6 8 .

center o f m ass, 3 8 .

Co mm it tee o n Ro adway , 5 1 .

eco no m ic b alancing line,

free h aul dist ance, American p ractice, 5 2
-
.

“Manual ” o f reco mmended ract ice

p , 7 , 53 .

o b lique b alancing line, 2 3 .

o ve h l l e 5 3
r au c aus , .

o ve h l m p t t i
r au co u a o n, Met h o d V , 70 .

“Pro ceedin ”
gs, iv , 5 1 , 7 0 .

v
Re iew o f Lit erat ure o f O erh aul , ” 5 1 v .

v
re isio n o f p an o f dist rib ut io n , 1 2 2 l .

sp ecificat io ns fo r ro adway , 53 .

A rea, cro ss sect io n, -

40, 48 , 9 0 .

erro r, 2 8 .

m ass cur ve , 24 , 2 5 , 46 , 8 7 .

A rit h m et ical co m p ut at io n , cent er o f gra vity , 42

-

44 , 48 , 7 5 , 7 7 , 1 1 1.

cent er o f m ass , 3 6 , 7 9 , 1 0 8 .

-
l
free h aul imi t s, 5 5 , 7 5 , 7 7 , 7 9 , 8 1 , 9 0, 1 0 7 , 1 1 1 .

limi t s o f b odies o f m at erial, 3 3 , 7 5 , 7 7 , 7 9 , 8 3 , 9 0, 1 05 , 1 1 1 .

m o m ent s, 44 , 49 , 7 0, 7 1 , 8 4 , 9 1 , 1 1 2 .

v — l
o erh au , 6 9 7 1 , 7 6 , 7 8 , 8 0, 8 5 , 9 2 , 1 08 , 1 13 .

v
A erage, h au distance, 7 3 l -
.

o ve h l di tan e 7 4
r au -
s c ,
.

B alancing line, b ase line, 1 42 .

b ro en,k 1 41 , 1 5 6 .

co nt inuo us, 1 4 1 , 1 5 6 .

co rrugat ed lo op ,
1 33 , 1 49 .

eco no mic, —1 6
131 5 .

l —
exam p es ( g 5 6 0a) ,
Fi s 0 . 1 43 , 1 46 .

h o rizo nt al , 23 .

ob liq ue ,
23 .

o nesag and o ne h ump , 1 3 6 , 1 5 1 .

 1 58 IN DEX

l
B a anc ing line, l
sim p le o o p , 1 3 1 , 1 4 8 .

t w o lo ng lo o p s sep arat ed b y sh o rt lo o p ,
1 3 4 , 1 5 0.

two sag s and t w o h um p s , 1 4 0, 1 54 .

B ase line o f m ass cur ve ,

19 .

eco no m ic b alan cing lin e w hen , 142 .

B asis of o ve h r aul co m p ut at io n ,
A m er Ry Eng A ss . . .
’
n .
,

(A ) , ( B ) , m et h o ds o f free a erage h aul, 5 1 , 5 2 , 5 4 v .

( C ) , m et h o d o f free st raigh t h aul , 5 2 , 5 3 .

dist inguish ed fro m M et h o d, 5 4, 6 8 .

in t erp ret at io n , 5 4 .

v
re iew o f A m erican p rac t ice, 5 1 .

B eard, E J , 7 0 . . .

B erg, W alt er G .
, 51 .

B o rro w , 1 2 4—1 3 0 .

co st , 1 2 7 .

land fo r, 1 27 .

B ru er, R P . .
, 70 .

C art -
cu t , act u al and idea l ,
2 —6 .

C ent er of v
g ra it y , arit h m et ic (M et h o ds II, III, IV , VIII) , 4 2—44 , 48 , 6 9 ,
7 s, 7 7 , 7 9 , 8 3 . 1 08 , 1 1 1 .

as fo r single p rism o id ( Meth o d III) , 4 2 , 6 9 , 7 7 .

c ent er o f leng t h ( M et h o d II) , 4 2 , 6 9 , 7 5 .

c en t er o f m ass (M et h o ds IV V) , , 43 , 6 9 , 7 9 , 8 1 , 1 08 , 1 1 0 .

cu t , 2 —
4 49 .

det erm in ed readily or w it h diffi cu t y , 3 , 4 l .

ey e ( Met h o d I) , 4 2 , 6 9 , 7 3 , 1 00 .

—
49 .

h aul , 1, 40 .

m ass cur ve (Met h o ds V , VII) , 43 , 46 , 6 9 , 7 0 , 8 1 , 8 7 , 1 1 0, 1 1 5 .

m et h o ds I—VIII, 4 2—49 .

m o m ent s, arit h m et ic ( Met h o ds VI, VIII) , 44 , 49 , 7 0, 8 3 , 111 .

v
m ass c ur e (Met h o d VII) , 4 6 , 7 0 , 8 7 , 1 1 5 .

sing le p rism o id , 4 0 , 4 1 , 48 , 9 0 .

series o f —
p rism o ids , 4 2 4 9 .

t ru e, 40 , 4 1 , 4 8 , 9 0, 9 1 .

Cent er of lengt h , cent er o f v

gra it y , 4 2 , 6 9 , 7 5 .

cen ter o f m ass , 3 5 , 3 6 .

Cent er of m ass , arit h m et ic ,

3 5 , 3 6 , 43 , 69 , 7 9 , 1 08 .

v
c en t er o f gra it y , 4 3 , 6 9 , 7 9 , 8 1 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 0 .

v
m ass c ur e, 3 8 , 4 3 , 6 9 , 8 1 , 1 1 0 .

sing le p rism o id , 35 .

series o f
p rism o ids , 3 6 , 3 8 , 4 3 , 7 9 , 8 1 , 1 0 8 , 1 1 0.

vl
C ent er o f o um e ( sam e as Cent er o f m ass) .
I 60 INDEX

Eco no mi c b alancing line t w o ,

lo ng lo o p s sep arat ed b y one sho rt lo op ,

t wo sag s an d t w o h u m p s , 1 40 , 1 5 4 .

Eco no m nc dist ri b ut io n , 1 2 1 —1 5 6 .

p rinc iple, 1 3 0 .

Engineering N eto s , 24 , 3 8 , 70 , 1 39 .

Engineers F ield B o o
’
k ,
”
Searles , 4 1 .

Eq uat ing fact o r , 11 , 73 , 1 03 .

Erro r, area, 2 8 .

co st o v
f o erh au l ,
66 .

dist ance p lo t t ed o r sca ed, 2 7 l .

v
o erh aul , 92, 1 1 6, 1 1 9 .

Est im at ing o ve h r aul ( Met h o d I) ,

69 , 7 2 , 9 8 .

Ey e det erm in at io n , cen t er o f gra v it y , 4 2 , 6 9 ,

free h aul limit s , 5 9 , 7 3 , 9 9
-
.

limit s o f b o dies o f niat e ial r , 3 5 , 73 , 99 .

o verh aul ( M et h o d I) 6 9 7 , ,
2, 98 .

F act o r, ad ust ed, 1 3 —1 8

j .

det erminat io n 8 , 7 3 , 1 03 —
o f, 1 1 1 05 -
1 .

equat ing 3 1 1 , 7 3 , 1 03 —1 0 5
-
.

est im at ed, 1 3 1 0 3—1 0 5 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 3, 1 56 .

sw ell 1 0 , 1 3 , 1 03 —1 0 5 , 1 2 1 , 1 2 3 , 1 5 6
-

1 p age
facing

c c c c c c c

facing
 INDEX 1 61

p age 1 20

—6 0a facing
5 0

1 35

I S7

l
F i l, l
act u a rep laced b y idea l ,
2 —6 , 9 8 , 99 .

cent er o f v —
g ra it y (s ee also Cent er o f gra it y ) , 40 49 v .

c ent er o f m ass (s ee also Cent er o f m ass) , 3 5 —49 .

limit s (s eealso Lim it s) , 3 3 —3 5 ~

t rest le, 3 .

-
v o lum e act ua l vo lum e o f a b o dy of fill .

w idening , 3 .

Fish er, S B . .
,
24 .

v
F ree a erag e h au , ( A) and ( B ) , 5 1 , 5 2 l .

F ree h aul dist ance, A m eric an p rac t ice, 5 2

-
.

defined , 5 0 .

F ree h aul lim it s ,

-

5 5 , 7 5 , 1 07 arit h m et ic , .

at o nl y o ne end o f cut w h en , 6 , 5 8 , 5 9 , 6 6 .

defin ed , 5 3 .

ey e, 5 9 , 7 3 . 99
mass 56, 81 , 1 10
cur ve , .

F ree st raigh t h aul , ( C) , 5 2 .

ll
G i et t e, H P . .
,
6, 24, 38 .

v
G ra it y cent er (see also Cen t er o f gra v ty)
i ,
—
40 49 .

Halco m e, N M , iv b . . .

H aul area o f m ass cur

,
ve ,
2 4—2 7 , 8 7 , 89 , 1 15.

arit h m et ic , 1 , 44 , 4 9 , 8 4 , 112 .

cent er o f gra it y , v 1, 40 .

—
cro ss 3 6 , 59 , 63 .

v
free a erag e, 5 1 , 5 2 , 5 4 .

free st raigh t , 5 2 , 5 3 .

leas t , no t a w ay s eco no m ica l l ,

1 3 0 , 1 39 .

lim it of p ro fit a le, b 1 23 , 1 28 .

m ass cu r ve ,
24, 2 5 , 46 , 8 7 , 8 9 , 1 1 5 .

m inim um , no t a l w ay s eco no m ical , 1 30 , 1 3 9 .

o ve r (see also v
O erh aul) , 5 0 .
1 62 INDEX

Haul unit o f, 2
, .

Haul dist an ce, 1 ,

-
2 .

v
a erag e, 73 .

Idea l cart
3
-
cut , —6 .

Increm ent , sw ell 10 .

In plac e o lum e, 2
-
v .

In sp ect io n , c en t er o f gra it y , 4 2 , 6 9 , 7 3 , v 1 00 .

l
free—h aul imit s , 5 9 , 7 3 , 99 .

limit s of b o dies o f m at eri a l

3 5 , 7 3 , 99
,
.

o ve h r aul (Met h o d I) , 69 , 7 2 , 9 8 .

Least h aul l
no t a w ay s eco no mica l ,
1 3 0 , 1 39 .

Limit ing dist an ce, wit h free h aul , 1 28 .

wit h o u t free h aul , 1 23 .

Lim it of erro r, ar ea, 28 .

co st o f o ve h r aul , 66 .

dist ance p lo t t ed o r sca led ,

27 .

o ve h r aul , 92, 1 16 .

Lim it of b
p ro fit a le h aul , w it h free h aul , 1 28 .

w it h o ut free h au l , 1 23 .

Lim it s of b o dy o f m at erial , arit h m et ic , 33 , 75 ,

ey e, 3 5 , 7 3 ; 99 '

m ass cu r ve 3 4 , ,
81, 1 09 .

Lim it s of free h aul , arit hm et ic , 55 , 75, 1 07 .

defin ed, 5 3 .

ey e, 5 9 , 7 3 , 99
m ass cur ve 5 6 , ,
81 , 1 10 .

o n o nly o ne end o f cu t w h en , 6, 58, 59 , 66 .

Manu al o f reco mm en ded p ract ice, Am er R y Eng . . .

M anu al R esiden t Engin eers , b y Mo it o r and B eard

fo r l
”

Mass, cent er o f (see also Cent er o f m ass) , 3 5 —3 9 .

M ass cur ve ,
area and h aul , 24 , 2 5 , 46 , 8 7 .

b alancing lin e ( s ee als o B alan cin g lin e) , 23 , 1 3 1 —1 56 .

b —
ase lin e, 1 9 2 1 , 1 4 2 .

cent er o f v
gra it y (see also Cent er o f gra it y ) , 43 , 46 v .

cent er o f m ass (s e e also Cent er o f m ass) , 3 8 .

ch aract erist ics , 2 2 .

co nst ru ct io n o f, 1 9 .

defined, 20 .

free h aul lim it s , 5 6

-
.

lim it s o f o dies , 3 4 b .

m o m en t s , 4 6 , 8 7 , 1 1 5 .

l
p o t t ing , 3 1 , 8 1 , 1 09 .
1 64 INDEX

v
O erh aul , int erp ret at io n o f b ases (A ) and (B ) , 54 .

v
m ass—cur e m et h o ds : V , 6 9 , 80 , 1 09 ; V II, 7 0 , 86 ,
m et h o ds o f co m p ut ing , I—VIII, 6 8—7 1 .

m o m ents , arit h m et ic , 7 0 , 84 , 9 1 , 112 .

m ass cur ve 8 7 , ,
1 15 .

of Fig 1 9 , . Met h o ds I—VIII 7 2—9 6 ,

.

o f Fig 3 8 , . Met h o ds I IV—VII 9 7 — 1 20 , ,

.

results , 9 2 , F ig 3 6 facing 6 7 1 1 6 , and . .

st at em ent , 68 and F ig 3 6 . .

t rue, 9 2 , 1 16 .

