Internship at CEGE

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(CEGE, PDPU, RAISAN, GANDHINAGAR)

CONTENTS
I.Acknowledgements..............................................................................................3
II.About CEGE..............................................................................................................4
III.Geothermal Energy...............................................................................................5
IV. Indian Scenario.......................................................................................................7
V. Geothermal Heat Pump System.......................................................................8
1. Ground Heat Exchanger Loop
2. Ground Source Heat Pump
3. Distribution System
VI. Geothermal Heating and Cooling vs. Conventional Cooling.............15
1. Working
2. Economic Aspect
VII. Organic Rankine Cycle......................................................................................20
1. Technology
2. Prospecting
VIII. Hybrid Systems....................................................................................................27
1. Geothermal-Solar Hybrid System
2. Geothermal-Biomass Hybrid System
3. Geothermal-Wind Hybrid System
IX. References..............................................................................................................32
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I. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We express our gratitude to Dr.Anirbid Sircar for encouraging us to

take training of 30 days at ‘Centre of Excellence for Geothermal
Energy (CEGE).
We are thankful to CEGE, We are heartily thankful to Mr. Shishir
Chandra, Mr. Manan Shah and Mr. Dvijen Vaidya for their valuable
guidance, keen interest and encouragement at various stages of training
period.
We are thankful to them for providing us opportunity for interning at
CEGE.
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II. ABOUT CEGE
Centre of Excellence for Geothermal Energy (CEGE) was established on 10th of
October, 2013 at Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University (PDPU) with the support
of Government of Gujarat. CEGE is carrying out extensive research and
development (R&D) activities in the area of exploration and exploitation of
geothermal energy. CEGE has carried out various geological and geophysical
exploration surveys to identify different hot springs in Gujarat. Based on the
exploration activities carried out CEGE has identified potential locations for
harnessing the geothermal energy. CEGE has set-up a Space Heating and Cooling
System at Dholera, Gujarat which is first of its kind in India. Subsequently, CEGE
has planned various activities to harness geothermal energy in Dholera and
activities on further exploration in the area of Unai.
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III. WHAT IS GEOTHERMAL ENERGY?
The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original formation
of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials. It is a clean and sustainable
source of energy. Resources of geothermal energy range from the moderate-to-
low temperature hot spring systems to hot rock found a few miles beneath the
earth’s surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high temperatures of
molten rocks. The temperature of the geothermal reserves depends on the local
geothermal gradient and the depth.
The subsurface zone of the depth ranging from 10 m to 100 m is called as the
undisturbed zone of the earth (Florides and Kalogirou (2004)). The average
temperature of this zone remains constant throughout the year. However, the
temperature varies from place to place.
Geothermal resources have been classified into low, medium and high enthalpy
resources based on their temperature. Muffler and Cataldi classified resources
having temperature <90 0C and >150 0C as low and high enthalpy resources
respectively.
The various applications of geothermal energy are as follows:
FISH FARMS:
The warm water spurs the growth of animals ranging from alligators, shellfish,
tropical fish, amphibians to catfish and trout. Fish farmers from Oregon, Idaho,
China, Japan, and Iceland use geothermal energy for this purpose.
IN INDUSTRIES:
Its uses vary from drying fruits, drying vegetables, drying wood, and dying wool
to extracting gold and silver from ore. Mushroom culture, pulp and
paperprocessing, food processing, capsicum and tomato cultivation, concrete
block curing, fabric dyeing, refrigeration and ice making also use this natural
resource. It is also used for milk pasteurization.
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PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY:
Geothermal power plants are also a good electricity generator. Organic Rankine
Cycle coupled with GSHP is used for these plants where low enthalpy geothermal
resources are available. Steam from high enthalpy geothermal resources can
directly be utilized to drive a turbine.
SPACE HEATING, COOLING AND VENTILATION:
Low enthalpy geothermal resources are used for heating, cooling of space and
water and ventilation for domestic and industrial buildings and complexes.
Additionally, tourists are also attracted by hot water sprigs and for spa.
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IV. INDIAN SCENARIO
India has reasonably good potential for geothermal; the potential geothermal
provinces can produce 10,600 MW of power (experts are confident only to the
extent of 100 MW). But yet geothermal power projects has not been exploited at
all, owing to a variety of reasons, the chief being the availability of plentiful coal at
cheap costs. However, with increasing environmental problems with coal based
projects, India will need to start depending on clean and eco-friendly energy
sources in future; one of which could be geothermal.
The power generation through geothermal resources is still in nascent stages in

