Fluid and Thermodynamic Engineering

References:
[1] Fundamentals of Thermodynamics by
Claus Borgnakke, Richard E. Sonntag
[2] Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach by
Yunus Cengel, Michael Boles
definition of thermodynamics
One excellent definition of thermodynamics is that it
is the science of energy and entropy.

Thermodynamics is the science that deals with heat

and work and those properties of substances that
bear a relation to heat and work.
Thermodynamics
A thermodynamic system is a device or combination
of devices containing a quantity of matter that is
being studied.
The system is a macroscopically identifiable
collection of matter on which we focus our attention
(eg: the water kettle or the aircraft engine).

Types of thermodynamic system:

1. Closed system (control mass)

2. Open system (control volume)
3. Isolated system
Property defined as any quantity that depends on the state of the
system and is independent of the path such as color, pressure,
temperature, density, energy, etc.
 Thermodynamic properties
Thermodynamic properties are such quantities as pressure (P), density
(ρ ), temperature (T), enthalpy (H), entropy (S), and specific heat (cp and
cv).
Process is applied to any transformation of a system between two
equilibrium states Or The path of the succession of states through which
the system passes
 Equilibrium
Equilibrium is an important concept in thermodynamics.
Systems in equilibrium do not experience any change
without some perceivable effect in the surroundings.
.
“when two systems are at the same temperature they are
in thermal equilibrium”(They will not exchange heat).
 1.2. Definitions Pertinent to a Substance

Pure substance is a homogeneous substance with the same chemical

composition in various phases.

Fluid is a term applied to either the liquid or the vapor phase of a pure
substance. A fluid deforms continuously under the influence of a
shear stress, no matter how small.
 1.4. Definitions Pertinent to Properties of a Substance
Pressure is the normal component of force per unit area exerted by a
system on its boundary.
Vapor pressure. For a given temperature, every liquid has a vapor
pressure at which liquid begins to boil and is at equilibrium with its own
vapor. (Saturation Pressure)

Temperature is a measure of coldness or hotness of a body and is

expressed in either Fahrenheit (F) or Celsius (C).

K = C + 273.15 (Generally, 273 is used in practice)

R = F + 459.67 (Generally, 460 is used in practice)
Specific volume of a substance is the inverse of the density of that
substance.
Specific gravity (Sg) of a liquid is the ratio of the density of the liquid to
the density of water (1000 kg/m3).

Specific heat is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of

a unit mass of a homogenous phase of a substance by one degree.

Energy is the ability to lift a weight to a higher elevation.

Kinetic energy (KE) of a system is the energy associated with the motion
of a system relative to a frame of reference

Potential energy (PE) of a system is the energy associated with the

position
Total energy of a system (E) is the summation of all the energies
possessed by the system including potential, kinetic, and internal
energies.

Internal energy (U) of a system is the total energy of the system minus
the potential and the kinetic energies, U = E – (KE + PE).

Enthalpy (H) of a system is defined as the summation of the internal

energy (U) and pressure work (PV), as in H = U + PV.

Entropy (S) is a measure of the disorder of a system.

Perfect gases, Pure Substances, and
Steam tables
 Properties of a Pure Substance
A pure substance is one that has a homogeneous and
invariable chemical composition.
VAPOR–LIQUID–SOLID-PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN A PURE
SUBSTANCE
3.3. Determination of State
Case 1, P or T specified.

Case 2, P & T not specified.

Work & Heat Examples
 The First Law of Thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics states that during any cycle that a
system undergoes, the cyclic integral of the heat is equal to the cyclic
integral of the work.
1- THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
FOR A CONTROL MASS UNDERGOING A
CYCLE
THE INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY, AND SPECIFIC HEAT OF IDEAL
GASES
2- First-Law Analysis for a Control Volume
 The second law of thermodynamics
The Kelvin–Planck statement: It is impossible to construct a device
that will operate in a cycle and produce no effect other than the
raising of a weight and the exchange of heat with a single reservoir.

The Clausius statement: It is impossible to

construct a device that operates in a cycle and
produces no effect other than the transfer of
heat from a cooler body to a hotter
body. See Figure