Place, v o lu m e in , 2 .

Plan of dist ri b ut io n , eco no mic , 1 2 1 —1 5 6 .

k
m a ing , 1 3 0 , 1 4 7 , 1 5 6 .

m ass cur e, 1 3 1 —1 5 6 v .

m ust b e re ised, v 1 21 .

l
P o t t ing , m ass cur ve ,
1 09 .

erro rs o f, 27 .

Prelini, Ch ar es , 7 l .

Principle o f eco no m ic dist ri b ut io n , 1 3 0 .

Prism o id, cen t er o f g ra vit y (seealso Cent er o f grav it y ) , 40 .

c en t er o f m ass (see also Cent er o f m ass) , 3 5 .

definit io n, 3 5 .

Prism o ids , cent er o f gra vit y o f series ( s ee also v

Cen t er o f gra it y ) , 4 2 49
-
.

cen t er o f m ass (
see also Cent er of m ass) , 3 6—3 9 .

Pro ceeding s , A m erican R ai w ay Engineering A sso ciat io n, 3 8 , 5 1 , 7 0

”
l .

l
Pro fi e o f q uant it ies , 1 9 .

Pro fi t a ble h l lim it au , o f, 1 2 3 , 1 2 8 .

R at io , sw ell 10 .

“R ailro ad Cur ve s and Eart h w o r k b y A en, 41 ll .

,

R aym o nd, W . G .
, 41 .

“R ailro ad Co nst ruct io n by We bb

, , 7 .

R einek er, F .
,
1 41 .

R esul t s ofo ve h l r au co m p u t at io n , F ig 3 6 facing 6 7

. .

co m p ared, 9 2, 1 16 .

Ro c kE v xca at io n , b y Gil et t e, 6 l .

l
R usse l, T S , 3 8 , 7 0 . . .

Sandst ro m , A C . .
,
iv .

l
Sca e o f o rdinat es fo r m ass cur ve 3
,
0.

Scaling , erro rs o f, 2 7 .

Sear es , W Hl . .
, 41 .

Sh rink age, 6 .

fact o r, 10.
 INDEX 1 65

Slide rule,
-
1 7, 1 8 , 10 4, 1 06 , 1 1 3 .

Sp ecificat io ns , 5 3 .

St at em ent o f o erh aul , 68 v F ig 36 and . .

Stat ion -
vl o um e v o lum e o f a single p rism o id .

St eam sh o el , 4 , 1 2 , 9 8
-
v .

Sub st at io n~v o lum e o lu me o f a sing le p rism o id leSs t h an v «

Sw ell, 6 .

dep ends on t h o ro ugh nes s of m ixing , 8 .

exam p les o f, 1 03 .

fact o r (see also Sw ell fact o r) -

, 10 .

in crem ent , 10 .

no t un ifo rm , 6 —1 0 .

rat io , 1 0 .

Sw ell fact o r,
-
10 .

ad nst rn en t , 1 3 —1 8
j -
.

est im at ed , 1 3 —1 8 1 21 ,

det erm in atio n 1 1 —1 8 , 73 , 1 03 -

1 05.

b
T a les : I, 1 1 7 ; II, 1 18 ; III, 1 19 .

Tinke r, G eo rge H .
,
1 39 .

l
T rest e fill , 3 .

T rue, cen t er o f gra it y , 40 , 4 1 , 4 8 , 9 0 , 9 1 v .

v
o erh au l , 7 0 , 8 9 , 9 2 , 1 1 6 .

U n it of h aul , 1 .

V o lum e, cu t v o lum e in p lace .

q
e uat ed cut v l m e i pl e X well f
o u n ac s -
act o r .

equ at ed fill v l m e f fill x eq t i g f

o u o ua n acto r .

fill
- act ua l v l m e f b dy f fill
o u o a o o .

in p lace, 2 .

st at io n v o lum eo f a single p r sm o id i .

sub st at io n v l m e f p i m id le t h
o u . o r s o ss an 1 00 ft lo ng
. .

sw elled c ut v l m e i pl e w ell f
o u n ac s -
act o r .

W ast e, —
1 24 1 3 0 .

su it a ble l and fo r , 1 27 .

bb
W e , W alt er Lo ring , 7 .

W idening fill 2 ,
.

Yardage ,
vl o um e in c u
'

bi c y ards .
B KM E
IR IR — A rc h it ec t u r al Ir o n an d St eel 8v o
B
. .

C o m p o u n d R iv et ed G ir d er s as A p p lied in u ild in g s 8v o
B
.
,

Pl an n in g a n d C o ns t r u c t io n o f H ig h O f fi c e u il d in g s 8v o
B .
.

k
S el et o n C o n s t r u c t io n in u ildin g s 8v o
B B
.
,

R IG G S — M o d er n A m er ic an S c h o o l u ild in g s

BY E R N — In s p ec t io n o f M at er ials an d W o r m an s h ip E m p l o y ed in C o n s t ru o k
t io n 16 m o
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.

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,

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C O RT H LL— A llo w a l e Pr ess u re o n Deep F o u n d at io n s 1 2m 0
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F R IT A G A rc h it ec t u r al En g in eer in g
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F ir e Pr e ent io n a n d F ir e Pr o t ec t io n 16 m o m o r
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,

F ir ep ro o fi n g o f St eel u ild in g s 8v o
E D
G R H A R — G u l de t o San it ar y In s p ec t io ns 1 2m o
B B
,

M o dern at h s an d at h H o u s es 8v o
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,

S an it at io n o f Pu lic u ildin g s . l 2m o ,

Th eat r e F ires an d Pan ic s 12m o

T h e W at er S u p p l y Sew er ag e an d Pl u m in g o f M o d er n C it y
, u il din g s b B ,

8v o ,

GR EE E N — El em ent s o f H eat in g an d V en t il at io n 8v o
b
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JO H N SO N — St at ic s b y A l g e r aic an d G r ap h ic M et h o d s 8v o
KE W Y b b
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LL A A — HO W t o L ay O u t S u u r an H o m e G r o u n d s Sv o
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,

I R— A rc h it ec t s an d
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M RRILL— St o n es fo r u ildin g an d Deco r at io n 8v o
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M O N C T O N— St air u ild in g -
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E B DY
P A O — N a al A r c h it ec t u r e 8v 0
b k
,

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R IC — C o nc r et e l o c M an u fac t u r e 8v o
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R IC H EY — H an d o o fo r S u p er in t en d ent s o f C o n s t r u c t io n l o m or
B B
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u ildin g F o r em an s Po c et oo
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u il din g Mec h an ic s R ead y R efer en c e Ser ies :

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Pl u m ers St eam F it t ers a n d T in n er s E dit io n
‘
16 m o m o r
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S t o n e an d ric
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R IB S— u ildin g S t o n es an d C l ay Pro du c t s 8v o .
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B
S A IN— H o u s e Pain t in g ( G l az in g Pa p er H an g in g an d W h it ew as h in g ) 1 2m o
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, .
,

SI EBE R T an d l o o m — M o der n S t o n e c u t t in g an d M aso n r y 8v o ,

W
S N O — Pr in c ip al Sp ec ies o f W o o d “ Sv o
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8v o , 0
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n an c e S u g g est io ns fo r H o s p it a l A r c h it ec t u r e w it h Pl an s fo r a Sm all
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Ho s p it al 12m o ,

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B E r r s — L ead R efi nin g b y Elec t ro l y s is

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lo w
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M D E
F U R A N an d PA R O — M an u al o f Pr ac t ic al A ss ay in g 8v o W
b
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LO G D E— No t es o n A s s a y in g a n d M e t al l u r g ic a l L a o r at o r y E x p erim en t s 8 y o
D
O .
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L o w — T ec h n ic al Met h o ds o f O re A n aly s is
O
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M an u al o f A ss ay in g 1 2m o H ,

M IN Er — Pro d u c t io n o f A lu m in u m an d it s In du s t ri al U se ( W A L O ) 12m o
‘

M D
B
. .
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PR IC an d M AE E DE
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Al lo y s 1 2m o N ,

R IC K E I TS an d
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ILL R— N o t es o n A ss ay i n g 8v o W .
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R O IN an d L N G L N — C y an ide Ind u s t r y E ( LE CL R C ) 8 v o »h . E . .
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E M
S A O N — M an u al fo r A ss a y e r s an d Ch e m i s t s S m a ll 8 v o ,
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2
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C O ST O C — F iel d A st r o n o m y fo r En gi n eers
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k q u ar es
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Y D k -

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H IT n s o or ca an sc r v s ro n o

B IOLO G Y .

C O HN H E M— E
I n z y m es 12 m o . *1

DA V E N P O R r— St at ist ical M et h o ds w it h Sp ec ial R eferen c e t o B

i o l o g ic al
V ar iat io n 16 m o ,m or . 1
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E F F RO N T an d PR SC O T T— E n z y m es an d T h eir A p p lic at io ns 8v o , 3
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M A ST— Lig h t an d eh a io r o f Or g anis m s 8v o *

2
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PR SC O T T an d W IN S L o w — El em ent s o f W at er ac t erio l o g y , w it h S p ec ial
R efer en c e t o Sa n it ar y W a t er A n al y s is 12m o 1
B
,

D
W A R an d W H I L — F r esh w at er PP E io l o g y ( I n P r es s )
PP E
W H I L — Th e Mic r o sc o p y o f Drin in g W at er k SW ) , 3
W IN SL o w — Th e Sy s t em at ic R el at io n s h ip o f t h e C o cc ac em . . S m al l 8 y o , 2

C HEM IST RY .

B E
A D RHAL DE N— Ph y s io lo g ic al C h em is t r y in Th irt y L ec t u res .
( H A LL an d
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A L L N — E xer c is es in G en er al C h em is t r y L o o s e L eaf La o r a t o r y M an u al
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O l o n g 4 t o p a p er *1

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H ar t fo r d M eet in g 1 9 06 , 8v o , 3
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A U S T N— N o t es fo r C h em ic al St u d en t s 1 2m o .
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l o s e M o l ec u l e 1 2m o 2
n
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B ILTz— In t ro du c t io n t o In o r g anic C h em is t r y ( HA L L d PH L A N ) 1 2 m o E
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L a o r at o r y Met h o ds o f In o rg anic C h em is t r y ( HA L L an d LA N C H A R . D .

8v o 3
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IN G H A E an d W H IT — L a o r at o r y M anu al o f In o r g anic C h em is t r y 1 2m o *
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L A NCHA R S y nt h et ic In o r g an ic Ch em is t r y 12m o * 1
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N I N G —In t r o d u c t iDn t o t h e R ar er El em ent s

*1
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B R U N S W IG —E x p l o s i es ( M U N R O an d I L R ) E *
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C LA SS N — u ant it at i e A n aly sis b y El ec t r o l y sis ( H A LL ) ( I n Press ) . . .

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( I n P r ess ) .

DA N N EE L— El ec t r o c h em is t r y ( M R R IA ) . E M . 1 2m o , 25
DA N N E RTH— M et h o ds o f T ex t il e C h em is t ry 1 2m o , 00
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DU II E M— Th erm o dy n am ics an d C h em is t r y 8v o ( U RG E SS ) 00
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b
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E K E LE Y — L a o r at o r y Manu al o f Ino r g an ic C h em is t r y 1 2m o 00
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F L TC H R— Pr ac t ic al Ins t r u c t io n s in u an t it a t i v e A s s ay in g w it h t h e l o w Q
p ip e 16 m o m o r , 50 .

