ADAMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL AND MATERIAL ENGINEE

RING
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
Group memebers ID
1. Alemu Feyyiso a/ur14775/10
2. Abdulkalik kebede a/ur14275/10
3. Hassen Kemal a/ur14237/10
4. Regassa Raji a/ur14489/10
5. Yonathan Philiphos a/ur14626/10

SUBMITTED TO MR.DANIEL(MSC)
Abstract
A lathe machine is a machine tool that removes undesired materials from a rotating work piece in the
form of chips with the help of a tool which is traversed across the work and can be fed deep in the w
ork. The tool materials should be harder than the work piece and later held securely and rigidly the
machine. The basic lathe that was designed to cut cylindrical metal stock has been developed furthe
r to produce screw threads. tapered work. Drilled holes. knurled surfaces, and crankshafts. The typi
cal lathe provides a variety of rotating speeds and a means to manually and automatically move the
cutting tool into the work piece.

OBJECTIVE:
  To understand the operation of lathe machine.

 To design the gear teeth with appropriate (given) dimension

 To read the 2D view of drawing and applying in to 3D work piece.

Introduction

Machining is a material removal process in which a sharp cutting tool is used to mechanically cut
away material so that the desired part geometry remains
• Most common application: to shape metal parts

• Machining is the most versatile and accurate of all manufacturing processes in its capability to pr
oduce a diversity of part geometries and geometric features.

There are various types of machine tools commonly used in workshops. But we have done on the l
athe machine which is used for producing cylindrical work piece.

Theory
Lathe is considered as one of the oldest machine tools and is widely used in industries. It is c
alled as mother of machine tools. Modern high speed, heavy duty lathes are developed based
on this machine.

Lathe machine is a machine which operates on the principle of a rotating work-piece and a fi
xed cutting tool. The cutting tool is feed into the work-piece, which rotates about its own axis,
causing the work-piece to be formed to the desired shape.

The primary task of a lathe is to generate cylindrical work pieces. The process of machinin
g a work piece to the required shape and size by moving the cutting tool either parallel or
perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the work piece is known as turning. In this process,
excess unwanted metal is removed. The machine tool useful in performing plain turning, t
aper turning, thread cutting, chamfering and knurling by adopting the above method is kno
wn as lathe.

Working principles of Lathe Machine.

A lathe is used principally to produce cylindrical surface and plain surface,at right angle to
the axis of rotation. It can also produce tapers ,holes etc.operation of turning is done on
parts as small as those used by watches to huge parts and weighing several tones.

A lathe basically consists of a bed to provide support, a headstock , a cross slide to

transverse the tool,a tool post mounted on the closed slide. The spindle is driven by motor
through a gear box to obtain a range of speed. the carriage moves over the bed guide a ways
parallel the work piece and the cross side provides the transverse motion .A feed shaft and
lead screw are also provided to power the carriage and for cutting the threads respectively.

In a lathe machine the operations, which are done is defined as a job. The job is held in a
chuck or between centers and rotated about its axis at a uniform speed known as RPM
(Revolutions per minute). The cutting tool held in the tool post is fed into the work-piece
for a desired direction. Since there exists a relative motion between the work piece and the
cutting tool, therefore the material is removed in the form of chips and the desired shape is
obtained.

Each process will be defined in thus way ፦

 Facing is the operation of machining the ends of a piece of work to produce flat Surfa
ce Square with the axis. The operation involves feeding the tool perpendicular to the a
xis of rotation of the work.
 Turning in a lathe is to remove excess material from the work piece to produce a cylin
drical surface of required shape and size.
 Chamfering is the operation of bevelling the extreme end of the work piece. The fo
rm tool used for taper turning may be used for this purpose. Chamfering is an essent
 ial operation after thread cutting so that the nut may pass freely on the threaded wor
k piece.
 Grooving is the process of cutting a narrow groove on the cylindrical surface of the
work piece. It is often done at end of a thread or adjacent to a shoulder to leave a sm
all margin. The groove may be square, radial or beveled in shape
Basically, lathes have four main components.

