National Institute of Technology

Jamshedpur
Dept. of Production & Industrial
Engineering
Machining SHOP
 WORKSHOP PRACTICE

Objectives:
 To identify tools, work material and measuring instruments useful for
machining, fitting, carpentry and foundry practice.
 To handle tools and instruments and use them to prepare joints of specific
shape and size.
 SAFETY RULES
 Safety first, work next.
 Know your job and follow instructions.
 Avoid wearing clothing that might catch, moving or rotating parts. Long
sleeves of shirts, long hair, neck tie and jewellery are definite hazards in the
shop.
 Wear safety shoes. Do not wear canvas shoes; they give no resistance to
hard objects dropped on the feet.
 Keep the area around machine or work clean.
 Keep away from revolving work.
 Be sure that all gaurds are in place.
 One person only should operate the machine controls.
 Use tools correctly and do not use them if they are not in proper working
condition.
 Wear safety goggles when working in areas, where sparks or chips of metal
are flying.
 LATHE
Introduction:
 The Lathe was invented by “Jacques de Vaucanson” around 1751. The Lathe
is the most versatile machine tool among all standard of the machine tool.
 A lathe machine is a machine tool that is used to remove metals from a work
piece to give a desired shape and size.
 Lathe is one of the most important machine tools in the metal working
industry. A lathe operates on the principle of a rotating work piece and a
fixed cutting tool.
 The cutting tool is feed into the work piece, which rotates about its own axis
causing the work piece to be formed to the desired shape.
 Lathe machine is also known as “the mother/father of the entire tool family”.
 Lathe Machines are used in metalworking, woodturning, metal spinning,
thermal spraying, glass working, and parts reclamation.
 Parts of the Lathe Machine
 Headstock
 Bed
 Tailstock
 Carriage
 Saddle
 Cross-slide
 Compound rest
 Tool post
 Lead Screw
 Feed rod
 Chuck
 Main spindle
Headstock: Head Stock is situated at the left side of the lathe bed and it is the house of
the driving mechanism and electrical mechanism of a Lathe machine tool.
Bed: It is the base of the lathe machine. It is made of single piece casting of
Semi-steel ( Chilled Cast Iron).

Tailstock: Tail Stock is situated on the right side above the lathe bed.
Carriage: The carriage is used for support, guide and feed the tool against
the job when the machining is done.
Tool post: It is the topmost portion of the carriage and it is used to hold
various cutting tools or tool holders.
Saddle: Generally, it is made up of ‘H’ shaped casting and it has a ‘V’ guide
and a flat guide for mounting it on the lathe bed guide ways.
Cross-slide: It is assembled on the top of the saddle. The top surface of the
cross-slide is provided with T-slot.

Compound rest: It supports the tool post and cutting tool in its various
positions. It can be swiveled at any desired position in the horizontal plane.
It is necessary for turning angles and boring short tapers.
Lead Screw: A lead screw is also known as a power screw or a translation
screw. It converts rotational motion to linear motion.
Feed rod: Feed rod is used to move the carriage from the left side to the
right side and also from the right side to the left side.
Chuck: Chuck is used to holding the work piece securely.
There are generally 2 types of chucks:
1. Three jaw self-centering chuck 2. Four jaw independent chuck 3. Collet
chuck
4. Magnetic chuck

Main spindle: The spindle is a hollow cylindrical shaft in which long jobs
can pass through it.
 Specification of Lathe
• The height of the centers from the bed.
• The swing diameter over bed: This is the largest diameter of work that will
revolve without touching the bed and is twice the height of the center
measured from the bed of the lathe.
• The length between the centers: This is the max height of work that can
be mounted between the lathe centers.
• The swing dia over carriage: This is the biggest dia of work that can be
less than the swing dia over bed. This is the maximum bar stock will pass
through hole of the headstock spindle .
• The length of the bed: This indicates the approx. floor space occupied by
the lathe
 TYPES OF LATHES
• Engine Lathe or center lathe
• Bench Lathe
• Speed lathe
• Tool room lathe
• Automatic Lathe
• Turret Lathe
• Capstan lathe
• Special purpose lathes
 LATHE OPERATIONS
• Turning: To remove material from the outside diameter of a work
piece to obtain a finished surface.
• Facing: To produce a flat surface at the end of the work piece or for
making face grooves.
• Boring: To enlarge a hole or cylindrical cavity made by a previous
process or to produce circular internal grooves.
• Drilling: To produce a hole on the work piece.
• Reaming: To finishing the drilled hole.
• Threading: To produce external or internal threads on the work piece.
• Knurling: To produce a regularly shaped roughness on the work piece.
Lathe Operations