India. Geological Survey of India has identified about 340 geothermal hot springs
in the country. Most of them are in the low surface temperature range from 370C-
900C which is suitable for direct heat applications. Recently, there is an increased
interest in utilising these geothermal resources for other applications such as
space heating and cooling for domestic commercial and industrial purposes.
Additionally there have been several direct applications such as fisheries,
capsicum and tomato cultivation, crop drying, green houses and tourism etc.
Bulk of India can be regarded as climatically tropical. Most of the year round
(except in Northern parts) the temperature remains in between 27-32 0C (in
monsoon) to ~35-40 0C (in summers). While Northern India faces the cold to
moderate weather year throughout. Thus, there is high need for keeping
living/working space cool around 23-250C as per the standards for living
comfortably. India with such a high population uses majority of the produced
electricity in cooling/heating (i.e heating space and water in Northern Parts and
cooling for the rest of India). On an average, 40% of electrical energy can be saved
compared to the conventional heating and/or cooling systems by the use of GSHP.
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V. GEOTHERMAL HEAT PUMP SYSTEM
The purpose of a geothermal heat pump system is to absorb low grade heat
energy from an underground source, transport, concentrate and then release it to
another location where it can be used for space or water heating. A reverse
process can be used for space or water cooling. A geothermal heat pump system
consists of three main components:
1. Ground heat exchanger loop
2. Heat Pump
3. Distribution system
1. GROUND HEAT EXCHANGER LOOP:

A closed or open loop system of pipes set in ground to absorb or reject heat
into the ground. A mixture of water and antifreeze chemicals is circulated
through heat exchanger loops. They are of two types:
a) Closed loop: This type of system is a closed loop through which only
heat is exchanged with the ground. The four types of closed loops are
shown n figure 1.
a. Horizontal loop
b. Vertical loop
c. Slinky loop
d. Pond loop
Figure 1. Geothermal Heat Pump Systems – Curtis J. Klaassen

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b) Open loop: This system makes use of ground water and returns the
used water to ground. Thus, heat and water both are exchanged.
Figure 2. Geothermal Heat Pump Systems – Curtis J. Klaassen
2. HEAT PUMP:
It is an assembly of heat exchangers, expansion valve, compressor or pumps and

other components required for efficient transfer of heat between fluids circulated
through a building and that in ground loop. They are used for heating or cooling
the building by exchange of heat with ground.
Conventional Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHP) utilise the mother earth as
either the heat source or the heat sink. The subsurface zone of the depth ranging
from 10 m to 100 m is called as the undisturbed zone of the earth (Florides and
Kalogirou (2004)). The average temperature of this zone remains constant
throughout the year. However, the temperature varies from place to place. In
Indian subcontinent, this temperature is of the order of 270C. Therefore, in
summer season, when the ambient temperature is around 45 0C, the subsurface
zone can act as a heat sink and the target space (e.g. the building) can be used as a
heat source.
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The main components of a heat pump are:
EVAPORATOR
An evaporator is basically a heat exchanger coil that’s responsible for collecting