Those፦are
Bed፦ Supports all major components
Carriage፦ Slides along the ways and consists of the cross slide, compound
rest, tool post and etc.
Headstock ፦ Holds the jaws for the work piece, supplies power
the jaws
to
and has various drive speeds.
Tailstock፦ Supports the other end of the work piece
Apparatus (Materials used)
Aluminium rod: a work piece used to produce required object.
Lath machine: used to perform over all operations
HSS Cutter: used to remove unwanted metals from the work piece by the action of
facing, turning and grooving activities.
slide calliper: used to measure the length and diameter of work piece.
Box wrench (Adjustable wrench): used to rotate the tool post and fix; in order to adjust fa
cing and turning operations.

Chuck key: used to open and fix the chuck in order to hold work piece on lath.
Allen key: used to open and fix cutter on tool post. La
the chuck: -Part of the machine Used to hold work pie
ce aluminium metal work piece
Shit metals፦ to fill/adjust the centre
Cutter holder፦ to hold the cutter
Cutting tool Taper Turing tools
Knurling tool Chamfering tools

Facing tools Parting or necking tools

 Procedure

The job
was
prepared
as per the following sequence:

 Adjusting and Facing.

 Straight Turning.

 Step Turning.

 Grooving
 Chamfering

 Threading

 Teeth fotmation

We were able to produce the desired product by using the following steps:
The basic operation is listed below with sequential order
Facing, turning, grooving, teeth forming and finally threading
Step 1፦

 Frist we are given aluminum work piece of diameter 40mm and length

100mm Then we are ordered to produce the spur gear which have one end

thread. so we want to produce a spur gear with major diameter of 35mm and

length of 94 mm. Then we start the basic operations i.e adjusting and facing

Step 2፦ turning
We just turn operation until we get the final desired operation sequentially.
Step 3: grooving
With grooving cutting tool with 4mm width depth 2mm(i.e with both direction if the depth
is 2mm it give 16-2(2)=12
Step 4: milling
To form gear teeth with number of teeth 12 and module 2.5 we put our work piece in
milling machine and with the 35mm diameter end side of work piece.

Step5: chamfering
At the one end of our work piece we chamfer it because to fotm thread on it it should have
chamfer side on it.
Step 6: threading
With major dimeter 16mm and pitch 1.5mm(M16*1.5) the work piece is threaded with
thread making tool.
Results
Generally in our activities of workshop using lathe machine by using aluminium

work piece we had got 12 teeth gear head of diameter 35mm, have total length

84mm and groved for 4mm and threaded at end.

 Discussions
1. Lathe machine should be stopped before making adjustments to the tool holder.

2. A short piece of winding wood may be used to push the winding chip down into the lathe

pan.

3. A lathe chip is both hot and sharp and should never be touched by hand.

4. Chuck key should not be leaved in the chuck.

5 In case of emergency, the emergency stop should be used to stop the machine.

6. Care should be taken so that any time while turning is done, the marked portion should not be

crossed.

7. Extreme care should be taken so that the tool post is not colliding with the head stock while

the machine is on. In this case, there may be a damage of the machine.

8. The slide calipers should be used accurately, otherwise the lengths and the diameters may be

varied. 9. Necktie, wrist watch and jewelry such as rings should not be wearing during the
operation.

10. The mechanics should wear an apron, shop coat, or coveralls.

Conclusion

In general lathe machine is multipurpose device that is why they call it mother of al
l device. We use it to operations of turning, facing, grooving, treading, cutting etc.
We are glad to get such fruitful result. Even though it is fruitful Actually the device
s need some repair and some should be replaced by new machines because they are
not functional.

In our work shop activity we have made a mistake during facing this as a result
of
 Machine vibration
 Our ways of fixing the work piece in the chuck
 HSS cuter was not centred perfectly
 The cuter profile was not exact