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F O L R — Sew ag e W o r s A n al y s es k 1 2m o 00
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F R S N IU S— M an u al o f u alit at i e C h em ic al A n al y sisQ 8v o , 00
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Man u al o f u alit at i e Q
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( W E LL s ) 8v o 00
v v
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Q
u an t it at i e Ch em ic al A n al y sis ( CO HN ) 2 o ls . 8v o 50 .
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W h en So ld S ep ar at ely V o l I 5 6 V o l II $8
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F U LL R— u alit at iv e A n al y sis o f M ed ic in al Pr ep ar at io n s 1 2m o 50 ,

D E
F U RM A N an d PA R O — M an u al o f Pr ac t ic al A ss ay in g 8v o 00 . .
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E M
G T A N — E xerc ises in Ph y s ic al C h em is t r y 1 2m o 00 ,

G ILL— G as an d F u el A n al y sis fo r En gi n eers 12 m o 25 ,

G O O C H— M et h o ds in C h em ic al A n al y s is 8v o 00
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an d RO N I N G — O u t lin es o f u al it at i e C h em ic al A n al y sis S m all 8 v o 25 . .

G R O T E N F E LT— Pr ln c ip l es o f M o d er n Dair y Pr ac t ic e 1 2m o 00 . ,

G R O T H— In t r o d u c t io n t o C h em ic al C r y s t all o g r ap h y ( M A RS H A LL ) 12 m o 25
b
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k
H A M MA R STE N— T ex t — o o o f Ph y s io l o g ic al C h em ist r y ( MA N L ) 8v o 00 . DE . .
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H A N A U SE K — M icro sc o p y o f T ec h n ic al Pr o d u c t s ( W IN TO N ) 8v o 00 . . .
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K
H A S IN S— Or g an ic C h em ist r y 12 m o 00 ,

E K
H R R IC — Den a t u red o r In d u st r ial A l c o h o l 8v o 00 . . ,

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L a o r at o r y Man u al fo r St u dent s 12m o 00

b B
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A N — L a o r at o r y M an u al o f O rg an ic C h em ist r y fo r eg in n ers .

( W AL R ) KE 1 2m o 00
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T ext oo k
o f In o r g an ic C h em is t r y ( CO O R ) 8v o 50 PE
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In o r g an ic C h em ist ry 1 2m o 00 .
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H OLL — A n al y sis o f Paint an d V ar nish Pro du c t s S m all 8 v o 50 .
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Lead an d Z in c Pig m en t s Sm all 8 v o 00

bo k
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A C S O N— Direc t io ns fo r L a o r at o r y W o r b
in Ph y sio l o g ic al C h em is t r y 8v o 25 k .
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J O H N S O N — R ap id M et h o ds fo r t h e C h em ic al A n al y s is o f Sp ec i al S t eels St eel ,

m ak in g A ll o y s an d G r ap h it e S m al l 8 v o 3
0 00 .
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D E
L A N A U R— Sp ec t r u m A n al y sis 8v o 0
0 00

v
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L A SS A R C O H N — A p p lic at io n o f S o m e G en er al R eac t io ns t o In est ig at io ns in

-

Or g a nic C h em is t r y ( T IN G L ) . E
12 m o . 00 , b

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L A C H— F o o d Ins p ec t io n an d A n al y s is 8v o fl50 ,

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D E
L O G — N o t es o n A ss ay in g an d M et all u r gi c al La o rat o r y E xp eri m ent s 8v o 00 .
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L o w — T ec h n ic al M et h o d o f Or e A n al y sis 8v o 00

—
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LO — Pain t fo r St eel St ru c t u r es 1 2m o 00 ,

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M C A an d L A RS N — Prin c ip l es an d Pr ac t ic e o f u t t er m a in g 8 v o nH 5 0 -
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M A SO N — E x am in at io n o f W at er ( Ch em ic al an d ac t er io lo g ic al
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( C o n sid ered Prin c ip all y fr o m a San it ar y S t an dp o int )

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8v o a 00 , 1

MA TH EW
SO N— F ir st Prin c ip l es o f C h em ic al T h eo r y 8 v o + -e 00 1

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M A TTH EW
S — L a o r at o r y Man u al o f Dy ein g an d T ex t il e C h em is t r y 8y o s
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T ext ile F i r es 8v o h 00 t

M EYE R— Det er m in at io n o f R adi cl es in C ar o n C o m p o u n d s ( T IN G L b . E .

T h ir d Edit io n 1 2m o 25 . , i

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B R IDG ES A N D RO OF S H YD R A U LI C S M A T ER IAL S O F E N G IN E E R
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IN G . R A IL W A E N G IN E ER IN G .

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I ra ca o u n a Pap er 1 9 5 X24 1 in c h es , 0 25
B EED d H ME P i ip le d P
R an OS R r nc s an r ac t ic e o f Su r v ey in g .

Vol 1 . El em en t a r y S u r v ey in g
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.

V o l II . H ig h er S u r v ey ing
. 8vo 2 50 ,

B U R R— A n c ien t and M o d er n E ng ineerin g an d t h e Is t h m ia n C an al 8 v o *3 5 0 .

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M K
C O S TO C — F ield A s t ro n o m y fo r En g in eer s 8v o 2 50
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F OL WELL — S ew er a g e ( Desig n in g an d M ain t en an c e ) 8v o 3 00

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. .
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F R E ITA c A rc h it ec t u r al En g in een n g 8vo 3 50

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H A U C H an d R IC — T a l es o f u an t it ies fo r Pr elim in ar y Es t im at es Q
1 2m o * 1 25
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H A F O R D— T ext — o o o f G eo det ic A st r o n o m y k 8v o 3 00
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HO S ME R— A z im u t h 16 m o m o r 1 00
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S a nd H ILTs — Pro l em s in Su r ey i n g R ailro ad S u r ey in g an d G eo d ,

m or 1 50
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J O HN S ON ( J M
) an d S ITH— T h eo r y an d Pr a c t ic e o f S u r ey in g S m all 8 v o * 3 5 0
b
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J O H N S O N ( L J ) — St at ics b y A l g e r aic an d G r ap h ic M et h o d s
. . 8v o 2 00 ,

K IN N IC U T T W IN S LO , W
an d PR A T T— Sew ag e Dis p o s al 8 v o * 3 00 ,

M A H A N — Des crip t iv e G eo m et r y 8v o * 1 5 0
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M R R I A N— El em en t s o f Prec is e S u r ey ing an d G eo des y 8v o 2 50
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M R R I A N an d R O O S— H an d o o fo r Su r ey o rs K 16 m o m o r 2 00 b k v
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N U G N T— Pl an e Su r ey in g . 8vo 3 50 ,

OG DEN— Sew er C o n s t r u c t io n 8vo . 3 00 ,

S ew er Desig n 1 2m o 2 00 ,

OG DEN an d C L EVE D
L A N — Pr ac t ic al Met h o d s o f Sew ag e Dis p o s al fo r R esi
d eu c es H o t els an d In st it u t io n s
, , 8v o *1 5 0 . .
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P A R SO N S— Dis p o s al o f M u nicip al R efu se 8v o 2 00 . .

,

PA TT O N — T r eat is e o n C iv il En g in eerin g 8v o h al f l eat h er 7 50 , ,

R EED — T o o ra h ic al Dr aw in
p g p g an d S et c h in g 4t o 5 00 k ,

RI EME -
k
R— Sh aft s in in g u n der Diffi c ul t C o n d it io n s ( C O R N IN G a n d P L ) . EE E .

8v o 3 00
B
,

SI EBE RT an d IG G IN— M o der n St o n e c u t t in g a n d Maso nr y 8v o 1 50 -

M
S IT H— M anu al o f T o p o g r ap h ic al Dr a w ing ( M C M ILLA N ) 8v o 2 50
b
. .
,

SO PER— A ir and V ent il at io n o f Su w ay s 1 2m o 2 50

v
.

Y
T R A C — E x erc is es in Su r ey in g 1 2m o m o r * 1 00

v
,

Plan e Su r ey in g 16m o m o r 3 00
b
.
,

E B E
V N A L — G ar a g e Cr em at o ries in A m er ic a 8v o 2 00
v
Met h o d s an d De ic es fo r ac t erial T r eat m ent o f Sew ag e 8v o 3 00B . .
,

W A IT— En g ineen n g an d A r c hit ec t ur al u r is p ru den c e 8v o 6 00 J ,

Sh eep 6 50 ,

L aw o f C o n t r act s . 8v o 3 00 ,

L aw o f O p er at io ns Pr elim in ar y t o C o ns t ru c t io n in E n gi n eeri n g an d
A rc h it ec t u r e . 8v o 5 00 .
,

Sh eep 5 50
b
,

E
W A RR N— St ereo t o rn y — Pro lem s in St o ne c u t t in g 8v o 2 50
b
-
. .
,

E B Y
W A T R U R —V est Po c et Han d o o o f M at h em at ics fo r Eng in eers
-
k -
k .

2 £ x 5 i inc h es m o r * 1 00
b
,

E nl ar g ed Edit io n Incl u din g T a l es m or *1 5 0

j
, .

W EBB — Pr o b l em s in t h e U s e an d A d u st m ent o f E n i n eerin

g g In st r u m ent s .

16 m o m o r , 1 25
v
.

W IL SO N— To p o g r ap h ic , T rig o n o m et ric an d G eo d et ic Su r ey ing 8yo, 3 50

6
 B R IDG ES A N D R OOFS .

B IS H O P— St r u c t u r al Det ail s of H ip an d V all ey b

O lo n g lar g e 8 v 0 75
B B
.

O LL E —PR r ac t ic al T r eat is e on the C o n s t r u c t io n o f Iro n H ig h w ay r id g es

8y o 2
v B b
,

T h am es R i er ri d g e O lo n g p ap er * 5
B B
,

K
U R R an d F A L — Des ig n ah d C o n s t r u c t io n o f M et allic r idg es 8v o 5
B
. . .
,

In flu enc e Lin es fo r r id g e an d R o o f C o m p u t at io n s 8v o 3
B
. ,

DU O IS— M ec h an ics o f E ng ineerin g V o l II S m all 4 t o 1 0

B
. . .

E
F O ST R — Tr eat is e o n W o o d en T res t l e r id g es 4t o 5 ,

W E
F O L R— O r din ar y F o u n d at io n s 8v o 3
. ,

GR EE E
N — A r c h es in W o o d , Ir o n an d St o n e 8v o 2
B
,

rid g e T r u ss es 8V 0 2 ,

R o o f T r u ss es 8v o 1
B
,

G RI MM — S ec o n d ar
y St r ess es in rid g e T r u ss es 8v o 2 ,

E E
H LL R— St resses in St ru c t u r es an d t h e A c co m p an y in g Defo r m at io n s 8 v o 3 . .
,

HO WE — Desig n o f Sim p l e R o o f t ru ss es in W o o d an d S t eel 8y o

-
2 ,

Sy m m et r ic al M aso nr y A r c h es 8v o 2 ,

T r eat is e o n A rc h es 8v o 4
e
,

D
H U S O N— Deflect io n s an d St at ically In det er m in at e St r sses Sm all 4 t o * 3 . .
,

Pl at e Gir d er Des ig n 8v o *1 . ,

JA CO BY
— St r u c t u r al Det ail s o r El em en t s o f Desig n in Heav y F r am i n g 8 v o * 2
BY
, . ,

JO H N SO N R A N a n d T U R N E A U R E— T h eo r y an d Pr ac t ic e in t h e Desig n in g o f
,

Mo der n F r am ed St r u c t u r es N ew E dit io n . .

Par t I St ress es in Sim p l e St r u c t u r es

. Sv o * 3 .
,

Part II St at ic all y In det er m in at e St r u c t u r es an d Sec o n d ar y St ress es

.

8y o 4
b B
,

E M J
M R R I A N an d A C O — T ext o o o n R o o fs an d rid g es BY -
k
Part I St r ess es in Sim p l e T r u ss es
.

Par t II G r ap h ic St at ics
B
.

P art III r id g e Desig n

. .

Part IV H ig h er St r u c t u r es
.

R IC KE
R— Des ig n an d C o ns t r u c t io n o f R o o fs

S O N DE R IC K E R— G r ap h ic St at ic s w it h A p p lic at io ns t o T r u ss es , ,

A r c h es
WA DDELL De Po nt ib u s Po c et: o fo r r id g e En g in eers k bo k B
B
-

, .