heat from inside a room through a refrigerant gas. This component is known as
the evaporator, and is where the liquid refrigerant absorbs heat and evaporates to
become gas.
COMPRESSOR
As the name clearly signifies, this is where compression of the gaseous refrigerant
occurs. Gas is compressed till that level up to which its temperature is higher than
that of heat sink so as to maintain temperature difference to allow Refrigerant gas
to exchange the heat with the heat sink. [In conventional ACs Heat Sink is
Atmosphere while that in Geothermal Space Cooling System Heat sink is Earth.]
CONDENSER
The condenser receives the vaporized refrigerant from the compressor, converts
it back to liquid and expels the heat outside.
EXPANSION VALVE
Expansion valve or throttle suddenly expands the liquid refrigerant to drop its
Figure 3. Typical hermodynamic cycle for Organic Working Fluid
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pressure suddenly as a result of Joule-Thompsons effect, temperature is also
reduced and some amount of liquid is also converted into gaseous form. Liquid +
Gas mixture of low temperature will then circulate through Evaporator to gain
heat from heat source and convert back again into gaseous form and cycle
repeats.Throttle can be managed according to desired cooling temperature.
SWITCHING BETWEEN HEATING AND COOLING
A reversing valve is a type of valve and is a component in a heat pump that changes
the direction of refrigerant flow. By reversing the flow of refrigerant, the heat
pump refrigeration cycle is changed from cooling to heating or vice versa. This
allows a residence or facility to be heated and cooled by a single piece of
equipment, by the same means, and with the same hardware. Depending on the
construction and use of the heat pump, the reversing valve may be driven by the
heat pump through the use of a defrost control board, or it may be driven directly
by a thermostat.
Figure 4. Working of compressor driven GSHP for Cooling
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Figure 5.Working of compressor driven GSHP for Heating
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CO-EFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE (COP) AND ENERGY
EFFICIENCY RATIO (EER)
The coefficient of performance (COP) is used to define the heating performance of

heat pumps. COP is defined as the ratio of heat delivered by the heat pump and
the electricity supplied to the heat pump to deliver the useful heat.
Therefore, the overall COP should include an allowance for pumping and fan
energy, as indicated in the following equation:
COP Heating = Heat energy given to room (kW)/ Compressor and Fan and
Pump Energy (kW)
COP can also be used to define a heat pump’s cooling efficiency. However, it is
common in the industry to express the cooling efficiency in terms of its energy
efficiency ratio (EER). The EER is equivalent to the COP with the exception that
the heat from the source is expressed in Btu/h instead of W or kW.
EER Cooling = Heat energy removed from room (Btu/h) / Compressor and Fan
and Pump Energy (Btu/h)
EER= COP × 3.413
The value of COP for absorption chiller is 1-2 and that for a vapour compression
driven chiller is 5.
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3. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:
It consists of a system of ducts or pipes to circulate hot or cold air or water
throughout the building. Most residential geothermal systems use conventional
ductwork to distribute hot or cold air and to provide humidity control.
Figure 6. Air ducts
A few systems use heat pumps with one or more fan-coil units, baseboard
radiators, or under-floor circulating pipes for circulation of water.
Figure 7. Fan Coil Unit, Baseboard Radiator and Under-Floor Circulating Pipes
(http://www.championheating.co.nz/floor-heating)
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VI. GEOTHERMAL VS. CONVENTIONAL HEATING AND
COOLING
WORKING
Before getting into the benefits of geothermal heat pumps for space cooling and
heating, let us have a look on the conventional methods used for cooling/heating
and why it is necessary to replace them with above technology.
Let us understand the cooling/heating requirements in context with Indian Sub-

continent.
Bulk of India can be regarded as climatically tropical. Most of the year round
(except in Northern parts) the temperature remains in between 27-320 C (in
monsoon) to ~35-400 C (in summers). While Northern India faces the cold to
moderate weather year throughout. Thus, there is high need for keeping
living/working space cool around 23-250C as per the standards for living
comfortably. India with such a high population uses majority of the produced
electricity in cooling/heating (i.e heating space and water in Northern Parts and
cooling for the rest of India).
Conventionally, Air Conditioners (ACs) are used for cooling the space.
Power consumption = wattage x time used

There are appliances that work at high wattage and are not operated long, such as
toaster ovens, and most other appliances are of the type that are a low wattage
and are operated for long periods of time. Air conditioners and heaters are the
worst of both because they are a high wattage and they operated for a long time.
It is well known that heating and cooling takes place simultaneously - that is if one
place is heated by transferring heat of another place to it, other will automatically
get cooled because of loosing heat. As per law of thermodynamics, the
spontaneous flow of heat takes place from higher temperature to lower
temperature so as to bring the places in thermodynamic equilibrium but the heat
pumps used in ACs work on completely reverse ideology. As the flow of heat is in
reverse direction than that due to natural heat flow, extra work has to be done on
the system. Following diagram will make the concept clear.
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Figure 8.http://www.nuclear-power.net
Below given figure is schematic representation of Heat Pumps and its

