Limts & Fits In

Machine Design

Submitted to
Prof. Tahir Abas
Submitted by
HaSSaN Abdullah
Roll no.
15704
Mechanical Engineering
APRIL 29

GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY FAISALABAD

Authored by: References are given

1
Limts & Fits In Machine Design
fits:
When two parts are to be assembled, the relationship from the difference between their sizes
before assembly is called a fit.

Depending on the limits of shaft and hole, fits are classified in to three groups.

 Clearance fit
 Transition fit
 Interference fit
Clearance fit :
A fit which always provides a clearance between the hole and shaft entire the range of
tolerance.In this case the tolerance zone of the hole is entirely above that of shaft.
In this type of fit the shaft diameter is always less than the hole diameter. For any
hole and shaft assembly, if the upper limit size of the shaft is less than the lower limit size of the hole then
that type of fit is known as clearance fit. Shaft can freely slide or rotate in the hole. Force is not required for
this fit.

Interference fit:
A fit that always provides a positive interface over the
whole range of tolerance.In this case the tolerance zone of the hole is completely below of the shaft.

2
 In this type of fit the minimum diameter of the shaft is always greater than the maximum diameter of the hole.
There is no relative motion between shaft and hole. Force is required for this fit (either heating the hole or
freeing the shaft)

Transition fit :
A fit that may provide either a clearance or interference depending
upon the actual values of the individual tolerance of a mating components.In this case the tolerance zone of
the hole and shaft overlap .

If the maximum hole size is greater than smaller size of shaft or minimum
hole size is lesser than maximum size of shaft, such type is called transition fit. This type of fit lies mid way
between clearance fit and interference fit and it may sometimes provide clearance fit and sometimes
interference fit. For may or may not be required.

3
 “Limts’’
In mechanical engineering System of limits or Limit System is a concept of controlling the sizes
of machine elements while manufacturing of each component. Because taking exact dimensions is an ideal
condition but in practical(Manufacturing/Measuring) methods, it is not possible. So limit system enables how
much amount of deviation is acceptable.

When one part is matting with another one, first of all, the fit between the two parts must be determined.
To determine the fit, we must take one component as the constant member and the second component will
have the deviations according to the type of fit chosen.
By making a constant member we can classify them as hole basis system and shaft basis system. these are the
two bases of the limit system. In hole basis system Hole values are constant and the deviations will be

4
considered in the shaft dimensions. In Shaft basis system the shaft dimensions are constant and the deviation
will be considered in the hole dimensions.

1. Nominal size
2. Basic size
3. Actual size
4. Limits of sizes
5. Tolerance
6. Allowance
7. Tolerance zone
8. Zero line
9. Upper deviation
10. Lower deviation
11. Actual deviation
12. Mean deviation
13. Fundamental deviation

The term shaft is meant for any external dimension of the part whereas the hole represents for the internal
dimension of the part.

5
Nominal size:
The exact size of the component which is mentioned in the drawing for the ideal condition.( For the
convenience purpose only).

Example: A 30mm shaft. Here 30mm is the Nominal size. where we use 30mm hole for this shaft. but further,
we apply limits accordingly with the type of fits

Basic Size:
This basic size an nominal size often same. This basic size is the dimensions where we apply tolerances.

Example: 30.000±0.015 where the 30.00 is the basic size.

Actual Size:
This is the actual dimension of the part taken by a measuring instrument. This actual dimension should not
exceed the tolerance limits mentioned to the basic size.

Example: The size of the Shaft measured with the vernier calliper is 30.010 (This is an actual dimension of the
shaft)

Limits of Sizes:
The extream possible deviation is called as the limit of the size. there are two extream possible limits of sizes.
they are the maximum limit(Upper Limit), The Minimum Limit(Lower limit).

Example: A shaft dimensioned is mentioned 30.000±0.015 then 30.015 is the maximum limit(Upper
Limit), 29.985 is the minimum Limit(Lower Limit)

6
 Set screw

A set screw is a type of screw is used to joint a object within or another object, normally not using a nut. The
most common examples are securing a pulley or gear to a shaft. Set screws are usually headless meaning that
the screw is fully threaded and has no head projecting past the major diameter of the screw thread. If a set
screw has a head, the thread will extend all the way to the head

If it has a head on one end it is a screw. The head is driven or turned with a screw driver or sometimes with a
wrench. The diameter ranges vary to meet demands and needs of specific products. Screws are generally
turned into an object, like a piece of wood, so the head needs to be bigger than the surface. This prevents the
screw from being turned further than the length of the screw itself. There are a few exceptions. For example,
set screws have smaller heads and have special uses. There are a few screws that are tightened
counterclockwise but most of them are tightened by turning clockwise

7
 Types :

Allen, Cup point

Cup points have a cup-shaped point to indent into the contact material and is a
commonly used style for permanent or semi-permanent installations on soft or hard surfaces. Allen (hex
socket) drive is a six-sided recess for use with an allen wrench (hex key).

