‫جامعة افريقيا العالمية‬

‫كلية الهندسة –قسم االنتاج‬

‫بحث بعنوان‪:‬‬
‫طرق تثبيت الشغلة علي المخرطة والفريزر‬
‫والعمليات االساسية لهما‬

‫اعداد الطالب ‪ :‬ابراهمي فيصل اسامعيل‬

‫ارشاف الربوفسيور ‪:‬عبد الفتاح البالل‬

‫‪3/11/2022‬‬
Lathe Machine
A lathe is a machine that holds the work-piece on a chuck and tool on a tool-post,
the lathe machine rotates the work-piece about an axis to perform different lathe
operations such as turning, facing, chamfering, thread cutting, knurling, drilling
and more with tools that are applied to the work-piece to design an object with
symmetry about that axis.

There is the following work holding devices in the lathe machine:

1. Centers
2. Chuck
3. Catch plate or carriage
4. Face plate
5. Angle plate
6. Mandrel
7. Rests
 1. Centers

The most common methods of holding the work-piece in a lathe are between the
two centers i.e. live center and dead center. The different types of centers are used
for different types of work-pieces and also for specific purposes. The important
types of centers used as shown in the figure below.

 Ordinary Center

This type of center is used for general purposes and for small operations.

 Tipped Center

This is very important of all other centers and here the tip is made of hard material.
These hard materials will resist deflection, wear, and tear.

 Ball Center

This type of center is used to minimize wear and strain while taper turning by set
over method.

 Insert Type Center

This type of center is used for the economic purpose and here we can replace only
the high-speed steel “insert”, instead of replacing the whole center.
  Half Center

This is very similar to ordinary center expect that little, less than half of the center
has been grounded away.

 Pipe Center

The pipe centers are used for supporting the open end of pipes. They are
commonly used in production works.

 Frictionless Center

This is used in the tailstock, it has the capacity of bearing high-applied force and
this can rotate the center along with the job or work-piece. This can operate at very
high speed.

The centers mentioned above will withstand the higher temperature during the
working and the centers h=generally have an included angle ranging from 60° to
75°.

2. Chucks

Chucks are generally used to support and hold the work-piece in order to carry out
different operations in lathe. The different types of chucks are as follows

 3 jaw universal chuck

 4 jaw independent chuck
 Combination chuck
 Magnetic chuck
 Collet chuck
Now let us discuss some of the important chucks briefly.

 3 Jaw Universal Chuck

The 3 jaws, which are generally made of high

quality steel, are arrogated at an angle of 120°
to each other. During the operation, the jaw
teeth are made to mesh with scrawl spiral teeth
(Bevel’s teeth).

The meshing causes a moment of all 3 jaws either towards or away from the chuck
center, depending upon the direction of rotation of bevel pinion. The pinion is
performed by square end key “chuck key”. 3 jaw universal chucks are used for
work-pieces of circular and hexagonal shapes.

 4 Jaw Independent Chuck

The arrangement of 4 jaw

independent chuck, which has 4
jaws, located at an angle of 90° to
each other. Here all the four jaws
are operated independently with 4
screws in place of scroll disk used
in 3 jaw chuck. Hence it is called
as 4 jaw independent Chuck. This
type of chuck is generally used to hold irregularly shaped work-pieces.
  Combination Chuck

The arrangement of combination chuck, which

combines the characters of universal chuck and
independent chuck. This type of chuck can be
used either as self-centering chuck or an
independent chuck.

It has both the independent screws and the

scroll disk. In this chuck, the jaws can be either
moved separately by operating the screws or
simultaneously by operating scroll disk. It can be used for regular as well as
irregularly shaped work-pieces.

3. Catch Plates or Carriers

Carriers and catch plates are used to drive a work-piece when it is held between
two centers. Carriers are driving dogs attached to the end of the work-piece by a
setscrew. Catch plates are bolted to the nose of the head stock spindle.

A projecting pin from the catch plate or carrier fits into the slot provided in wither
(anyone) of them. The projecting pin of a single pin catch plate drives the straight
end or tail of the carrier attached to the work-piece.

Two pins of a double pin catch plate engage with the double tail or double slotted
carrier and provide uniform drive. The bent tail type is used with a faceplate or
slotted catch plate.
 4. Face Plate

It is a circular plate threaded at its center with

plain and T-slots which are machined rapidly. It
is fitted to the lathe spindle with its central
threaded portion. The job on the work-piece is
held by the face plate using bolts and clamps in
the slots.

The faceplate is suitable to hold both regular

and irregular shaped work-pieces, which cannot be help conveniently by chucks or
on centers.

5. Angle Plate

It is a cast iron plate with two faces that make them at exactly the right angle to
each other. Holes and slots are provided on both the faces so that it may be
clamped on a faceplate and can
hold work-pieces on the other face
by bolts and clamps.
Angle plates are used with faceplate when the holding surface of the work-piece
should be kept horizontal. For example, in machining, a flange of a pipe elbow this
plate is used. When eccentric jobs are bolted to the faceplate, a balance weight or
counterweight must be added.