thermodynamic cycle.
Figure 9. Working of conventional AC
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Figure 10. Thermodynamic cycles for Organic Working Fluid
As seen in above diagram the wok done is of compressing the gas to increase its
temperature so that it can exchange its heat with surrounding temperature. So
one can understand that higher the atmospheric temperature more work will be
done by compressor so as to increase the temperature of the working fluid even
higher than that of the outside temperature.
ECONOMIC ASPECT
Geothermal heating and cooling systems are more expensive to install than
traditional heating and cooling systems. This is due to the ground loop component
which must be installed to absorb and transfer heat below ground. But the
government subsidies available/tax credits available from utility provider will
help in decreasing the initial installation cost.
While more expensive to install, geothermal heating and cooling systems are less
expensive to operate than traditional heating and cooling systems. This is due to
their higher efficiencies and the cost of power being consumed and gas being used
for heating which one can get as by product of the system. The lower operating
costs generate fairly quick payback periods — homeowners can cover the cost
difference between geothermal and traditional HVAC systems in just a few years.
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Below given is an example comparing the geothermal space cooling system and
HVAC for sake of understanding the cost benefit of geothermal system.
Below we have broken down an example of a system installed in a 2,300 square

foot house to see cost comparison with a conventional HVAC system.
For a typical example, we chose an existing 2,300 square foot home located in
Northeast Ohio that will be replacing conventional HVAC with a horizontal loop
geothermal system.
Cost of Geothermal system $20,000
30% Federal Tax Credit - $6,000
Local Utility Credit - $600
Total cost after Credits $13,400
Cost of Conventional HVAC - $8,500
Difference in Cost $4,900
Table 1.
So after the Federal and local incentives, the cost difference of Geothermal
Heating compared to conventional HVAC heating is $4,900.
Now we take into account the monthly savings on your utility bills. Let’s estimate
you use approximately $3,000 per year in total utility costs. Since HVAC costs
typically account for 65%-75% of a utility bill you will see an average savings of
$150 per month.
In one year, you will save $1800 in utility bills. In 2.7 years you have already
made up the cost difference of a traditional HVAC, and gotten a highly efficient,
environmentally sound unit that produces even temperatures and higher air
quality year round.
The overall payback period for the entire Geothermal System is ~4 years. The
operating costs are the least expensive of any heating and cooling method. Your
geothermal system lasts twice as long as traditional systems and replaces the
need for any oil, propane, or natural gas.
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Chiller Geothermal Chiller - Geothermal -
City
(kw/ton) (kw/ton) EER EER
Ahmedabad 1.15 0.48 10.46 25.01
Bangalore 1.12 0.45 10.72 26.81
Chennai 1.27 0.51 9.48 23.69
Hyderabad 1.23 0.53 9.75 22.58
Jaipur 1.11 0.43 10.85 27.61
Kolkata 1.25 0.49 10.57 24.65
Mumbai 1.16 0.46 10.34 25.85
Nagpur 1.16 0.48 10.39 25.13
Pune 1.13 0.44 10.65 27.13
Table 2. Comparison between Geothermal vs. Conventional Refrigeration for major