S p ec ifi cat io n s fo r St eel r idg es

H Y DR A ULI C S .

B A RN E S— Ic e F o r m at io n 8v o 3
q
. ,

B A z IN— E xp er im en t s u p o n t h e C o n t r ac t io n o f t h e Li u id V ein Issu in g fr o m

an Or ifi c e ( T RA U T W IN E ) 8v o 2
B VEY
.
. .
,

O — T reat ise o n Hy dr au lic s 8v o .

, 5
C H U RC H— Diag r am s o f M ean V el o c it y o f W at er in O p en C h a n n els
b
.

O l o n g 4 t o p ap er , , 1
H y drau lic M o t o r s 8v o 2
B
,

M ec h an ics o f F l u ids ( ein g Par t IV o f M ec h an ics o f E n g m eer in g ) 8 v o 3

b
. .

C O F F IN — G r ap h ic al S o l u t io n o f H y dr au lic Pro l em s 16 m o m o r . .
, 2
PLA T H E R— Dy n am o m et ers an d t h e M eas u rem ent o f Po w er .
1 2m o , 3
F OL WEL L— W at er s u p p l y En gi n eer in g - 8v o . .
, 4
F R Iz E LL— W at er —p o w er 8v o 5
b
,

F U E Rr Es— W at er an d Pu lic H ealt h 12m o . , 1

E
F U L L R— Do m es t ic W at er S u p p lies fo r t h e F arm 8v o *1

K E Un
.

G A N G U ILL E T an d U TT R— G en er al F o r m u l a fo r t he iform Fl o w O f W at er
v
in R i er s a n d O t h er C h an n el s ( H R IN G an d T R A U T W IN E 8v o . E . .
, 4
ZE
HA N— C lean W at er an d Ho w t o G et It Sm all 8 v o 1
b
. ,

F il t r at io n o f Pu l ic W at er s u p p lies 8v o - .
, 3
ZE
H A L H U R S T— T o w ers an d T an s fo r W at er w o r s 8v o k k 2
v
-
.
,

E E
H R SC H L— 1 15 E x p erim ent s o n t h e C ar r y in g C ap ac it y o f Lar g e R i et ed , ,

Met al C o n d u it s Sv o 2
v
.
,

Y
H O T an d G RO VE
R— R i er Disc h ar g e 8v o 2
n
,

HU BB D an d K IE R S TE D— W at er o r s M a ag em en t an d M ain t en an c e 8 v o W k 4
AR
v b
-
, ,

Y D
L N O N — De el o p m ent an d Elect r ic al Dis t r i u t io n o f W at er Po w er 8 v o ,
*3

MA SO N— W at er su p p l y ( C o ns id er ed Prin c ip al l y fro m a S anit ary St an d

-
.

8v o 4
p o in t
m
. ,

E M
.

*
M R R I A N— E le en t s o f H y dr au l ics 1 2m o . ,

*4
1
T reat ise o n Hy draul ics 9 t h E dit io n R ew rit t en .
8v o ,
. ,

7
M O L ITO R— H y dr au lic s o f R i ers W eirs an d Slu ic es v
B
,

M O R R IS O N an d RO D IE— Hig h M aso n r y Da m Des ig n . 8v o ,

*
1
Y E — R e e i f I ig t i W t e —p
SCH U L R s r v o rs d or rr a o n, a r o w er , an Do m es t ic W at er
p ply Se
su d Edit i R e i ed d E l g ed co n o n, v s an n ar L arg e 8 v o 6
f R ive
. ,

T M
HO d W
A S an — Im p em e t A TT ro v n o rs 4t o *6

E — P bli W t e p p lie
. ,

T d R
U R N E A U R E an U SS LL u c a r su-
s . . 8v o , 5
WE M
*
G — De i
ANN g d C t ti f D m
s 6 t h Ed
n an o n s ru c on o a s. enl ar g ed 4t o 6
W t e S p p l y f t h e C it y f New Y k f m 16 5 8 t
. . .
,

a r u o o or ro o 4t o . , 10
W PP E— V l e f P e W t e
HI L a u O ur a r Sm all 8 v o 1
M d H ZE — H y d li T ble
,

W ILL IA S an A N rau c a s . 8y o , 1
W ILS O N— Ir r ig at io n E n g in eer in g 8v o 4
b
,

W O O D— Tu r in es
.

8v o , 2

MA TER IA LS OF E N GINEER IN G .

B KE
A R— R o ad s an d Pa em en t s v 8v o 5 00 ,

T reat ise o n M as o n r y C o ns t r u c t io n 8v o 5 00
B K b b
. ,

LA C — U nit ed S t at es Pu lic W o r s k
O lo ng 4 t o 5 00
B B B
. ,

L A N C HA R — Dit u m in o u s S u r fac es an d it u m ino u s Pav em en t s ( 1 n Pr ep ar at io n ) . .

an d W E
DRO N — Hig h w ay En g in eerin g as Present ed at t h e Seco n d
B
,

Int er n at io nal R o a d C o n g r ess r u ss el s 1 9 10 8 v o * 2 00

b
, , .
,

T ex t oo k
o n Hig h w ay E n g in eer in g ( I n P r ess )
B E
-
.

O TTL R— G er m an an d A m er ic an V ar n ish M a in g S m al l 8 v o * 3 5 0 k
B
. . ,

U R R— El as t ic it y an d R es is t an c e o f t h e M at erial s o f E n g in eer in g 8v o 7 50
BY E
,

R N — H ig h w a y C o n st r u c t io n 8v o 5 00 ,

In s p ec t io n o f t h e M at erial s an d W o r m an s h i E m p l o y ed In C o ns t r u c t io n k p .

16m o 3 00 ,

C H U R C H— M ec h anics o f E n g ineer ing 8y o 6 00

B
,

Mech anic s o f So lids ( ein g Part s I II III o f Mec h anics o f En g in eer , ,

in g ) 4 50
B
M ec h a nics o f F l u ids ( ein g Part IV o f Mec h an ic s o f En g in eer in g ) 8 v o 3 00
B
. ,

DU O IS— Mec h anic s o f En g in eerin g :

V ol I . . K
in em at ics St at ic s i n et ic s . , K Sm all 4t o 7E 50 ,

V o l II . T h e S t r es ses in F r a m ed S t r u c t u r es St r en g t h o f M at er ial s an d
.
,

T h eo r y o f F l ex u res S m all 4 t o 1 0 00
B
,

EC KE L— u ilding St o n es an d Clay s . 8 y o * 3 00 ,

C em en t s Lim es an d Pl as t ers
, , . 8 v o * 6 00 ,

WE
F O L R— Or din ar y F o u n d at io n s 8v o 3 50 ,

E J
F U L L R an d O H N ST O N— A p p lied M ec h an ic s
Vol I . Th eo r y o f St at ic s an d
. in et ic s K
( I n P r es s ) .

V o l II . St r en g t h o f M at erial s
.
( I n P r ep ar at i o n ) .

GR EE E N — St ru c t u r al Mec h anic s 8v o *2 5 0 . ,

EY
H O L L — A n a ly sis o f Paint an d V ar nish Pro d u c t s S m all 8 v o * 2 5 0 .
,

L ead an d Z in c Pig m en t s Sm all 8 v o * 3 00

v v B
,

HU BB D A R — Du st Pr e en t i es an d R o a d in ders 8 v o * 3 00 ,

J J B ) — M at en al s o f C o n s t r u c t io n
,
‘

O H N SO N ( L ar g e 8 v o 6 00
K EEP
. .
,

— C ast Ir o n 8v o 2 50
K
,

I N G — Elem en t s o f t h e M ech anics o f M at er ial s an d o f Po w er o f T r an s m is

s io n 8v o *2 5 0 .
,

Z
L A N A — A p p lied Mec h anics 8y o 7 50 ,

LO WE — Paint s fo r St eel St r u c t u r es 12 m o 1 00 ,

E
M A IR — Mo dern Pig m ent s an d t h eir V eh icl es 1 2m o 2 00 ,

E
M AU R R— T ec h nic al M ec h an ics 8v o 4 00
E
M R RILL— St o n es fo r u il din g an d Deco r at io n B 8v o 5 00
,

E M
M R RI A N— Mec h an ic s o f Mat erials 8v o 5 00 ,

St r en gt h o f M at er ial s 1 2m o * 1 00 ,

E
M TC A L F — St eel A M an u al fo r St eel u sers
. 1 2m o -
2 00 ,

M O RR ISO N— H ig h w ay E n g in eer in g 8v o 2 50 ,

D K
M U R O C — St r en g t h o f M at er ial s 1 2m o * 2 00 ,

PA TTO N— Pr ac t ic al T reat is e o n F o u n d at io n s 8v o 5 00
B
,

E
R IC — C o n c r et e lo c M an u fac t u r e k 8v o 2 00 ,

D
R IC H A R SO N— M o d er n A s p h al t Pav em en t 8v o 3 00
I

R IC H EY B— u il d in g F o rem an 's Po c et o o an d R ea d y R eferenc e l 6 m o m o r k B 5 00 k

B
. .

C e m en t W o r e rs
'
a n d P l as tker er s Ed it i o n ( u ildin g M e c h an ics
' ’
R ead y
R efer en c e Ser ies ) 16 m o m o r
b
.
,

k
H an d o o fo r S u p erin t en d en t s o f Co n st ru c t io n 16 m o m o r
B k
St o n e an d ric M aso n s Ed it io n ( u il din g M ech an ics R eady R ef er en ce
' '
B
*1 5 0
,

Ser ies ) 16 m o m o r , . ,
 DRAW ING .

B A R R an d W O O D— Ki n em at ic s o f M ac h iner y 8v o
B
.

E
.

A R TL TT — M ec h an ic al Dr aw ing
T h ir d E dit io n 8v o
b
.

A r id g m en t o f t h e S ec o n d Ed it io n . 8v o
an d J
O H N S O N— E n g in eer in g Des c r ip t iv e G eo m et r y 8v o
B PIS H O — b
.
,

“ S t r u c t u r al Det ail s o f H i
p an d V all ey R a ft ers O lo ng l ar g e 8 v o
BE
.

L S S I N G an d DA RL IN G — Desc ri p t iv e G eo m et r y 8v o . .
,

El em en t s o f Dr a w ing 8y o ,

D E
C O O L I G — M anu al o f Dr aw in g 8v o .
p ap er , ,

an d F R EEM
A N — El em en t s o f G eneral Dr aft i ng fo r M ec h an ic al E n g in eer s

O l o n g 4t o , b
DU RL — EY K
in em at ics o f M ac h in es 8vc
M j v
E C H— In t r o d u c t io n t o Pr o ec t i e G eo m et r y a nd it s A p p lic at io n 8v o .
,

E VE
.

F R N C H an d I S — St er eo t o m y 8v o
b n
a
”
,

H IL L— T ex t o o o n S h ades a n d Sh ado w s k d Pers p ec t i v e 8vo

v
, ,

J M
A IS O N A d anc ed M ec h an ic al Dr aw in g 8yo ,

Elem en t s o f Mec h an ic al Dr aw in g 8vo ,

J E
ON S Mac h in e Desig n :
K
-

Par t I in em at ic s o f M ac h in er y
. 8vo
Part II F o r m St r en g t h a n d Pr o p o r t io n s o f Par t s 8y o
K MB B
. , , ,

I A L L an d A R R— M a c h in e Des ig n 8y o .

D
,

M A C CO R — El em en t s o f Des c rip t iv e G eo m et r y 8vo

K in em at ic s ; o r Pr ac t ic al M ec h an is m , 8vo .
,

M ec h an ic al Dr aw in g 4 to ,

V elo c it y Diagr am s 8v o
E D
M C L O — Descr ip t i e G eo m et r y v S m all 8 v o
v
M A H A N— Descrip t i e G eo m et r y and St o ne c u t t i ng 8v o -
,

MP
.
,

In d u s t rial Dr aw in g ( TH O SO N ) .
8v o .

