Lecture Two

Kinematics of Machine tools

By;- Belete A. ( Msc.)

 Presentation out line
At the end of the session, the students will be able to;-
Internalize kinematics from the perspectives of Engineering
mechanics and machining operation.
Systematize the drives machine tool for machining.
List types of motions involved while machining.
Categorize and examine the effects of direct and auxiliary
motions in a machine tools.
 kinematics
 Kinematics is;- the study of motion of a system of bodies without directly
considering the forces or potential fields affecting the motion.
 kinematics examines how the momentum and energy are shared among
interacting bodies.
 Engineering mechanics;- is the study of forces that act on bodies and the
resultant motion that those bodies experience.
 Engineering mechanics subject involves the application of the principles of
mechanics to solve real-time engineering problems.
Kinematics:(study of the
study of motion of bodies without
Statics objects at rest. consideration of the cause of
Engineering
mechanics the motion)
Dynamics
Kinetics: deals with the
study of objects in study of the motion of bodies
motion and the forces by considering the cause of
causing such motion. motion.
 Drives in machine tool
 Machine tools are precise and complex machine which are used to produce
various type of components by metal cuttings (by removing metal in the form of
chips).
 The work piece is held in a machine tool with the help of various types of work-
holding devices such as;

 chucks,
 collets,
 face plates,
 mandrel, etc,

 or held between centers ( center lathe, grinders etc.) or clamped on a

machine table ( planers, shapers, slotters, milling machine, surface
grinding machine etc.) .
 Cont.
The metal cutting tool is held in various types of tool holders, for
example;
• a tool post of a center lathe,
• an arbors of a milling machine,
• spindle of a drilling machine and so on.

tool post of a center lathe Arbors of a milling machine, spindle of a drilling machine
 Motion in Machine Tool.
Motion in Machine tools;-For removing the metal from a work piece,
 a relative motion is necessary between tool and job.
 The various motion characteristics of machine tools are;-
Working motion.
Auxiliary motions.

 Working motion;- Affect the process of clip removal. These are transmitted
either to the cutting tool, or to the work or to both simultaneously.
 It includes;-
 Primary cutting motion
 Feed motion
 Cont.
Primary cutting motion;-provide for cutting the chip from the job at the cutting
speed which determine the rate at which the chips are formed.
• Primary cutting motion most commonly used are; rotation and straight line reciprocation.
• The primary cutting motion of
a certain machine tools may be
quite complex but bit can be
described as a combination of
rotary and reciprocating
motions.
 Cont.
Rotary motion may be transmitted to the;
• job (turning), or
• tool(milling cutters, drills etc.)
• or to both simultaneously (cylindrical grinding ).
 Cont.
Straight line reciprocating primary motion is employed in planers,
sharpers, slotters, broaching machine, power hacksaw machine etc.
This motion can either be transmitted to the tools or to the work(
planers).
 Cont.
The feed motions are the movement either of the tool or of the work
in reference to each other.
 This motion enables the cutting operation to be extended to the
whole surface of the work piece to be machined.
Longitudinal
rectilinear
This motion can be

curvilinear Cross direction

 Cont.
 It may be in a longitudinal direction or in a cross direction.
 Example;-Turning a cylindrical job the cutting motion is obtained
by the rotation of job between centers and feed motion is
obtained by the movement of tool parallel to the axis of job and
normal to cutting motion.

Turning operation
 Cont.
Motion in Machine tools.
The various motion characteristics of machine tools
are;-
Working motion.
Primary cutting motion
Feed motion
Auxiliary motions
In addition to working motion ( primary cutting and feed motions) there are
also auxiliary motions while machining, least at list three auxiliary motions of
machining process.
 Cont.
There are also Additional Auxiliary Motion
example prepare the machine, work piece and tool for carrying out
the cutting Process.
This motion include:
 loading clamping the job,
 removing the finished work,
 clamping and
 swiveling units on which the work or tools are mounted,
 rapid approach and withdrawal of units carrying the cutting tool,
 measuring work piece and other operation.
 Cont.
Note;-Since all these motion are non cutting motion, these
should be performed as fast as passible to reduce the total time to
produce one component and thereby increase the rate of
production of machine.
 Drives in machine tools
Both the primary cutting motion of machine tools and feed motion are power
driven, except on small machine (may be performed manually).
 The operating cycle of machine tools, including both working and auxiliary
motion, is obtained by means of a drive and definite units and mechanism.
 The drive of machine tool consist of;-
1. A source of energy, and
2. Devices for transmitting power from the source of energy to the operating
elements for producing the cutting motion and feed motion.
 Machine tools are driven almost universally by electric motors. Each machine
may be driven individually by its own motor or driven by belt form a line shaft
furnishing power to other machine tools as well, this being called “ Group
Drive”
 Cont.
 Machine tool driven
(a) Group Drive;- Group drive motor are often mounted overhead and machine
tools are driven in groups through line shafts and belts. This limits the size of
motor to about 75. Group drive is usually more economical in fixed charges,
power consumption and maintenance.
(b) Individual Drive;- Such a drive should be used in following situation
(1) in areas requiring over head crane services
(2) on machine which would require countershaft if grouped and are likely to be
moved frequently as activity in department varies
(3) on machine that require considerable power say about 17.5 kw or more
(4) on a few machine scattered over a large area
(5) machine requiring wide speed variation also are best driven by individual drive
in complex machine, Various movement are better synchronized electrically than
mechanically.
 Cont.
Group Vs Individual Machine Tool Drive. The choice between two depend on
1. Comparative first cost.
2. total annual operating expenses.
3. Such minor advantages and disadvantages from the production point as
can be foreseen from experience in similar installation.
 Quiz 5%
1. List at least three additional Auxiliary Motion while machining. (1%)

2. Define kinematics and kinematics of machine tool. (1%)

3. Define working motion and give clear example that can elaborate working
motions (1.5%)

4. What are group and individual machine drive (1.5%)