cities of India
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VII. ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE (ORC)
Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) systems are able to utilize low-temperature heat
sources, such as geothermal reservoirs; to generate power.ORC has been focused
on due to its simple cycleconfiguration, high reliability and flexibility, and
convenient maintenance. The ORC-based plants have successfully been adopted in
recovering the geothermal resources, solar energy, ocean thermal energy, and
other waste heat from different industries.
The ORC has been proven promising in converting low and medium grade heat
sources into power, but the thermal efficiency is only 8-12%.However,
conventional power generation methods are unable to efficiently convert the
above heat sources into power due to their lower temperatures and enthalpies.
For instance, a steam Rankine cycle does not allow efficient utilization of heat
below 370°C. One solution to this problem that has been investigated is the use of
the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). The ORC applies the same operating principles
as the steam Rankine cycle to generate energy, but instead uses an organic
working fluid that has a lower boiling point than water, allowing for the recovery
of usable energy from lower enthalpy heat sources such as geothermal and waste
heat sources.As a power generation method that utilises medium-to-low enthalpy
heat sources, ORC systems are particularly applicable to the recovery of
geothermal energy.
TECHNOLOGY
The most commonly used system for converting geothermal heat into electricity is
an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). An ORC uses an organic fluid in a closed loop
Rankine Cycle. The four main components of the ORC are the feed pump,
vaporizer, expander, and condenser.
Low enthalpy geothermal water vaporizes the working fluid which drives the
turbine driving the generator and thus generating electricity. The resultant
mixture of vapor and liquid working fluidpasses through recuperator and cools in
cooling tower. Expander valve reduces the pressure and again the process is
repeated.
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Figure 11.Working of a typical ORC
Figure 12.P-H and T-S diagram for a typical ORC
RECUPERATOR
It recovers the waste heat that remains unused by the turbine. InHVAC,
recuperators are commonly used to re-use waste heat from exhaust air normally
expelled to atmosphere. Devices typically comprises a series of parallel plates
of aluminum, plastic, stainless steel, or synthetic fiber, alternate pairs of which are
enclosed on two sides to form twin sets of ducts at right angles to each other, and
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which contain the supply and extract air streams. In this manner heat from the
exhaust air stream is transferred through the separating plates, and into the
supply air stream.
Figure13. Recuperator (http://primus-ks.com/en/product/recuperator/)
TURBINE
RADIAL TURBINES WITH VARIABLE GEOMETRY INLET GUIDE VANES
The inlet guide vanes to a turbine stage accelerate the fluid by converting
enthalpy into kinetic energy. The velocity of the fluid exiting the guide vanes is
thus dependent on the pressure difference over the vanes as well as the inlet
pressure, enthalpy and mass flow. The turbine has to run at a fixed rotational
speed in order to keep the frequency of the electricity generated constant.
This means that if the guide vane exit velocity vector is not exactly at the design
value (both size and direction), the angle of attack as the flow meets the leading
edge of the rotor blade will not be correct. Variations in this angle of attack lead
to losses, and thus a drop in the isentropic efficiency of the turbine.
Variations in the flow of the working fluid through the turbine in an ORC power
plant are most frequently caused by variations in the amount of geothermal fluid
available to the power plant, this can be caused by variations in the flow produced
by the wells or because of demand for the geothermal fluid by other processes,
such as district heating on a cold day.
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Variations of the pressure difference over the guide vane stage are most
frequently caused by variations of the temperature of the cooling air or water,
which in turn will influence the condenser pressure.
A radial inflow turbine can be built with inlet guide vanes which can be moved.
Such turbine is capable of handling large pressure ratios, so they have only one
stage – or only one set of inlet guide vanes.
Figure 13.Radial Inflow Turbine
The guide vanes are moved in such a way that the flow area between the vanes
changes, and work thus similarly to a turbine control valve in an axial turbine.
But the difference is that the flow change in the radial turbine is not made by
throttling the flow, but by changing the flow area for acceleration of the fluid. The
direction of the flow vector is changed at the same time by ingenious design of the
guide vane form.
Figure14. Inlet Guide Vane System
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A simplified picture of the inlet guide vane system in the Atlas Copco turbine is
shown in Figure
The result of this is that the turbine is able to maintain high isentropic efficiency
over a wide range of operating conditions. This is especially important for power
plants with air cooled condensers, where the pressure ratio changes due to air
temperature variations. The same applies for cogeneration power plants where
the district heating has to get preference during cold days.
The main steps in the proposed standard
Prospect Feasibility Design Construction
PROSPECTING
ORC is divided in four key steps, which are constructive in the development of the
ORC Plant. The first step is the prospecting stage, the point of which is to assess
the available heat source and to decide whether or not an ORC is the best option
because at that condition Dry steam, single flash or double flash system would
suitable. Figure 1 shows the key steps of the prospecting stage with a decision
gate to decide early on if there is a likelychance of success for the plant. The main
goal of this step is to check that the geothermal source is suitable for an ORC and
to determine a rough estimate of the maximum electricity output. The owner’s
conference will also identify if electrical generation is the best option and whether
the plant should be connected to the grid, used directly by nearby industry or
used as a remote power generator. In some cases direct use of the geothermal
heat may be the better option like geothermal heating or cooling plants can be
established at specific condition where ORC is not commercial feasible.
For a rough estimation of the size of the ORC, we have to design heat extraction
design. The properties of the geothermal fluid and any constraints on minimum
temperature of the geothermal fluid will give result that what type of heat
exchanger should be selected and the amount of heat available. The operating
conditions of the working fluid are given consideration however the geothermal
fluid constraints will be the deciding factor. Finally the prospecting stage is
estimating the proposed ORC performance, such as the power output and
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efficiency. Initial cost estimates and calculation of the payback period can be
made after this step and they will significantly influence the decision on whether
or not to progress with the project. Now in this plant the risk of failure is still high
because a comprehensive analysis still needs to be done, and therefore the
investment in the prospecting stage should be minimal to avoid significant
financial loss if the project is abandoned.
PROSPECT
Figure 15
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FEASIBILITY
Figure 16.
DESIGN
Figure 17.
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VIII. HYBRID SYSTEMS
Increasing demand and cost for energy and declining fossil fuels in future make
researches and developments on renewable energies feasible. Utilization of
renewable energy sources are limited by their availability and efficiency. Never
before in the field of human endeavour has there been so crucial a time when
mankind must strive to achieve a sustainable and renewable energy future. The
hybrid concept presented here synergistically links the power generation
capabilities of two renewable power resources like geothermal-solar, geothermal-
biomass and geothermal-wind energy.
SOLAR-GEOTHERMAL HYBRID SYSTEM
Low enthalpy geothermal resources i.e. resources with in situ temperatures less
than 1500C are usually used for space heating and cooling rather than for the
purpose of producing electricity.
However, if such a low enthalpy geothermal resource is coupled with an easily