 Stainless steel 18-8

 Stainless steel 316
 Alloy steel black oxide finish

8
 Allen, Cone point
Cone points have a sharp penetrating point to wedge into the contact material
offering strong holding power in a permanent application or to be used for fine adjustments on soft or hard
surfaces. Allen (hex socket) drive is a six-sided recess for use with an allen wrench (hex key).

 Stainless steel 18-8

 Alloy steel black oxide finish

Allen, Half dog point

Half dog points have a cylindrical tip that fits into a drilled hole or against ground flat in a
permanent application and can be used for fine adjustments on soft or hard surfaces. Allen (hex socket) drive
is a six-sided recess for use with an allen wrench (hex key).

 Stainless steel 18-8

 Alloy steel black oxide finish

9
 Allen, Knurled cup point

Knurled cup points have a cup-shaped point with a serrated ridge that helps resist loosening due to vibration
in a permanent application on soft or hard surfaces. Allen (hex socket) drive is a six-sided recess for use with
an allen wrench (hex key).

 Stainless steel 18-8

 Alloy steel black oxide finish

10
Thread locker & Anti-seize
Thread locker prevents fasteners from loosening after installation. Anti-seize helps prevent seizing (galling)
during installation.

Metric set screws

Screws with no head and machine threads for use in a tapped hole.

11
Keys And Pins
Keys and pins are used to prevent relative rotary motion between machine parts intended to
act together as one piece. If we drill completely through a hub and across the shaft, and insert a tightly fitted
pin, any rotary motion of the one will be transmitted to the other, provided the pin does not fail by shearing
off at the joint between the shaft and the hub. The shearing area is the sum of the cross-sections of the pin
at the joint.

When pins are driven across the shaft as in the first instance, they are usually made taper. This is
because it is easier to ream a taper hole to size than a straight hole, and a taper pin will drive more
easily than a straight pin, it not being necessary to match the hole in hub and shaft so exactly in order
that the pin may enter. The taper pin will draw the holes into line as it is driven, and can be backed out
readily in removal.
Keys of the rectangular form are either straight or tapered, but for different reasons from those just
stated for pins. Straight keys have working bearing only at the sides, driving purely by shear, crushing
being exerted by the side of the key in both shaft and hub, over the area against the key. The key itself
does not prevent end motion along the shaft; and if end motion is not desired, auxiliary means of
some sort must be resorted to, as, for example, set screws through the hub jamming hard against the
top of the key.

12
If end motion along the shaft is desired, the key is called a spline, and, while not jammed against the
shaft, is yet prevented from changing its relation to the hub by some means such as illustrated in Fig.
G5.
Taper keys not only drive through sidewise shearing strength, but prevent endwise motion by the
wedging action exerted between the shaft and hnb. These keys drive more like a strut from corner to
corner; but this action is incidental rather than intentional, and the proportions of a taper key should
be such that it will give its full resisting area in shearing and crushing, the same as a straight key.

Retaining rings

Retaining rings are engineered components used to hold many

types of assemblies together. They are precision engineered to accurately position, locate and retain
parts on shafts or in bores. The rings are installed into a groove, and all the other components of the
assembly sit against and are retained by the ring.

13
Retaining ring designs include spiral, tapered and constant section. Spiral rings do not have ears or lugs
to interfere within the assembly like standard stamp rings. Tapered section rings feature compressible
lugs to give them a circular shape in the groove, allowing them to grip tightly along the edge. Constant
section retaining rings are best suited for heavy-duty applications. They feature a uniform, constant
section with no change in width throughout their entire circumference. Some specialty designs exist as
well, including ones that feature a very shallow groove for use on thin-walled sections of components.

They help reduce costs by eliminating threading and other machining and offer reduced weights and
sizes.

In hydraulic systems, spiral retaining rings are used most often on the cylinder, particularly to retain
the seal packing in cylinders. Retaining rings replace machined “steps” to retain the packing.
Additionally, retaining rings are also found in hydraulic couplers, hydraulic pumps and other hydraulic
components that need secure fastening.

In pneumatic systems, they can be found in actuators, compressors, couplers, etc., to help fasten
components as needed.

