ASSIGNMENT#2

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR

SUBMITTED TO:
MA’AM: SHAGUFTA
SUBMITTED BY:
Aneeta zafar
ROLL NO:
17291519-037
DEPARTMENT :
COMPUTER SCIENCE
SECTION:
BSCS-IV-A

UOG RAWALPINDI CAMPUS

 Foundation of group behavior:
People may join a group for goal achievement. Sometimes it takes more
than one person to accomplish a particular task.A group can be defined
as two or more interacting and interdependent individuals who come
together to achieve particular objectives.

Types of Groups:
groupsThere are two types of groups an individual forms. They are
formal groups and informal . Let us know about these two groups.
Formal Groups:
These are the type of work groups created by the organization and have designated work
assignments and rooted tasks. The behavior of such groups is directed toward achieving
organizational goals.

These can be further classified into two sub-groups:

Command group : it is a group consisting of individuals who report directly to the manager.

Interest group: It is a group formed by individuals working together to achieve a specific

objective. Example − A group of workers working on a project and reporting to the same
manager is considered as a command group. A group of friends chilling out together is
considered as interest group or say members of a club.

Informal Groups :
These groups are formed with friendships and common interests. These can be further classified
into two sub-groups −

Task group : Those working together to finish a job or task is known as task group.

Friendship group : Those brought together because of their shared interests or common
characteristics is known as friendship group.
Five Stages of Group Development :
Groups tend to develop in stages. As you work with a support group, or with almost any group of
people who are working together toward a common cause, you'll be able to see the progression.
As a facilitator, knowing what to look for and how to manage the challenges can have a big
impact on how your group progresses.

Stage 1 -- Orientation (Forming):

Group members are learning what to do, how the group will operate, what’s expected, and
what’s acceptable. Students watch the facilitator and each other for cues and clues, and seek
guidelines and stated expectations. They want to feel safe and comfortable, and many will do
only limited sharing until that comfort zone is established.

Some students will be comfortable sharing openly even on the first day, either because they
enjoy this type of interaction, or because they already feel comfortable with the facilitator
and/or the other students in the group. As a facilitator, you can call on these students to give
examples, be the first to answer questions, and model positive interactions for the other group
members.

Stage 2 -- Power Struggle (Storming):

A things progress, it’s normal for some power struggles to emerge. As students become more
comfortable, they may challenge each other or the facilitators, attempt to form cliques and
exclude or ignore certain students, and push limits. This can be frustrating for everyone involved,
but it helps to know it’s just a stage, and things tend to get much better once it’s past.

Stage 3 – Cooperation and Integration (Norming):

This is where being in group becomes fun and enjoyable most of the time. Group interaction
becomes easier, more cooperative, and productive, with balanced give and take, open
communication, bonding, and mutual respect. If there is a conflict or disruption, it’s relatively
easily resolved and the group gets back on track. Group leadership is still important, but the
facilitator can step back a little and let group members initiate more and move forward together.

Stage 4 – Synergy (Performing):

Not every group reaches this level, and if you spend most of a school year in Stage 3, it will still
be a productive and enjoyable group. Synergy emerges when the group shifts or evolves into
another level, often without realizing what’s happening. Here, there’s a sense of group unity,
group members looking out for each other even outside of the group setting, deepening
friendships or bonds, and a dynamic energy no matter what the task. This is the epitome of “The
whole is greater than the sum of its parts.”

Stage 5 – Closure (Adjourning):

The closure stage of a group can be confusing and disconcerting if you don’t know it’s coming.
After weeks or months of a smoothly running group, as the end of group or the school year
approaches, things may start to fall apart for no apparent reason. Students may bicker with and
criticize each other, and anger may surface in unexpected ways.

This is a normal part of group process. Many students (and adults, for that matter) have no idea
how to deal with endings, goodbyes, or losses, and they don’t know how to find closure. Being
angry with each other, or in conflict, is easier for many students than feeling or addressing the
sadness of saying goodbye. It’s easier for most to be angry than to be vulnerable. Students who
have abandonment issues may become especially argumentative or unruly.
Group decision making:
Group decision-making (also known as collaborative decision-making) is a situation faced when
individuals collectively make a choice from the alternatives before them. The decision is then no
longer attributable to any single individual who is a member of the group. This is because all the
individuals and social group processes such as social influence contribute to the outcome. The
decisions made by groups are often different from those made by individuals. Group polarization
is one clear example: groups tend to make decisions that are more extreme than those of its
individual members, in the direction of the individual inclinations.