available renewable energy source such as biomass, solar energy, wind energy or
waste energy, the thermodynamic quality of the geothermal resource increases
and the efficiency of the combined energy increases giving an output more than
the outputs of the stand-alone systems of the two energies combined. Moreover,
the cost of electricity produced decreases.
Using the light component of solar energy to produce electricity using

photovoltaic cells and thus using it to drive the compressors and pumps in GSHP
makes the space and water heating and cooling system self-sufficient in terms of
energy.
There are multiple ways that may be chosen to build geothermal and
Concentration Solar Power (CSP) generation hybrids. Some of the power cycle
configurations that have been investigated in the past are as follows (A.D.
Greenhut, 2010):
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a. SUPERHEATING LOW TEMPERATURE WORKING FLUID TO
BOOST ELECTRICITY PRODUCTION IN ORC
High enthalpy geothermal resource is required for efficient power production. This
approach utilizes solar heat to raise the temperature of the working fluid in a
geothermal power generation cycle before it enters the turbines, resulting in higher
working fluid energy and power generation.
b. PRE-HEATING OF BRINE TO BOOST ELECTRICITY

PRODUCTION IN ORC
It is known that the efficiency of power generation from thermal energy is directly
proportional to the resource temperature in general. Solar could be used to
increase the temperature of geothermal fluids significantly and thus, improve the
efficiency of geothermal power generation significantly. This approach utilizes
solar heat to raise the temperature of the geothermal brine before it enters the
heat exchangers, resulting in higher brine enthalpy and thus higher power
generation.
c. BRINE RE-CIRCULATION CONCEPT
This approach utilizes solar heat to raise the temperature of a portion of the brine
coming out of the heat exchangers to that of the fresh brine and re-circulate this brine
into the feed to the heat exchangers. This results in a lower fresh brine requirement,
thus higher power generation from the same field.
d. BRINE PRE-HEAT / RE-CIRCULATION CONCEPT
This approach utilizes solar heat to raise the temperature of both the geothermal brine
before it enters the heat exchangers and also of a portion of the re-circulating brine and
feed this to the heat exchangers. This results in higher brine enthalpy as well as lower
fresh brine requirement, thus higher power generation.
There are different ways for concentrating the Solar energy, like:
1) Parabolic trough collectors
2) Heliostat field collectors
3) Linear Fresnel collectors
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4) Parabolic dish collectors
Figure 18. Solar collectors