6. Mandrels

The Mandrels are steel shapes that are useful for holding rotating previously drilled
or stepped turned or bored work-pieces, for further operations. Mandrels have got
flattened ends for easy gripping by the carriers.

Different types of mandrels are used to suit the job or work-piece requirements.
The commonly used mandrels are,

 Plain Mandrel

Whenever the parts of the work-piece are

plain in nature, this type of mandrel is used.

 Step Mandrel

Whenever the inner portion of the work-

piece is in the form of steps, in that case, to
hold the work-piece rigidity, this type of
mandrel is used.

 Cone Mandrel
Whenever the part of the work-piece is conical in shape, in that case this type of
mandrel is used.

 Screw Mandrel

Screw mandrel

Whenever the inner part of the work

piece is threaded, then this type of
mandrel is used.

 Gang Mandrel

It has a fixed collar at one end and

movable collar at the other end, which is
threaded in nature. This type of mandrel
is used for holding a set of hollow work-
pieces between the two collars of which
one is fixed and other is movable.

7. Rests
It is a supporting structure used in the lathe to support long jobs or work-pieces. It
is located in the intermediate position between the centers. This prevents bending
of the work-piece or job due to its own weight and vibration. It is used the length is
10-12 times the diameter of the work-piece.
Milling Machine

It is necessary that the work should be properly and securely held on the milling
machine table for effective machining operations. The cutting pressure exhorted by
milling cutter is quite high comparing the single point tool of a lathe machine.
Therefore the work-piece has to be secured rigidly to avoid any vibration. The
following are the usual methods of holding work on the milling machine.

Work holding devices used For Milling Machines:

Various types of work holding devices are used for milling machine operations
they are explained as follows:

➢ T-bolts and clamps

➢ Angle Plates
➢ V – Block
➢ Machine Vices
➢ Dividing Head
➢ Special Fixture
➢ Circular Table or Indexing
Table
➢ Parallels
➢ Magnetic chuck / Vacuum
chuck / Collet chuck
 ➢ T- Bolts and clamps
Bulky work-pieces of irregular shapes are clamped directly on the milling machine
table by using T- bolts and clamps. Different types of clamps are used for different
patterns of work. The common types of clamps are shown in Fig 10 of chapter 5.
All these clamps carry a long hole, through which clamping bolt passes. This hole
permits the bolts for adjustment according to the size and shape of the job.

➢ Angle plates
When work surfaces are to be milled at right angles to another face, angle plates
are used for supporting the work.

The angle plate is made from high-quality material (generally spheroidal cast
iron) that has been stabilized to prevent further movement or distortion.

Slotted holes or “T” bolt slots are machined into the surfaces to enable the
secure attachment or clamping of work-pieces to the plate, and also of the plate to
the worktable.

Angle plates also may be used to hold the work-piece square to the table during
marking-out operations.

Adjustable angle plates are also available for work-pieces that need to be
inclined, usually towards a milling cutter.

➢ V block
The V blocks are used for holding shafts on a milling machine table in which
keyways and slots are to be milled.

➢ Vices
Vices are the most common appliance for holding work on milling machine tables.
According to its quick loading and unloading arrangement. Vices are of three
types,

(a) Plain Vice –

The plain vice is directly bolted on the milling machine table is the most common
type of vice used on plain milling operations, which involves heavy cuts, such as in
slab milling. It’s especially low construction enables the work to remain quite close
to the table. This reduces the chance of vibration to a minimum. The base carries
slots to accommodate ‘T’ bolts to fix the vice on the table. Work is clamped
between the fixed and movable jaw and for holding work-pieces of irregular shape
special jaws are sometimes used.

(b) Swivel Vices –

The swivel vice is used to mill an angular surface in relation to a straight surface
without removing the work from the vice. It has got a circular base graduated in
degrees. The base is clamped on the table by means of T- bolts.

(c) Universal Vices –

It can be swiveled in a horizontal plane similar to a swivel vice and can also be
tilted in any vertical position for an angular cut. The vice is not rigid in
construction and is used mainly in tool room work. It enables the milling of various
surfaces, at an inclination to one another, without removing the work-piece.
 ➢ Dividing Head
Dividing head or indexing head used to hold the work-piece and divide the
periphery into the number of divisions required. These are of three types:

(a) Plain dividing head

(b) Universal dividing head

(c) Optical dividing head

Special Fixture:
Work directly mounted on the table for heavy nature of jobs or odd-
shaped jobs which is not possible to hold by other holding devices, with
the help of slots, T- bolts, and nuts. The fixtures are special devices
designed to hold work for specific operations more efficiently than
standard work holding devices. The fixtures are especially useful when
large numbers of identical parts are to be manufactured.