There is much debate as to whether this difference results in decisions that are better or worse.
According to the idea of synergy, decisions made collectively tend to be more effective than
decisions made by a single individual. However, there are also examples where the decisions
made by a group are flawed, such as the Bay of Pigs invasion, the incident on which the
groupthink model of group decision-making is based.
Techniques of group decision making :

Some of the techniques employed to make the group decision making process more effective
and decision making more efficient in which creativity is encouraged, are as follows:
i. Brainstorming:This technique involves a group of people, usually between five and ten,
sitting around a table, generating ideas in the form of free association. The primary focus is on
generation of ideas rather them on evaluation of ideas.

If a large number of ideas can be generated, then it is likely that there will be a unique and
creative idea among them. All these ideas are written on the black board with a piece of chalk so
that everybody can see every idea and try to improve upon such ideas.

Brainstorming technique is very effective when the problem is comparatively specific and can be
simply defined. A complex problem can be broken up into parts and each part can be taken
separately at a time.

ii. Nominal Group Technique (NGT):

Nominal group technique is similar to brainstorming except that the approach is more
structured. Members form the group in name only and operate independently, generating ideas
for solving the problem on their own, in silence and in writing. Members do not interact with
each other so that strong personality domination is avoided. It encourages individual creativity.

The group coordinator either collects these written ideas or writes then on a large black board
for everyone to see or he asks each member to speak out and then he writes it on the black
board as he receives it.

These ideas are then discussed one by one in turn and each participant is encouraged to
comment on these ideas for the purpose of clarification and improvement. After all ideas are
discussed, they are evaluated for their merits and drawbacks and each participating member is
required to vote on each idea and assign it a rank on the basis of priority of each alternative
solution. The idea with the highest aggregate ranking is selected as the final solution to the
problem.

iii. Delphi Technique:

This technique is the modification of the nominal group technique, except that it involves
obtaining the opinions of experts physically separated from each other and unknown to each
other. This insulates group members from the undue influence of others. Generally, the types of
problems handled by this technique are not specific in nature or related to a particular situation
at a given time. For example, the technique could be used to understand the problems that
could be created in the event of a war. The steps in the Delphi technique are:

1. The problem is identified and a sample of experts is selected. These experts are asked to
provide potential solutions through a series of carefully designed questionnaires.

2. Each expert completes and returns the initial questionnaire.

3. The results of the questionnaire are compiled at a central location and the central coordinator
prepares a second questionnaire based on the previous answers.

4. Each member receives a copy of the results along with the second questionnaire.

5. Members are asked to review the results and respond to the second questionnaire. The
results typically trigger new solutions or cause changes in the original position.
Why Do People Join Groups:

There is no particular reason answering why individuals join groups. Group helps individual to
feel stronger, have fewer self-doubts, and be more contrary to threats.

The following points help us understand the need of joining a group by individuals

Security mirrors strength in numbers: Status pinpoints a prestige that comes from belonging to a
specific group. Inclusion in a group is considered as important because it provides recognition
and status.

-Selfsteem transmits people's feelings of self worth: Membership can sometimes raise feelings of
self-esteem like being accepted into a highly valued group.

Affiliation with groups can meet one's social needs:Work groups significantly contribute to meet
the need for friendships and social relations.

Groups represent power: What mostly cannot be achieved individually becomes possible with
group effort. Power might be aimed to protect themselves from unreasonable demands.
Informal groups provide options for individuals to practice power.

People may join a group for goal achievement: Sometimes it takes more than one person to
accomplish a particular task.
References:
https://www.slideshare.net/rajeskamath82/ob-c-9-foundations-of-group-behaviour.
https://www.slideshare.net/ChhaviSharma26/organizational-behaviorfoundations-of-group-behavior.

https://slideplayer.com/slide/5873475/.