(http://www.solar-tower.org.uk/quick-start.php)
Amongst the above all Parabolic Trough collectors are widely used as a hybrid
system with geothermal.
In the past few decades, much attention has been paid to the hybrid solar-
geothermal power generation. Because of the mutual compensation in structures,
the hybrid system contains both of the advantages of the solar and geothermal
sources.
Thermodynamically, the hybrid plants were found to outperform the stand-alone

plants when a fully optimized operating mode was employed. The net power
output of the hybrid plant was found to increase as a result of increasing the solar
irradiance and/or geothermal fluid temperature or reducing the ambient
temperature.
Though for a short term this hybrid configuration may not be cost competitive,
but for a long run it would be cost beneficiary as a result of higher power output.
GEOTHERMAL-BIOMASS HYBRID MODEL
There are two types of hybridization is developed for geothermal and biomass
energy. The use of geothermal liquid for feed water heating in an otherwise
conventional fossil-fueled power plant was suggested as long ago as
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1961[Hansen, 1961], and fossil superheating of geothermal steam was described
nine years later.
For second one fossil super or over heating of geothermal water or steam for the
generation of electricity. There are three geothermal-solar hybrid systems.
System I is a double-flash geothermal plant that uses biomass energy to enhance
its performance. System II consists of a single-flash geothermal plant coupled to a
biomass plant superheater that delivers superheated steam to a geothermal
turbine, with geothermal brine used for feedwater heating for the biomass plant.
System III is mainly a biomass power plant that takes advantage of geothermal
energy to enhance its performance. All three systems exhibit advantages in terms
of net power generated relative to individual plants. System III was optimized for
best efficiency and highest power for a given geothermal resource.
Figure 18.
Biomass in the form of waste forestry product is fired with air to produce hot flue
gases that are used to raise steam for a steam turbine and generate electricity. Hot
geothermal fluid usually in the form of hot liquid under pressure also enters the
plant. How these two input streams interact depends on the particular design of
the cycle. Besides electricity, waste heat and cooled geofluid must be discharged
from the plant. From an exergy point of view, the input exergy from the biomass
and the geofluid power the plant and the ratio of the output electricity to the sum
of the inputs is the utilization efficiency. The thermal efficiency for the plant is not
well-defined thermodynamically since the geofluid undergoes a series of
processes, not a closed cycle. These will be explored in detail, first with an
example using an actual geothermal plant and then with several conceptual
designs.
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GEOTHERMAL-WIND HYBRID MODEL
In most of geothermal power plants, there is considerable amount of energy loss
due to reinjection. Despite the technical issues related to reservoir management if
this reinjection doesn’t participate in sustainability of the reservoir, the injected
waste fluid usually with temperature around 60-1000C can be considered as a
total energy loss.
As it was mentioned before, one of the disadvantages of geothermal resources is

that, they are locally dependent resources; high temperature zones are located in
active volcanic areas. Several methods have been attempted to develop for
electricity production of low temperature resources. Most of them have focused
on ORC cycles. These small units usually are not very simple and may have
maintenance and environmental issues in case of disasters especially in rural
areas. If some new idea can help to produce electricity with these low
temperature fields and as a bottoming unit with currently operating plants, it will
be game changing for geothermal power production and will support its
renewability and sustainability.
The idea of wind turbine has been working and currently there are wind farms
contributing to power production. Considering energy loss from geothermal fields
and technical progress of wind and solar chimney, it seems that there is good
potential of electricity production with hybrid system, which is simple, local and
renewable. Figure 2 illustrates the suggested hybrid system. Hot geothermal
water comes to pond, and air is being heated above the pond. Since hot air raises,
inside chimney air will rotate turbine blade to produce electricity.Also we can use
wind energy through conventional wind turbine by using electricity in geothermal
ORC plant for compressor and preheater. This system has 3 main parts including
geothermal heat supply system, chimney and wind.
Figure 20.
31
IX. REFERENCES:
I. Geothermal Heat Pump Systems, Curtis J. Klaassen
II. Ground Source Heat Pumps, Lale Valizade
III. http://greenlivingideas.com/2007/10/22/the-uses-of-geothermal-energy
IV. Space Heating and Cooling Application based on Low Enthalpy Geothermal
Reservoirs with a Focus On Indian Subcontinent, Vaidya D, Shah M, Sircar A,
SahajpalS
V. Open Journal of Energy Efficiency,2013, 2, 42-45 HVAC vs. Geothermal Heat
Pump-Myth &Truth, Avijit Choudhary
VI. Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, Cengel, Yunus A.; Boles,
Michael (1994).
VII. www.geothermalprofessionals.com/how-it-works/cost
VIII. Solar – geothermal Hybrid Cycle Analysis for Low Enthalpy Solar and
Geothermal Resources, Proceedings, World Geothermal Congress 2010 Bali,
Indonesia (2010), Greenhut, A.D., Tester, J.W., DiPippo, R., Field, A., Love, C.,
and Chad, K.N .
IX. Upgrading both Geothermal and solar Energy, Proceedings, 41st Workshop
on Geothermal reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford,
California ( Feb,2016), Kewen L, Chagwei Liu, Youguagchen, Guochen Liu,
Jinlongchen
X. Modeling and Analysis of Hybrid Geothermal-Solar Thermal Energy
Conversion Systems, Andrew David Greenhut
XI. Measurements of Ground Temperature at Various Depths, International
Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies on CD-ROM, Nottingham,
UK (2004), Florides, G., and Kalogirou S.
32