VE
.
,

M O R— Descrip t iv e G eo m et r y 8yo
EED
,

R — T o o r a h ic al Dr aw in
p g p g a n d S et c h ing 4to k
ED
R I — Mec h an ic al Dr aw in g ( El em en t a r y a n d A d anc ed ) 8v o v ,

b
. .
,

k
T ex t o o o f M ec h an ic al Dr aw in g a n d El em en t a r y M ach in e Des ig n 8 v o
-

B
,

R O I N SO N— Prin cip l es o f M ec h anis m 8v o

E
,

S C H W A M B an d M R R ILL— El em ent s o f M ec h anis m 8y o

M
,

S IT H ( A W ) an d M A R X— M ac h in e Des ig n
. . 8vo
( R S ) — Ma n u al O f To p o g r ap h ic al Dr a w ing ( M C M ILL A N ) 8v o
b
. . . .
,

T ITS W O R T H— El em ent s o f M ec h an ic al Dr aw in g O l o n g l ar g e s y o
E
,

W A R R N — El em en t s o f Des c r ip t iv e G eo m et r y Sh a do w s an d Pers p ec t iv e 8 v o , , .
,

Elem en t s o f M ac h in e C o ns t r u c t io n a nd Dr a w in g 8v o . .
,

Elem ent s o f Pl an e a n d S o lid F r ee h a nd G eo m et r ic al Dr a w in g 12 m o ,

b
-

G en er al Pro l em s o f Sh ad es a n d S h ado w s 8v o
b v
.
,

M an u al O f Elem en t ar y Pr o l em s in t h e Linear Pers p ec t i e o f F o r m s a n d

Sh a do w s 1 2m o
M anu al o f El em en t ar y Pr o ec t io n Dr aw in g j 1 2m o ,
,

b
.

Pl an e Pr o l em s in El em en t ar y G eo m et r y 1 2m o
E B K
W IS A C H —~ in em at ic s an d Po w er o f Tr a n sm iss io n ( H R R A N N an d E M
,

KE
.

L IN ) .
8v o ,

W IL SO N ( H M — T o p o g r ap h ic T rig o no m et r ic an d G eo det ic Su r v ey in g 8 v o
v
. .
. , .
,

( V T ) Desc ri p t i e G eo m et ry “
. . 8vo ,

F ree h an d L et t er in g
-
8v o ,

F r ee h an d Pers p ec t iv e 8v o
v
-

W O O LF — Elem en t ar y C o ur se in Descrip t i e G eo m et r y
,

L a rg e 8 y o ,

ELECT RIC IT Y AND PHY S IC S .

A B G G —T h eo r y o f Elec t r o l y t ic Disso c iat io n

E ( V O N E ND ) 1 2m o E
b
. .

D EW
,

AN R S— H an d — o o k
fo r St r eet R ail w ay En g in eers 3 X 5 in c h es m o r ,
B
. .

Y
, .

A N TH O N an d A LL— L ec t u r e— n o t es o n t h e Th eo r y o f Elec t ric al M eas u r e

m en t s 1 2m o
an d RA C B TT— T ex t oo KE
o f Ph y sics ( MA G I ) b k S m all 8 v o E
,

BE M
-
.
,

N JA IN — H is t o r y o f El ec t r ic it y 8v o
BE ,
.

TT S— L ead R efi n in g an d El ec t r o l y sis 8y o
B E E E
U RG S S an d L E C H A T L I R— M easu r em ent o f H ig h T em p er at u r es T h ird .

E dit io n
C L AS S E N — Q v
u an t it at i e A n al y sis b y El ec t ro l y s is ( HA LI ( I n P r ess ) . .

10
C O LLI N S— M an u al o f W irel ess Tel eg rap h y and Telep h o n y 12m o ,
*
31 50
E
C R E HO R E an d S Q U I R— Po l arizing Ph o t o c h ro no g r a p h -
. 8vo, 3 00
DA N N EEL — El ect r o c h em is t r y 12m o * 1 25

b
.

DA S O NW E n g in eerin g and Elec t ric T r ac t io n Po c k et ook l o m or 5 00

‘

B
-
. . ,

DO LEZ A L E K — T h eo ry o f t h e Lead A cc u m ul a t o r ( St o rag e at t er y ) .

( VO N
EN DE ) . 12 m o , 2 50
D U H E M— Th er m o d y n am ics an d C h em is t r y .
( B U RG E SS . ) 8v o , 4 00
F L A T H E R— Dy n a m o m et ers , an d t h e M easu r em en t o f Po w er 12 m o , 3 00
G T E M A N— In t ro d u c t io n t o Ph y s ic al Sc ien c e 12m o ,
*1 5 0

G IL BE RT— De M ag n et e
( M O T TE L A Y ) . . 8v o , 2 50
E
H A N C H TT — Alt ern at in g C urren t s i 1 2m o *1
00
b
.
,

R ead y R eferenc e T a l es ( C o n v er sio n F ac t o rs ) . 16 m o m o r 2 50

B
.
, .
,

H O A RT a nd ELL IS— Hig h s p eed Dy n a m o Elec t ric M ac h in er y -

8v o ,
* 6 00

M
H OL A N— Pr ecis io n o i M eas u r em en t s
'

8v o 2 00
j
.
,

Tel esc o p e -
M ir ro r -
sc al e M et h o d A d us t m ent s an d T es t s
. , . L ar g e 8 v o
.
, 0 75
H U T C H IN SO N— Hig h Efii c ienc y -
Elec t ri c al Ill u m inan t s an d Ill u m in at io n .

*
S m all 8 y o 2 50
b
,

J E
ON S—
Elect r ic Ig nit io n fo r C o m u st io n M o t o rs *
4 . Sv o .
, 00
K A R A PE T OFF — E x p erim en t al Elec t ric al En g ineen n g
'

Vo l I . . . 8 v o "3 , 50
V o l II . . 8 v o *2 , 50
K IN Z B R U N N E 8v o 2 00
K
,

O C H— M at h em at ic s o f A p p lied El ec t r ic it y S m all 8 v o "3 , 00

D E
L A N A U R— Sp ec t r u m A n al y s is 8vo 3 00
j
. ,

L A U F EE R— El ec t ric al In u r ies 1 6 111 0 * 0 , 50

L OB — El ec t ro c h em is t r y o f O rg an ic C o m p o u n d s ( Lo R E N z ) 8yo 3 . . , 00
Y D
L N O N — Dev el o p m en t an d Elect r ic al Dis t r ib u t io n o f W at er Po w er 8 v o *3 .
, 00
Y
. .

L O N S— T r ea tis e o n Elec t r o m ag n et ic Ph en o m en a V o ls I a nd II 8 v o eac h * 6 . . , , , 00

M A R TIN— M easu rem ent o f In d u c t io n Sh o c s 12m o * 1 k
v
.
,

M Ic m E— El em en t s o f W a e Mo t io n R el at in g t o So u n d an d Lig h t 8 v o *4 . .
. 00
M O R G A N— Ph y s ic al C h em ist r y fo r Elec t ric al E n g in eers 1 2m o * 1 . , 50
N o R RIs— In t r o d u c t io n t o t h e St u d y o f El ec t r ic al E n g in eer ing 8 v o *2 . . 50
B
PA R S H A LL an d H O A RT— El ec t ric Mac h ine Des ig n 4 t o h al f m o r * 12 50
v
,

E
R A G A N— Lo co m o t i es : Sim p l e C o m p o u nd an d Elec t ri ,S m all 8 v o 3 , , 50
R O DE N HA U S E R an d SC H O E N A W A— Elec t ric F u r n ac es in t h e Iro n an d St eel
In du s t r y ( V O M AU R ) B . ( I n Pr es s ) .

R OS N E BER G — El ec t ric al E ng ineeri ng ( HA L A N G EE— K IN Z E R U NN E R ) S v o .

*
2 D E . .
, 00
Y
R A N— Desig n o f Elec t r ic al M ac h iner y :
V ol I . Dir ec t C u r r en t Dy n a m o s
. 8 y o *1
. , 50
V o l II . Al t er n at in g C u rr en t T ran s fo r m ers
. 8 y o *1 , 50
V o l III . Al t er nat o r s , S y n c h r o no u s M o t o rs a n d R o t ar y C o n v er t ers
. , .

8v o *1 50
b
,

S C H A PPE R— L a o r at o r y G u id e fo r St u d en t s in Ph y sic al C h em is t r y 1 2m o 1 . , 00
M
T IL L A N— El em ent ar y L es so ns in H eat Sv o * l 50
b
. .
,

TI MB EI — A n sw er s t o Pr o l em s in E lem en t s o f Elec t r icit y 12m o Pa p er * 0 . , , 25

El em en t s o f El ec t ric it y S m all 8 v o * 2 , 00
1 2m o *1
Essen t ials o f E lec t r ic it y 25
b
.
,

Y E
T O R an d PITC H R — M an u al o f La o r at o r y Ph y s ics S m all 8 v o 2 , 00
UL KE
— M o dern Elec t r o l y t ic C o p p er R efinin g 8v o 3 , 00
E
W A T RS — Co m m ercial Dy nam o Desig n 8 v o *2 , 00

LA W .

B E
R N N A N— Hand -
b oo k of Us eful Leg al Info r m at io n fo r B u s in ess M en
*5
mor 16 m o ,

V
D A IS— Elem en t s o f La w 8vo ,
*2
*7
T r eat ise o n t h e M ilit ar y L aw o f U n it ed S t at es 8v o .
,

D EY
DU L — Milit ar y Law an d t h e Pro c edu r e o f C o u rt s m art ial S m all 8 v o ,
*2

M A N U A L F O R C O U R TS M A RT IA L 16 m o m o r , , . 1
W A IT— En gi neeri ng and A rc h it ec t u ral u ris p r u denc e 8v o J .
, 6
Sh eep , 6
L aw o f C o nt r ac t s .
8v o .
. 3
L aw o f O p er at io ns Prelim in ar y t o C o ns t r u c t io n in E ngi n eerin g an d
A rc h it ec t u re .
8v 0 .
, 5
Sh eep , 5
 MAT HEMAT ICS .

B KEA R— Ellip t ic F u n c t io n s Sv o
B
. .
.

R IG G S — El em en t s o f Pla n e A n al y t ic G eo m et r y 1 2m o
B
. .
,

U C H A N A N — Plan e an d S p h eric al T rig o n o m et r y 8v o

B YE Y
.
,

R L — H ar m o nic F u n c t io n s 8v o . .

D E
C H A N L R— Elem ent s o f t h e In fi nit esim al C al c u l u s l 2m o ,

C O F EIN— V ec t o r A nal y s is . 12m o ,

CO MP T O N — M a n u al o f Lo g arit h m ic C o m p u t at io ns 1 2m o
b
,

K
DIC SO N— C o lleg e Al g e r a Sm all 8 v o
b q
,

Int r o du c t io n t o t h e Th eo r y o f A lg e raic E u a t ion s Sm all 8 v o

j v
,

M
E C H— In t r o d u c t io n t o Pr o ec t i e G eo m et r y an d it s A p p lic at io n 8vo
b
. . .

F IS KE — F u nc t io n s o f a C o m lex V ari a le
p 8v o .
,

ED
H AL S T — Elem en t ar y S y n t h et ic G eo m et r y 8v o .
,

El em ent s o f G eo m et r y 8vo .
,

R at io n al G eo m et r y 12m o
j v
,

S y nt h et ic Pr o ec t i e G eo m et r y 8v o ,

H A N C O C — Lec t u r es o n t h e Th eo ry o f Ellip t ic F u n c tio n s

K 8y o ,

H YDE — G r as s m ann '5 Sp a c e A n al y sis 8v o

B b e
.
,

JO H N SO N ( ) Th ree p lac e Lo g arit h m ic T a l es : V st p o c et s ize p ap er

J . .
-
k , ,

100 co p ieS
b
,

Mo un t ed o n h ea v y c ar d o ar d 8 X 1 0 inc h es , ,

10 C o p ies
b
,

( W W ) A ri d g ed Edit io n s o f Difi er ent ial a nd In t eg r al C alc u lu s

. . .

S m all 8 y o 1 v o l , m
C u r v e T r acin g in C ar t es ian C o — o r din at es 1 2m o
n
-

q
. , i

Difi eren t ial E u at io n s 8vo . . w

Elem ent ar y T reat is e o n Dif eren t ial C al c u lu s S m all 8 v o
a
-
u
,

El em en t a ry Tr eat is e o n t h e Int ernal C alc u lu s S m all 8 y o .