Standard materials for retaining rings include carbon steel, carbon spring steel, 302 stainless steel, and
316 stainless steel. Other available materials include phosphor bronze, beryllium copper, Inconel,
Hastelloy, and more.

A different type of ring design, called a “scraper ring,” is also used in hydraulic cylinders. These rings
help keep debris out of the seal portion of the cylinder to extend the life. They are typically made out
of a soft material, such as beryllium copper, so they can hone to the shaft

14
Specifying rings for fluid power systems
The most important detail to know when selecting a retaining ring for your application is to know if the
groove for the ring will be located on a shaft (external) or in a bore (internal) and then specify the
diameter of that shaft or bore. Additionally, if the ring will be subjected to axial thrust loads, the ring
specifications need to be checked to determine whether a light-duty, medium-duty or heavy-duty ring is
required. Finally, the material needs to be selected based on what type of corrosive media the ring will
be subjected to.

External Circlip is one of the most common types of circlips with grooves which are used in shafts. it is
engineered in a way that its curved beams and can offer uniform strength while the reduced radial width
towards the open ends enables to retain the circular shape permanently for enduring use. with these
properties, external circlips help applications in assemblies that are exposed to strong centrifugal forces
and also to protect from high rotational speeds.

POWER SCREWS:
•
FUNCTION OF A POWER SCREW
IS
• Provide a means for obtaining a large mechanical advantage
• Transmit power by converting angular, into linear motion
• Common applications include
• Lifting jacks, presses, vices, and lead screws for lathe machines

• GEOMETRY AND DIMENSIONS

• The power screw carries an axial load F
• This is to be raised or lowered by applying a turning moment or torque on the screw shaft
• The screw and nut machine then coverts the torque on the screw shaft, into the desired
axial load
• This is the typical situation in the screw jack, and the screw press concepts

15
 POWER SCREWS USE EITHER SQUARE, OR
TRAPEZOIDAL THREAD FORMS
Two types of trapezoidal thread forms
are
ACME thread standard, used widely in the English speaking countries, and based on the inches units,
Metric trapezoidal standard, originating in Europe, and now adopted by the International Standards
Organisation (ISO).

THREAD FORMS FOR POWER SCREWS

GEOMETRY AND DIMENSIONS
The power screw carries an axial load F
This is to be raised or lowered by applying a turning moment or torque on the screw shaft
The screw and nut machine then coverts the torque on the screw shaft, into the desired axial load
This is the typical situation in the screw jack, and the screw press concepts

16
 MECHANICS OF POWER SCREW (SQUARE
THREADED)
• FORCES IN SCREW-NUT INTERACTION
• Axial load F carried by screw shaft
• Resisted by an equal and opposite force acting on the nut.
• The rest of the variables in next slide

Applications of power screws

 It is used to raise the load e.g. screw jack
 It is used to obtain a precise motion e.g. lead screw of lathe
 It is used to load a specimen e.g. universal testing machine
 It is used to clamp a workpiece e.g. vice

Parts of power screws

A power screw has following three parts.
1. It consists a Screw
2. It consists a Nut
3. It consists a part which holds either nut or bolt in place
Depending on the type of holding arrangement power screws can be divided into two parts
1. Screw moves in axial direction and nut kept stationary. E.g. screw jack and vice
2. Nut moves in axial direction and screw kept stationary. E.g. lead screw of a lathe.

Advantages offered by power screws

 It has large load carrying capacity
 It can be designed with self-locking property. Screw jack is the perfect example of this.
 Because of few parts it is cheap and reliable
 It gives smooth and noiseless service
 It requires almost no maintenance

17
  It provides very precise motion which is required in machine toolapplications
 It gives very high mechanical advantage hence used in screw jacks, clamps, valves and vices.
 Its manufacturing is easy and does not required any specialized machinery
 It is simple to design
 Overall dimensions of power screw are small which results in compact construction

Disadvantages of power screws

 It has poor efficiency
 Due to high friction, wear is a serious problem in power screws
There are two types of applications of power screws
1. Where high efficiency is desired. E.g. lead screws and presses
2. Where low efficiency is desired. E.g. screws jacks, clamps and vices
To increase the efficiency of power screws the sliding friction is reduced by rolling friction. This
principal is used in recirculating ball screws.

Types of threads used in power screws

1. Square threads
2. Trapezoidal threads
 Acme threads
3. Buttress threads

References
Shigley, Joseph; Mechanical
Engineering Design, Seventh Edition,
2003,McGraw Hil

Third edition of design of machine

elements V B BHANDRI
https://www.quora.com/
18