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1

(CEGE, PDPU, RAISAN, GANDHINAGAR)

We express our gratitude to Dr.Anirbid Sircar for encouraging us to

The various applications of geothermal energy are as follows:

SPACE HEATING, COOLING AND VENTILATION:

The power generation through geothermal resources is still in nascent stages in

1. GROUND HEAT EXCHANGER LOOP:

Figure 1. Geothermal Heat Pump Systems – Curtis J. Klaassen

Figure 2. Geothermal Heat Pump Systems – Curtis J. Klaassen

It is an assembly of heat exchangers, expansion valve, compressor or pumps and

An evaporator is basically a heat exchanger coil that’s responsible for collecting

Figure 3. Typical hermodynamic cycle for Organic Working Fluid

SWITCHING BETWEEN HEATING AND COOLING

Figure 4. Working of compressor driven GSHP for Cooling

The coefficient of performance (COP) is used to define the heating performance of

EER= COP × 3.413

Figure 6. Air ducts

Let us understand the cooling/heating requirements in context with Indian Sub-

Power consumption = wattage x time used

Below given figure is schematic representation of Heat Pumps and its

Figure 9. Working of conventional AC

Below we have broken down an example of a system installed in a 2,300 square

Cost of Geothermal system $20,000

30% Federal Tax Credit - $6,000

Local Utility Credit - $600

Total cost after Credits $13,400

Cost of Conventional HVAC - $8,500

Difference in Cost $4,900

Ahmedabad 1.15 0.48 10.46 25.01

Bangalore 1.12 0.45 10.72 26.81

Chennai 1.27 0.51 9.48 23.69

Hyderabad 1.23 0.53 9.75 22.58

Jaipur 1.11 0.43 10.85 27.61

Kolkata 1.25 0.49 10.57 24.65

Mumbai 1.16 0.46 10.34 25.85

Nagpur 1.16 0.48 10.39 25.13

Pune 1.13 0.44 10.65 27.13

Table 2. Comparison between Geothermal vs. Conventional Refrigeration for major

Figure 12.P-H and T-S diagram for a typical ORC

Figure13. Recuperator (http://primus-ks.com/en/product/recuperator/)

RADIAL TURBINES WITH VARIABLE GEOMETRY INLET GUIDE VANES

Figure 13.Radial Inflow Turbine

Figure14. Inlet Guide Vane System

The main steps in the proposed standard

Prospect Feasibility Design Construction

SOLAR-GEOTHERMAL HYBRID SYSTEM

However, if such a low enthalpy geothermal resource is coupled with an easily

Using the light component of solar energy to produce electricity using

b. PRE-HEATING OF BRINE TO BOOST ELECTRICITY

c. BRINE RE-CIRCULATION CONCEPT

d. BRINE PRE-HEAT / RE-CIRCULATION CONCEPT

Figure 18. Solar collectors

Thermodynamically, the hybrid plants were found to outperform the stand-alone

GEOTHERMAL-BIOMASS HYBRID MODEL

As it was mentioned before, one of the disadvantages of geothermal resources is

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