-
p

»
T h eo r et ic al M ec h an ic s 12m o no
o

q
,

T h eo r y o f Er ro rs an d t h e Met h o d o f Leas t S u a r es 12 m o e
-

T r eat is e o n Difi eren t ial C al c u l u s S m all 8 v o o

. , o

T r eat is e o n t h e In t eg r al Cal c u l u s S m al l 8 v o o

q
, o

T reat is e o n Or din ar y an d Par t ial Differen t ial E u at io ns S m all 8 y o . .

, w
K A R A PE I O F F — En g in eerin g A p p lic at io n s o f Hig h er M a t h em at ic s :
’ ‘

Par t I b
Pr o l em s o n M ac h in e Des ig n S m all 8 y o
»
11
o
K
. .
,

O C H— M at h em at ics o f A p p lied El ec t r ic it y S m all 8 v o *3

bb
,

P E
L A LA C — Ph il o so p h ic al E s s ay o n Pro a ilit ies ( T R U SC O T T a nd E O R ) . M Y .

1 2m o
q
,

L E M E SS U R IE R — K ey o t P ro fesso r W W o h n s o n
'
s Difi er ent ial E u at io n s
. . J .

S m al l 8 y o
b
,

L U DL o w — L o g ar it h m ic an d Tr ig o n o m et ric T a les 8vo

B
.
,

a nd A SS— El em en t s o f Tr ig o n o m et r y an d L o g arit h m ic a n d O t h er
T a l es b 8v o
b b ae
,

T r ig o n o m et r y a n d T a l es p u lis h ed s ep ar t l y E ac h .
,

E
M A C F A R LA N — V ec t o r A n aly s is an d u a t er n io n s Q 8v o
b
. .
,

M C M A H O N— H y p er o lic F u n c t io ns 8vo
— b q
,

M A N N IN G Ir r at io n al N u m ers an d t h eir R ep res en t at io n b y Se uenc es an d

Series 12 m o , 1
M A R S H— In d u s t rial Mat h em a t ic s S m all 8 v o .
,
*2

EM
M A TH A TIC A L M O N O G R A H S Edit ed b y P M A NSF I L
. M R R I A N a nd E D E M
RO RT S W OO BE AR . DW D O c t a v o eac h , , 1
N o 1 H ist o r y o f M o d er n M at h em at ics b y DA I E U G N S ITH VD E E M
j B E
. . , .

N o 2 S y nt h et ic Pr o ec t iv e G eo m et r y b y G O RG E R U C H A L ST
. . E , ED .

N o 3 Det er m in an t s b y L A E N A S G IF F O R W L D E D
b
. . .
,

N O 4 H y p er o l ic F u n c t io n s b y A S MC MA H O N J ME
M B YE
. . , .

N o 5 H ar m o nic F u n c t io n s b y W ILL IA E
. . RL Y , . .

N o 6 G r as s m a n n
'
s S p ac e A n al y s is b y E AR W H D DW D Y E
bb
. . , . .

No . Pro a ilit y an d Th eo r y o f Erro rs b y R O RT S W O O AR BE DW D

, . .

N O 8 V ec t o r A n al y sis an d u at er n io ns b y A L X A N Q
R M A C F A RL A N E E DE
q
. . . .

N o 9 Differen t ial E u at io n s b y W IL L I 1 M W O O L S O HN S O N EY J
q
. . , .

N o 1 0 T h e So lu t io n o f E u at io ns b y M A N S F I L M RRI A N E D E M
b
. . , .

N o 1 1 F u n ct io ns o f a C o m p l ex V ari a le b y T H O A S S F IS
. . M KE , . .

E
MA U R R— T ec h nic al M ec h a nic s
E M
M R R I A N — Met h o d o f L east S u ar es q
q
.

S o l u t io n o f E u a t io ns
Mo RITz— Elem en t s o f Pl an e Trig o no m et r y
H ig h S c h o o l E dit io n
M A C C O R D— Ki nem at ics ; or Pr ac t ic al M ec h an ism 8v o , m
M ec h anic al Draw in g . 4t o , e
l

V el o c it y Diag r am s 8v o w .
,

M A C F A R LA N D— St an d ar d R edu c t io n F ac t o r s fo r G as es 8v o u .
,

M A H A N— In du st n al Dr aw in g ( THO SO N )
'

8v o, m . MP .

E E
.

M H R T N S— G as E n g in e Th eo r y an d Des ig n S m all 8 v o , w
O BER G — H an d o o o f S m all T o o l s b k Sm all 8 v o w ,

PA R S H A L L an d H O A R T— El ec t r ic M ach in e Desig n B
S m all 4 t o h al f l eat h er * 12
v
. . , ,

P EE E
L — C o m p r ess ed A ir Pl a n t Seco n d E dit io n R e is ed a n d E n l ar g ed 8 v o * 3 .
, .

E
,

PO O L — C al o rifi c Po w er o f F u el s 8v o 3
E
.
,

PO RT R— E n g in eer in g R em in is c en c es 1 8 5 5 t o 1 8 8 2 8v o *3 ,

ED
.
,

R I — M ec h an ic al Dr aw in g ( El em en t ar y an d A d v an c ed ) 8 v o *2
b
. . .
,

k
T ext — o o o f M ec h ani c al Dr aw in g an d El em en t ar y M ac h in e Des ig n 8 v o , :
o .

D
R IC H A R S— C o m p r essed A ir 1 12 m o
n
-
l

B
,

R O IN S O N — Pr in c ip l es o f Mec h a n is m 8v o , o
E
.

S C H W A M B an d M R R ILL— Elem ent s o f Mec h an is m 8v o m ,

M
.

S IT H ( O ) — Pr es s —w o r kin g o f M et als
. 8v o m . .
,

( A W ) a n d M A R X— M a ch in e Desig n 8v o o

b b
. . c

E DW D
,

S O R L— C ar u r et ing an d C o m u s t io n in A lc o h o l Eng ines ( W OO AR an d .

PR S TO N ) E . S m all 8 v o 0
0

E
.
,

S T O N — Pr ac t ic al Tes t in g o f G as a n d G as M et er s 8v o
0
0 .
,

T H U R ST O N — A ni m al as a M ac h in e an d Prim e M o t o r an d t h e Law s o f ,

E n er g et ics 12m o ,

T r eat is e o n F ric t io n an d L o s t W o r in M ac h in er y a n d M ill W o r 8v o k k

b ,
. .

T ILL S O N— C o m p l et e A u t o m o il e In st r u c t o r 16 m o
W
T ITS O RT H— El em ent s o f M ec h an ic al Dr aw in g O lo n g 8 v o b ,

E
,

W A R R N— El em en t s o f M ac h in e C o n st r u c t io n an d Dr aw in g 8v o
E B Y
W A T R U R — V est Po c et H an d o o o f M at h em at ic s fo r E n g in eer s k -
b k .

2 5 X 5 3 in c h es m o r
E nl ar g ed E dit io n Inc l u din g T a l es m or b
K
,

E B
W IS A C H— in em at ics an d t h e Po w er o f T r a n sm iss io n (H RR A N N E M
KE
.

)
1
L IN 8v o 0
v KE )
.

E M
,

M h ac iner y o f T r an sm is s io n an d Go er n o r s (H RR A NN— L IN 8v o
1
0
D T b
. . .
,

W OO — u r in es 8y o , 0
[

M A TER IA L S O F E N G IN E E R IN G .

B O TT L E R— A m eric an V ar nish M a in g
G er m an ( SA IN ) an d Sm all 8 v o * 3 k B
B
. . .
,

U R R— El as t ic it y an d R esist a n c e o f t h e M at erial s o f E n g in eer in g 8v o ,

C H U R C H— M ec h an ic s o f En g in eeri n g 8v o
M ech anics o f So lids ( ein g Par t s I II , III o f Mec h anic s o f E n g in eerin g ) B ,
,

8v o ,
E J
F U LL R an d O H N S T O N — A p p l ied M ec h an ic s
Vol I T h eo r y o f S t at ic s an d
. . in et ic s ( I n Pr es s ) K .

V o l II St r en g t h o f M at erial s
. . .
( I n P rep ar atio n ) .

EE E
.

GR N — St r u c t u r al M ec h a nics 8vo ,
EY
H O L L — A n al y sis o f Paint an d V ar nish Pro du c t s Sm all 8 v o ,

Lead an d Zin c Pig m ent s S m all 8 v o

J
,

O H N SO N ( C M ) — R ap id Met h o ds fo r t h e C h em ic al A n al y sis o f Sp ecial

. .

St eel s St eel m a in g A ll o y s an d G r ap h it e k
Sm all 8 v o ,
B
-

, .

J( ) M at eri al s o f C o n st r u c t io n 8v o
K EEP — C ast Ir o n
. .
,

8v o
K IN G — El em ent s o f t h e M ec h ani c s o f M at eri als an d o f Po w er o f T r a n s
,

m issio n 8v o ,

Z
L A N A — A p p lied M ec h anic s 8v o .

WE
.
,

LO — Pain t s fo r St eel St r uct u r es 1 2m o

E
,

M A IR — M o d er n Pig m en t s an d t h eir V eh ic les 12m o

M A RTIN — T ex t o o o f M ec h an ic s : B -
k
V ol I S t at ics
K K
. . .

V o l II . in em at ic s an d
. in et ic s
V o l III . Mec h a nic s o f M at er ial s
.

V o l IV .A p p lied St at ic s .

E
M A U R R— T ech n ic al Mec h an ic s .

E M
M R R I A N — M ech anics o f M at erials
St r en g t h o f M at erials
E
M TC AL F— S t eel A M an u al fo r St eel u sers .
-

MU RDO C Ic— St ren g t h o f M at erials .

SA nIN— In du s t rial an d A r t ist ic T ech n o l o g y o f Pain t an d V ar nish 8 v o $3 00 . . ,

M
S IT H ( A W — M at erial s o f M ac h in es
. . 1 2111 0 ,

( H E — St ren g t h o f M at erial 1 2m o
v
. . .
,

T H U R S TO N— Mat erial s o f En g ineerin g 3 o ls 8 y o .

, ,

Part I N o n m et allic M at erial s o f Eng in eer ing

.
8y o ,

P art II Ir o n an d S t eel 8v o
B B
.
,

Part III A Tr eat is e o n. r asses r o n zes an d O t h er A ll o y s an d t h eir , ,

C o n st it u ent s 8v o
b M
. .
,

E B Y
W A T R U R — L a o rat o r y M an u al fo r T est ing at erial s o f C o nst r u c t io n .

1 2m o
D ( D V )—
,

W OO El em en t s o f A n al y t ic al M ec h an ic s
E . 8v o ,

Tr eat is e o n t h e R esis t an c e o f M at erial s a n d an A p p en dix o n t h e Pres er

v
at io n o f Tim er b 8v o .
,

( M P ) R u st less C o at i ng s
. . C o rr o sio n an d El ec t ro ly sis o f Iro n an d .

St eel 8y o ,

STEA M E N G IN ES A N D -
B O ILE R S .

A B H— M— St e m E
RA A a co n o m y in t h e Su g ar F ac t o ry (B Y E ) A L ( I n Pr ess )
B E Y T em p e t e e v
. . .

nt ro p y Diag r am

—
RR r a ur -
T h ir d . Ed it io n R e is ed an d En
l ar g ed ” 1 2m o , N
C A R N OT— R eflec t i n s o n t h e M o t i e Po w er o f H eat O ( T H U RS T O N 1 2m o v . .
,
‘

E
C HA S — A r t o f Pat t er n M a in g 1 2m o k ” , N
C R IG HTO N— St earn en g in e an d o t her H eat M o t o r s
E 8y o fl
b
-
.
, C

W
DA SO N an d El ect r ic T r ac t io n Po c ket k fl
E n gin eer in g oo 16m o m o r .
, C

G EB D
H A R T— St eam Po w er Pl an t E n g in eer in g 8v o O
v
,

G OS S— Lo c o m o t i e Per fo rm an c e 8v o ,
H
C

H EME W Y
N A — In dic at o r Pr ac t ic e an d S t eam en g ine E c o n o m y 1 2m o O
B
-
l
.
,

H IR S H F EL D an d A R N A R — H eat Po w er E n g in eerin g D 8v o .
, U
‘

H U TTO N— H eat an d H eat en g in es

‘
-
8v o . , O
M ec h anic al En g in eer in g o f Po w er Pl an t s
l

8v o O
KE B
,

N T— St eam o iler Ec o n o m y 8v o P
K
. , l

IN G— St eam E ng in eer ing ( I n P r ess )

K E j
.

