Workshop Practice (ME-100 L)

(Basic Machine Shop)

BY

Mr. Ashraf Ali

 Learning Objectives
The
students
Define a
shall be lathe
able to
understand Explain the construction of
the lathe
following
Describe the types of lathe
machine

Explain the operations of

lathe machine
Contents

Introduction to centre lathe

Construction of centre

lathe types of lathe

machine

Operations of lathe
 Introduction
 Lathe is one of the most important machine tools in
the metal working industry. A lathe operates on the
principle of a rotating work piece and a fixed cutting
tool.

 The cutting tool is feed into the work piece, which

rotates about its own axis, causing the work piece to
be formed to the desired shape.

 Lathe machine is also known as “the mother/father of

the entire tool family”.
LATHE MACHINE
History
 The lathe machine is one of the oldest and most
important machine tools. As early as 1569, wood
lathes were in use in France. The lathe machine
was adapted to metal cutting in England during
the Industrial Revolution.

 Lathe machine also called “Engine Lathe”

because the first type of lathe was driven by a
steam engine.
Working principle of Lathe
 The lathe is a machine tool which holds the work
piece between two rigid & strong supports
called centres or in a chuck or in face plate
which revolves.

 The cutting tool is held and fed against the

revolving work. Cutting tool fed either parallel
or at right angles to the axis of w/p. Or may
also at an angle .
Headstock center Tailstock center
(Live Centre) (Dead Centre)

Working Principle
Workpiece
Tool post Workpiece
N (rev/min)
Chip
S
D
Tool peripheral
speed
(m/min) 10
Working principle of Lathe
Size of lathe
Depends upon following points

Main points

Swing
(maximum diameter of job that can swing on it without touching bed ways )

Distance between centre’s of

Types of Lathe Machines
Engine or Center Lathe
 In starting it was driven by steam engine, So it is
called as Engine lathe.
 Not production lathe, found in school shops, tool
rooms, and job shops.
 Primarily for single piece or short runs.
 Manually operated.
 Types :-
a) Belt driven lathe
b) Individual motor driven lathe
c) Gear head drive lathe
Construction of lathe
Centre lathe
 Capstan & Turret Lathe
 Modified Engine lathe.
 Capsten lathes are used in mass production
used for light duty workpieces.
 Turret lathes are used in mass production
and for
heavy duty workpieces.
 No tailstock.
 Instead of tailstock hexagonal turret is
there.
 No time waste for re-setting of tools.
 Turret Lathe
Capable of performing multiple
cutting operations on the • It is production lathe
same workpiece • Hex turret replaces tailstock
 Turning
• Multiple tools set to machine part Turret
 Boring
 Drilling He a d
 Thread cutting
• High production rates
 Facing
• Still may require some operator skill
 Capstan Lathe
• It is production lathe
• Used for light duty work pieces Turret Head
• Small in size as compared
to turret lathe
• It also have turret that
replaces tailstock
• Multiple tools set to machine
part
• Still may require some
operator skill
 CNC Lathe
• Computer controlled Machine Unit NC controller
• Wide variety of process
capability
• multiple axis
• Indexing and
contouring head
• On- line and off- line
programming available
• Computer Numerical
Controls (CNC)
• Equipped with one
or
more turrets
• Each turret is
equipped with a
variety of tools
• Performs several
Construction & Parts of Lathe

Main parts of lathe are :-

 Bed
 Head stock
 Tail stock
 Carriage
 Feed mechanism
 Screw cutting mechanism
Bed
1. Made from cast iron or nickel
cast iron alloy.
2. It supports head stock, tail stock
& carriage.
3. Machining and scraping of lathe

bed is done with high precision.

4. On top section are
machined ways
5. Guide and align major parts
of lathe
Head Stock
1. Clamped on left- hand
end of bed
2. Headstock spindle
3. Hollow cylindrical shaft
supported by bearings
4. Provides drive through
gears to work-holding
devices
 1.Placed at right
side of lathe.
2. To support long
workpiece.
3.Operations like
drilling, tapping,
reaming can done
using sleeve of
tailstock.

. .
22
CARRIAGE
1. Used to move
cutting tool along
lathe bed
2. Consists of four
main parts
a. Saddle
b. Cross-slide
c. Apron
d. Compound
rest

. . .
Three types of feed

 Longitudinal
 Cross
 Angular

. . .
 The tool movement relative to the
work is known as feed. There are
three types of feed:-

a Longitudinal feed :- When

tool moves away or towards
the head stock parallel to the
axis of the work.

b Cross feed:- When the tool

moves away from the or
towards from the operator
perpendicular to work.

c Angular feed:- By swivelling

the compound rest the tool
is made to move at any
angle to the work.
. .
 • Fitted on the
Saddle
• Moves cutting tool at
right angles to lathe
bed

. . .
 I. Fitted to top
of Cross slide
II. Carries tool
post and
cutting tool
III. Can rotate to
any angle
IV. Is used to
turn tapers
. .
 I. Fitted on top slide
and carries the
cutting tool or the
cutting tool holder
II. Can adjust the
height on some
types
III. Can carry 4
different tool
holders

. .
Work Holding Device
Three jaw universal or self centering chuck :
 Three jaws and three square slots or holes are provided
on the circumference of the body.
 By inserting the key in any one slot, all jaws can be
moved simultaneously.
 Speedy centering of the
work piece.
 Cannot hold large size of
work piece.

.
Lathe Operations
Facing Operation
Facing : To produce a flat surface at the end of the work
piece. Motion of tool is perpendicular to the work piece
surface.
Facing Flat Surface/Reduce
length

Chuck Workpiece
d
Machined
Face
Cutting
speed Depth of
cut
Tool Feed
Turning Operation
To remove material from outside diameter of a work
piece to obtain a finished surface. Motion of tool is parallel
to the work piece surface.
Turning
Cylindrical job

Workpiece
Cutting
speed Depth of cut (d)
N
Machined
surface
Chuck Feed
Chip
Tool
Depth of cut
 Taper Turning Operation
Dia. of cylindrical work piece decreasing or increasing
gadually is called as taper turning.
Types of taper turning:
By using form tool.
By setting over tailstock center.
By swiveling the compound rest.
By using taper turning
attachment.

35
Taper Turning by swiveling by the compound rest
 The work pieces is
rotated at lathe axis
and tool is fed at an
angle to the axis of
rotation of work
piece.
 Tool is mounted on
compound rest.
 The tool can be fed at
angle of compound
slide as compound
rest is mount at half
taper angle.
Taper Angle Calculation
 Taper: D1 D 2
tan
2L

D
D1 90°
B 2
C

A L
Threading Operation
 To produce external or internal threads on the
work piece.
Pointed form tool is fed
linearly across surface of
rotating workpart parallel
to axis of rotation at a
large feed rate, thus
creating threads

Figure; threading
Knurling Operation
Knurled surface
Cutting
speed
Feed Movement
Knurling tool for depth
Tool post
 Knurling Types

. .
Parting Operation

Feed
Parting tool
Sequence of operation
Work piece sequence
 References

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lathe
2. Production Technology by R.B. Gupta
3. Workshop Technology - 1 by A.W. J. Chapman