N A S S— Pr ac t ic e an d Th eo r y o f t h e In ec t o r
i

8v o -

v
i
,

D
M A C C O R — Slid e al v es 8y o w
v
-
,

M EYE R— M o d er n L o c o m o t i e C o n st r u c t io n 4t o o
E BE Y b
,

M ILL R RR an d R IL — Pr o l em s in T h er m o d y n am ics EY
8 v o p ap er o
b
, , , ,

YE
M O R— St earn T u r in es 8v o .
, p
E B DY
P A O — M an u al o f t h e S t eam —eng ine In dic at o r 1 2m o m
b
,

T a l es o f t h e Pr o p er t ies o f St eam an d O t h er V ap o r s an d T em p erat u r e

E n t r o p y Ta le b 8v o .
,
a
y -

Th er m o dy n a m ics o f t h e St eam en g ine an d O t h er H eat en g in es 8v o m

b
- -
. .
,

T h er m o d y n am ics o f t h e St eam Tu r in e 8v o w
v
.
,

V al e g ears fo r S t eam en g in es 8v o m
b
- -
.
,

an d M ILL R— St eam o iler s E -

8v o .
, p
E K
P R IN S— In t r o du c t io n t o G en er al T h er m o d y n am ics 1 2m o H
b
,

P
PU IN— Th er m o d y n am ics Of R ev er s i l e C y c l es in G as es an d Sat u r at ed
V ap o rs ( O S T R RG ) E BE 1 2m o H
v
. . ,

E
R A G A N— L o c o m o t i es : Sim p l e C o m p o u n d an d Elec t r ic N ew E dit io n , , . .

S m all 8 y o :
0

v
,

S IN C L A IR— L o c o m ot i e E ng ine R u nn in g an d M an ag em ent 1 2m o

9
5

b b
,

M k
S A R T— H an d o o o f E ng in eerin g La o r at o r y Pr ac t ic e 1 2m o 0

—
1

b
. .
,

W
S N O — St eam — o iler Pr ac t ic e 8v o .
.
,
0
0

P E
S A N G L R— N o t es o n T h er m o dy n am ic s 1 2m o
4

v
. . , l

8y o e
V al e g ear s -

i
, t

EE E
GR N an d M A R S H A L L
— El em en t s o f St ea m en g ineer n g 8v o
s
o

b
-
,

M
T H O A S— St eam t u r in es 8v o “
h

T H U RS T O N — M an u al o f St eam o il er s t h eir Desig n s , C o n s t r u c t io n an d -

b , ,
!
O p er at io n 8v o , 0
Man u al o f t h e St eam engi n e 2 o ls 8 v o
-
.
.
v , 0
3

Par t 1 H ist o r y St r uc t u re an d Th eo r y
. ,
8v o . . , 0
3

Par t II Desig n C o n st ru ct io n an d Op er at io n 8y o , 0
B
, .

W E H R E N F E N N IG —A n al y s is an d So ft en in g o f o il er F eed w at er E
.

( PA T T R -
.

i
S ON ) 8y o fl

B
,

E B
.

W IS A C H— H eat St eam an d St eam en g ines ( DU O IS )

‘

, ,
8v o -
. . ,
J
C

W H II H A M— S t eam en g ine Des ig n

‘
’ ‘
- 8v o , U
W o o o —T h erm o dy n am ics , H eat Mo t o r s an d R efrig er at in g M ac hines 8v o . . , P
 MEC HA NIC S PURE A ND A PPL IED .

C H U R C H— M ec h anics o f E n g in eer ing 8v o

B
. ,

Mec h anics o f So lid s ( ein g Pa r t s I 1 1 III o f M ec h a n ic s , , o f E ng ineer in g ) .

8y o

(B
,

M ec h an ic s F l u ids ein g Par t IV o f M ec h an ic s o f E n g in eerin g ) 8 v o

of . ,

M ec h an ic so f In t er n al W o r k
8v o ,

N o t es an d E x am p l es i n M ec h anic s 8y o ,
b k
D A N A — T ex t o o o f El em en t ar y Mec h a n ics fo r C o ll eg es an d Sc o l s 1 2m o ho
DU B O Is— El em en t ar y Pr in cip l es o f M ec h an ics :
Vol I K in em at ics
. .

V o l II St at ics
. . .

Mech anic s o f En g in eer in g Vol I . .

V o l II .

E J
F U L L R an d O H N ST O N— A p p lied M ec h anics
Vol 1 T h eo r y o f St at ics an d K in et ics
. . ( I n P r ess ) .

V o l II S t ren g t h o f M at erials
. . ( I n P r ep ar at io n ) .

GR EE EN — St r u c t u r al M ec h an ic s 8v o ,

M
H A R T A N N— El em ent ar y M ec h an ic s fo r E n g in eer in g St u den t s 1 2m o ,
JA ME KS— inem at ics o f a Po in t an d t h e R at io n al M ec h anics o f a Part ic l e .

Sm all 8 v o ,
J O H N SO N ( W W ) T h eo r et ic al M ec h anic s 12m o ,
K
. . .

IN G— El em ent s o f t h e M ec h anics o f M at er ia ls an d o f Po w er o f Tr an s
m issio n 8v o
ha b t
,
.

K O I I C A M P— E x er c ises fo r t h e A p p l ied M ec
'
n ic s L a o r a o r y Lo o s e L eaf
‘

b b
,

L a o r at o r y M an u al O l o n g 4 t o p ap er
.
, ,

Z
L A N A — A p p lied M ec h a nics 8v o
B
. .

M A R T IN — T ex t o o o f M ec h an ics k
V ol I St at ics
K K
. .

V o l II . in em at ics an d
. inet ic s
V o l III .M ec h anics o f M at erial s
.

V o l IV A p p l ied St at ics
. . .

E
M A U R R— T ec h n ic al M ec h anics
E M
M R R I A N — El em en t s o f Mec h anics
M ec h anics o f M at erials .

E
M IC H I — Elem ent s o f A n al y t ic al Mec h a nics
B
R O I N SO N— Prin c ip l es o f M ec h anis m
B
SA N O R N— M ec h an ic s Pr o lem s b
E
S C H W A M B an d M R R ILL— El em en t s o f M ec h an is m
W O O — El em en t s o f A n al y t ic al M ec h an ic s
D
Princ ip l es o f Elem ent ar y M ec h an ic s

M EDICA L .

A BDE R HA L DE N — Ph y sio lo g ical C h em is t r y in T h ir t y Lec t u r es .

( H A LL an d
DE F R E N ) 8v o
— b B
. .
,

V O N B EH RiN o Su p p r essio n o f T u er c u l o s is ( o ld u an ) 1 2m o ,
B D
.

O L U A N— Irn m u n e S er a 12m o ,
B DE
OR T— St u dies in Im m u n it y ( GA Y ) . 8v o .
,

P
.

C H A IN — T h e S o u rc es and M o des o f Infec t io n m all 8 y o

EM
,

C O H N H I — En z y m es 1 2m o
VE P
DA N O R T— St at ist ic al M et h o ds w it h Sp ec ial R efer en c e t o io l o g ic al V aria B ,

t io ns 16m o m o r , .

EF F R O N T— En z y m es an d Th eir A p p lic at io n s ( R S C O TT 8v o PE
B D
. . . .
,

E H RL IC H— St u dies o n Im m u nit y ( OL U A N 8vo,

. .

E PE
.

EU L R— G eneral C h em ist r y o f t h e E n zy m es ( PO 8v o , . .

E
F ISC H R— N ep h rit is Sm a l 8 v o l ,

O ed em a 8v o ,

Ph y s io l o g y o f A lim ent at io n Sm all 8 y o ,

DE F U RS A C— M anu al o f Psy c h iat r y ( R O SA N O F F an d C O LL IN S ) Sm all 8 v o

v
. . ,

E Q
F U LL R— u alit at i e A n aly sis o f M edicin al Pr ep ar at io n s 1 2m o
b
. . ,

H A MMA R STE N — T ext — o o o n Ph y sio lo g ic al C h em ist r y k 8v o

b
. ,

J K
.

A C SO N Dir ec t io ns fo r L a o r at o ry W o r in Ph y sio l o g ic al C h em is t r y 8 v o k ,

L A S S A R C O H N — Pr ax is o f U rin ar y A n aly sis 12m o

E— j
-
. .
,

LA U F F R El ec t r ic al In u r ies 16m o
b
M A N L— Hand o o fo r t h e B io C h em ic al L a o rat o ry b ,
.

DE -
k 1 2m o ,-
. .

16
DU D L EY— Milit ar y L a w an d t h e Pro c edu r e o f C o urt s -
m ar t ial Sm all 8 v o ,
*2
50
DU RA N D— R es ist a nc e a n d Pro p u ls io n o f Sh ip s
.

8v o , 5 00
DYE R— IIand b o o k o f Lig h t A r t ill er y
-
12m o ,
*3
00
EISSL E R — M o der n Hig h E x p l o s iv es 8v o 4 00
F IE B E G E R— Text o o o n F ield F o r t ifi c at io n b
.
.

k Sm all 8 v o , * 2 00

B D
-
.

HA IM
L TO N an d ON — T e G u nner s C at ec h is m
h
'
18 m o 1 00
v
. .
,

H O F F ~—El em ent ary N a al T act ics 8v o *1

50
b k b
.
,

IN G A LL s — H an d o o o f Pr o lem s in Dir ec t Fire 8y o , 4 00

In t er io r allist ics B 8v o .
*3
00
K
,

L IS SA — O r dn an c e an d Q u n n ery 8v o *

om
6 00
b
. .
,

LU DL o w — Lo g arit h m ic a n d T rig o n et ric T a l es *1 0

0
L O N S —T r eat ise o n Elect ro m ag net ic Ph en o m en a V o l s I a n d II 8 v o eac h
Y . . .
.
*
6 00
E
,

M A HA N — Per m anen t F o rt ifi c at io ns ( M R CU R) 8 v c h alf m o r . , .

,
*7 5
0
M A N U A L F_ 0R C O U R TS M A R T IA L -
16m o m o r , 1 50
E
M RC U R— A t t ac o f F o rt ifi ed Pl aces k 00
E lem ent s o f t h e A rt o f W ar 8 v o * 4 00
j
.
.

NI X O N — A d u t an t s
’
Man u al 24 m o 1 00 ,

E B DY
P A O N av al A r c h it ec t u r e
-
8v o 7 50 ,

Pro p ell ers 8v o 1 25

PH L SE P Pr ac t ic al Ma n n e Su r eyi n g
-
'

v 8 v o *2 5 0
,

M
PU T N A — N au t ic al C h ar t s 8v o 2 00
R U S T— E x m er idian A lt it u de A z im u t h an d St ar Fin din g T a les
-
, 8v o 5 00 -
b ,

E K K
,

S L I R — C at ech is rn o f M an u al o f G u ar d Du t y 24 m o * 0 5 0
b
.
,

S HA R PE— A rt o f Su s is t in g A rm ies in W ar 18 m o , m o r 1 50
Y
T A L O R— Sp eed an d Po w er o f Sh ip s 2 o ls Text 8 v o p l at es o l o n g 4 t o *7 5 0 v b
B
. .
,

PE E
,

TU S an d PO OL — M an u al o f ay o n et E xerc is e an d M u s et r y F en cin g k .

24 111 0 , leat h er *0 5 0
W A E VE R — Milit ar y E x p l o si es v 8 v o * 3 00 .
,

D
,

W O O H U L L— Milit ary H y giene fo r Ofii c ers o f t h e Lin e Sm all 8 v o , * 1 5 0 .

M INERALO G Y .

B R O W N IN G — Int ro du c t io n t o R ar er El em ent s 8 v o , *1 5 0
B R U S H— M an u al of Det erm in at i v M e in er alo g y (P NF I E E D)L 8v o ,
I
4 00
B b f Bl
. .

UTL E R~— Po c k et H an d— oo ko o w p ip e A n a ly sis 1 6 111 0 , *0 7 5

k
Po c et H an d -
b oo k Mineral s
of 16 m m m o r . .
, 3 00
E E
C H S T R— C at al o g u e o f Minerals 8 v o p ap er. . , , 1 00
Clo t h 1 25
E
C RA N — G o ld and Sil er v 8v o .
,

,
*5
00
DA N A — Fir st A p p en dix t o Dan a s New Sy st em o f Min er alo g y
'
L ar g e 8 v o .
, 1 00
Seco n d A p p en dix t o Da n a s N ew S y s t em o f M iner alo g y
’
Lar g e 8 y o .
, 1 50
M an u al o f Min er al o g y ( F OR ) . 1 2m o D . . . ,
*2 00
M in er al s , an d Ho w t o S t u dy Th em 1 2m o , 1 50
S y st em o f Miner al o g y Lar g e 8 v o h alf leat h er 12 50
b
. , ,

T ext o o o f Min er al o g y k 8v o 4 00
j
-
.
,

DOU G LA S Unt ec h nic al A d dr esses o n Tec h nic al Su b ect s 1 2m o 1 00

b
-

K E
EA L — M iner al T a l es 8v o 1 25
B
.
,

EC L—KE u il din g St o n es an d Cl ay s 8v o *3
00
B
.
,

G OES EL— Min er al s an d M et al s : A R efer en c e o o 16m o m o r , k , . 3 00

*3
GR O IH — T h e Op t ic al Pr o p er t ies o f Cr y st als UA C K SO N ) 8v o 50
' ‘
. .
,

Int ro du ct io n t o C h em ic al C r y s t all o g r ap h y ( MA RS H A L L ) 12m o 1 25

b
.
,

HA YE
S— H an d o o fo r F ield G eo lo g is t s k IGm o m o r . .
,
*1
50
IDDi N c s — Ig neo u s R o c s k 8v c , 5 00
Roc k
Miner als 8v o , 5 00
JOH A N N S N E
— Det erm in a’cio n o f R o c fo r m ing M iner als in Th in Sect io ns 8 y o k
b
-

, ,

W it h Th u m Index 5 00
v
,

L EW
IS — Det er m inat i e Min er al o g y S m all 8 v o , *1 5
0
b
M A RT i N— L a o rat o ry G u ide t o u alit at i e A n al y s is w it h t h e B IO W p ip e 12m oQ v . ,
*0 6 0

E
M R R ILL — No n m et allic Min er als : Th eir O c c u rrenc e an d U s es 8y o 4 00
B
-
,

St o n es fo r u il din g an d Dec o r at io n 8y o 5 00
v
,

E E D
P N F I L — N o t es o n Det er m in at i e Min er alo gy an d R ec o r d o f M in er al
8 v o p ap er *0 50
T est s
b
.
. ,

T a l es o f Miner als Incl u ding t h e U s e o f Miner als an d St at ist ics o f

,

Do m est ic Pro du c t io n . 8v o , 1 00
PIRSS O N — R o c s and R o c M iner als k k 1 2111 0 .
*2
50
R Ia lm s —Sy no p sis o f Min er al C h arac t e 1 2m o , m o r *1 2
5
 B
R IE s— u ildin g St o nes an d C l ay Pr o du c t s . 8v o ,

*
00
C l ay s : T h eir O c c u r r en c e Pr o p ert ies an d U s es ,
8 y o , 5 00
a n d L E IG l ITO N
— H is t o r
-
y o f t h e C l ay w o r in g Ind u s t r y k of t h e U nit ed
St at es . 8 v o , *2 5 0
.

RO WE
— Pr ac t ic al M in er al o g y Sim p lifi ed 1 2m o * 1 2 5
b
.
,

M
T ILL A N — T ex t oo k
o f Im p o r t an t M in er al s an d R o c s
-
k 8 v o * 2 00 ,

W A S H IN G TO N — M an u al o f t h e C h em ic al A n al y sis o f R o c s k 8v o 2 00 ,

MINING .

B E D —M—i
AR ne G ases an d E x p l o s io n s S m all 8 v o *3
KB E
,

B R U N S W IG Ex p l o s iv es ( M U N R O an d I L R ) E
R ead y F all 1 9 1 2
v
.
.
,

E
C R A N — G o ld an d S il er . 8 y o *5 ,

In d ex o f Minin g E n g in eer ing Lit er at u r e V o l I 8v o 1 , . .

-

*
8v o m or 5 ,

V o l II 8 v o *3 . .
,

8 y o m o r , *4 , .

O r e Minin g M et h o ds 8 v o *3 .
,

DA N A an d SA U N R S— R o c DE
Drillin g k 8 v o *4
bj
.
,

DO U G L A S— U n t ec h nic al A ddr ess es o n T ec h n ic al Su ec t s 1 2m o , 1 .

E IS S L E R— M o d er n H ig h E xp l o siv es 8y o 4
b Y
.
,

G IL R T , W IG H T A N an d SA U N D R S— Su w ay s an d T u nnel s o f N ew
BE M E or k .

8 v o *4
G O E S E L— Miner als an d M et als : A R efer en c e o o 16 m o m o r , 3 B k , .
,

IH L S E N G— M an u al o f M in in g . 8v o 5 .
,

ILE s— L ead Sm el t i n g 1 2m o *2
EE E
.
,

P L — C o m p r es s ed A ir Pl an t 8 v o *3
EME EE E
.
,

RI k
R— Sh aft Sin in g u n der Diffi c u lt C o n dit io ns ( C O R N IN G a n d P L ) . .

8v o 3
W A E VE R— M ilit ar y E x p l o si es v 8 v o *3 ,
,

W ILS O N — H y dr au l ic an d Pl ac er Minin g 1 2m o 2 ,

T r eat is e o n Pr ac t ic al an d Th e o r et ic al M ine V ent il at io n 1 2m o 1 ,

S A NITA RY SC IENCE .

A SS O C IA TIO N ST A T
OF E
A N D N A T IO N A L F O O A N D DA IR D A RT N TS , D Y EP ME
H ar t fo r d M eet in g , 1 9 06 8v o 3 00
J
,

am est o w n M eet in g 1 9 07 8v o 3 00
B
,

E
,

A S H O R — O u t l in es o f Pr ac t ic al S ani t at io n 1 2m o ,
*1 2
5
S anit at io n o f a C o u nt r y H o u s e 12m o , 1 00
S anit a t io n o f R ecr eat io n C a m p s an d Par s 12 m o k , 1 00
F OL WE
L L— S ew er ag e ( Desig nin g C o n s t r u c t io n an d M ain t en anc e )
.
, 8v o , .
, 3 00
W at er s u p p l y En g in eerin g
-
8v o , 4 00
W E
F O L R— Sew ag e W o r s A n al y s es k 1 2m o .
, 2
E E
F U R T S— W at er— fi l t r at io n W o r s k 1 2m o 2 50
E D
,

G R H A R — G u ide t o Sanit ar y In sp ec t io n s 12m o 1 50

B B
.
,

M o d ern at h s an d at h H o u s es
'

8v o *3

b B
. .
,

Sanit at io n o f Pu lic u ildin g s 1 2m o 1 50

b B
.
,

T h e W at er S u p p l y , Sew er ag e an d Plu m in g o f M o der n C it y , u il din g s .

8v *4
o 00
ZE
,

HA N—
C l ean W at er an d H o w t o G et It Sm all 8 y o 1 50
b
Filt r at io n o f Pu lic W at er —su p p lies 8v o .
,

3 00
W
.
,

K I N N IC U TT W IN S L O
, an d P RA TT— S ew ag e Dis p o s al 8v o * 3 00

E
,

L A C H— In sp ec t io n an d A n al y sis o f F o o d w it h S p ec ial R efere n c e t o St at e

C o n t ro l Sv o 7 50
B
.
,

MA S O N— Ex am in at io n o f W at er ( C h em ic al an d ac t erio l o g ic al )
. 1 2m o . .
, 1 25
W at er s u p p ly
-

( C o nsidered p r in c ip ally fro m a San it ar y St an dp o int )

. .

8y o 4 00
E M
,

M R R I A N— Elem en t s o f Sanit ary En gin eeri n g 8v o .

,
* 2 00

OG DEN— Sew er C o ns t r u c t io n . 8v o .
, 3 00
S ew er Des ig n 1 2m o .
, 2 00
OG DEN an d C L EVE D
LA N — Pr ac t ic al M et h o ds o f Sew ag e Dis p o s al fo r R es
id en c es H o t el s an d Inst it u t io n s
, Sy o ,
*1 50
PA R S O N S— Dis p o s al o f M u nicip al R efu s e
.

8v o .
, 2 00
19
PR E S C O TT an d W
W IN S L O — Elem ent s o f W at er B ac t erio l o g y , w it h Sp ec ial
R eferenc e t o S an it ar y W at er A n al y sis 1 2m o
b
.

PR IC E — H an d o o k o n S anit at io n 1 2m o ,
D
R IC H A R S— C o n s er v at io n b y S anit at io n . 8v o . ,

C o st o f C lean n ess 1 2m o ,

C o st o f F o o d A St u d y in Diet ari es
. 1 2m o ,

C o st o f Liv in g as M o difi ed b y Sanit ar y Scienc e 1 21110

C o st o f Sh elt er 1 2m o
b
.
,

L a o r at o r y N o t es o n In d u s t ri al W at er A n al y s is 8v o ,

D
R IC H A R S an d W O O A N— Air DM W at er an d F o o d fro m a Sanit ar y St an d
, ,

p o int 8v o 2
b B
,

R IC H EY
— Plu m e r s
'
St ea m fi t
, t er s an d T in n er s
'
Edit io n ( u ilding M ech an
,

ics R ead y R eferen c e S er ies) 16 m o m o r

’

v
. ,

RI DEA L— Disinfec t io n and t h e Pres er atio n o f F o o d 8v o

b
.
,

SO PER— Air a nd V en t il at io n o f Su w ay s 1 2m o
b
. ,

E
T U R N EA U R E an d R U SS LL— Pu lic W at er s u p p lies 8y o
b
-
,

E B E
V N A L — G ar ag e C rem at o r ies in A m eric a 8v o
B
,

Met h o d an d Dev ic es fo r act erial T r eat m ent o f Sew ag e 8v o

B
,

D PP E
W A R an d W H I L — F r esh w at er io lo g y ( I n P r ess ) .

PP E
W H I L — M ic r o s c o p y o f Drin in g w at er k 8vo
v
-
.
.

T y p h o id F e er S m all 8 v o ,

V al u e o f Pu r e W at er Sm all 8 v o ,

M ISC ELLA NEO US .

B URT— R ailw ay St at io n S erv ic e 12m o * 2 ,

P
C H A I N — Ho w t o En am el 1 2m o * 1
E M O N S—G eo l o g ic al G u id e o o b
,

M of t h e Ro c y
-
k
Mo u n t ain Exc u rsio n o f t h ek
In t er n at io n al C o n g r es s o f G eo lo g ist s L ar g e 8 v o H
E E
,

F RR L— Po p u l ar T reat is e o n t h e W in d s
Z E D B
F IT G R A L — o st o n M ac h in ist
8v o
18 m o
Q .
,

—
‘

b
P

Z J
,

F R IT A u t o io g r ap h y o f o h n 8v o N
b
-
.

E
.
,

G A N N TT— St at is t ic al A st r a c t o f t h e W o rld 24 m o O
GR EE N — El em ent ar y H e r ew G r am m ar b . 12m o H
,

E
,

H A IN S— A m eric an R ail w ay M anag em en t 1 2m o N .

,

H A N A U S E K — Th e M icro sc o p y _ o f T ec h n ic al Pr o d u c t s ( W IN T O N ) 8v o
‘

U
J B B B b
. . .
,

A C O S— et t er m en t riefs A C o l lec t io n o f Pu lis h ed Pap ers o n O r g an

.

iz ed In d u st r ial E ffi c ien c y 8v o 0

d the
0

n
a
.
,

E E
M TC A L F — C o st o f Manu fa c t u res A d m inist r at io n o f W o r sh o p s
, k .

8v o 5 ,

PA RK H U R sr — A p p lied M et h o ds o f S c ient ifi c M an ag em ent 8 v o *2

'

M
,

P U T N A — N au t ic al C h art s 8v o 2 ,

R IC KE T TS— H ist o r y o f R enss el aer Po l y t ec h nic In st it u t e 18 24—1 8 94 . .

S m all 8 v o 3
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