3

OPERASI
TEKNIK
KIMIA
EVAPORATOR
Yuli Amalia Husnil
Methods for Minimizing Energy in Evaporation Process
 Mechanical vapor recompression
(MVR) improves steam economy by
Compressor
compressing low-pressure steam
exiting the evaporator and
recycling it as the heat source.
 Steam Ejector
Motive

The thermal vapor

recompression (TVR) builds on
the same principle as the
mechanical alternative, but uses
only a portion of the resulting
vapor for heating the system.
Startup
The compression of the steam
for heat recovery takes place in
a steam jet pump.
STEAM EJECTOR VACUUM PUMP
It uses the principle of VENTURIMETER
 Motive
Steam
Steam Ejector
Entrained Vapor
Condensate
V1, T1 V2, T2 Preheater
V3, T3

Feed, TF2, xF P1 P2 P3
Feed, TF1, xF
Steam, Ts
Effect 1 Effect 2 Effect 3

L1, x1, T1 L2, x2, T2

Condensate
Steam Condensate, Ts Condensate
Product, L3, x3, T3
Parameters in Steam Ejector

• Compression Ratio: Ratio between outlet pressure of steam from ejector (𝑃𝑆 ) to inlet pressure
of entrained vapor (𝑃𝑒𝑣 ). For single stage steam ejector maximum ratio is 8:1
𝑃𝑆
𝐶𝑅 =
𝑃𝑒𝑣

• Ratio of entrainment: Ratio between mass flow of MOTIVE STEAM (Mm) to mass flow of
entrained vapor (Mev).
𝑀𝑚
𝑅𝑎 =
𝑀𝑒𝑣

or

Referensi: H.T. El-Dessouky, H.M. Ettouney. 2002. Fundamentals of Salt Water Desalination. Elsevier
Parameters in Steam Ejector
• PCF: Pressure Correction Factor. It must be calculated since there is pressure difference
between motive steam and entrained vapor

• TCF: Temperature Correction Factor. It must be calculated since there is temperature

difference between motive steam and entrained vapor

Pm = pressure of motive steam (kPa)

These PCF and TCF equations only valid when:

1. Ejectors operating with steam as the motive fluid and the entrained gas
is water vapor
2. Ra ≤ 4, 10 < Tev ≤ 500oC, 100 ≤ Pm ≤ 3500 kPa, CR ≥ 1.81

Referensi: H.T. El-Dessouky, H.M. Ettouney. 2002. Fundamentals of Salt Water Desalination. Elsevier
Design of Sugar Juice Evaporation with Thermal Vapor Recompression
MOTIVE STEAM
Mm(kg/h) 8441.323
Steam Ejector
ENTRAINED VAPOR

Mev(kg/h) 2275.85
43.45 degC

Hfg(kJ/kg) 2232.866 17379640 Hfg(kJ/kg) 2257.472 Hfg(kJ/kg) 2299.274

V1 (kg/h) 7783.557 7698.717 V2 (kg/h) 5227.742 V3 (kg/h) 5132.701 M to Cond(kg/h) Feed Preheater
T1 (degC) 108.78 T2 (degC) 99.97 T3 (degC) 84.55 2856.851
F (kg/h) 22680 1 2 3 HL(kJ/kg) 2339.0283 (Condenser)
xF 0.1
TF(degC) 43.45049 BPR(degC) 0.50 BPR(degC) 0.70 BPR(degC) 2 F (kg/h) 22680
P(kPa) 49.63975 TF(degC) 26.7
Tsat 81.35
Ts (degC) 120 U1(W/m2K) 3123 U2(W/m2K) 1987 U3(W/m2K) 1136
HL 2202.35 DT1(degC) 11.22 DT2(degC) 8.81 DT3(degC) 15.42
Ts1(degC) Ts2(degC) Ts3(degC)
120.00 108.78 99.97
6.662487
L1 (kg/h) 14896.44 L2 (kg/h) 9668.701 L3 (kg/h) 4536
x1 0.15 x2 0.235 x3 0.5
T1 (degC) 108.78 T2 (degC) 99.97 x3_calc 0.5
T3 (degC) 84.55

Total DT 35.45 degC Sen-Heat 6223325 kJ/h Psteam 198.559 kPa PCF 1.2351 #faktor koreksi tekanan Solver 0.00
Total Ev 18144 kg/h A1 187.1632 m2 CompRatio 4 TCF 0.954113 #faktor koreksi temperatur
Wsteam 10717.17 kg/h A2 187.1632 m2 Pmotive 500 kPa Ra 3.709087 #Rasio entrainment
q 23602965 kJ/h A3 187.1632 m2
Sizing Evaporator
STEPS
1. Determining the tube internal and external diameters and tube length
2. Calculating the number of tubes required for the calandaria
(evaporator body)
3. Determining the suitable tube sheet arrangement
4. Calculating the bundle diameter or the calandria diameter
5. Calculating the evaporator shell internal diameter
6. Calculating the height of the evaporator shell
Step 1. Determining the tube internal and external diameters and tube
length
How to?

• Normal range for tube diameters: 16-50 mm

• Common range for tube diameters: 16-25 mm
• Larger diameter tubes are chosen for higher capacities and heavily fouling fluids
• Check tube diameters from Standard Pipe Size Table (Tabel 3. Diameter Tube Heat Exchanger in
Diktat Perancangan Heat Exchanger)
• The preferred tube lengths used in the industry are 3ft, 6ft, 8ft, 12ft, 16ft, 20ft and 24ft.
• Long tubes are used to reduce the shell diameter when the capacity is large.
Step 2. Calculating the number of tubes required for the calandaria
(evaporator body)
How to?

𝐴
𝑁𝑡 =
𝜋 × 𝑑𝑜 × 𝐿

Nt = Number of tubes
do = Outside diameter of tube, m
L = tube length, m
A = Heat transfer area, m2
Step 3. Determining the suitable tube sheet arrangement

• Tubes are arranged usually in equilateral

triangular, square or rotated square
arrangements.
• Triangular and rotated square patterns
have high heat transfer rates.
• Square or rotated square pattern is used
for heavily fouling liquids
Step 4. Calculating the bundle diameter or the calandria diameter

How to?

Db = Bundle diameter, m
K1 = Constant (see table)
n1 = Constant (see table)

Reference:
R. K. Sinnot, "Heat transfer equipment design," in Chemical Engineering Design-Volume 6, Elsevier, 2005, pp. 645-685.
Step 5. Calculating the evaporator shell internal diameter (IDS)
How to?

Using bundle diameter obtained from previous

step, find the CLEARANCE (difference between
shell inside diameter and bundle diameter) at the
cross section with Fixed and U-tube line.

IDS = Bundle diameter + Clearance

Reference:
R. K. Sinnot, "Heat transfer equipment design," in Chemical
Engineering Design-Volume 6, Elsevier, 2005, pp. 645-685.
Step 6. Calculating the height of the evaporator shell
How to?

• Height of the vessel (evaporator body) is generally taken as 2-5 times the internal
diameter of the shell depending on the entrainment possibility (Rd).
• If entrainment possibility is high then choose higher factor (4 or 5) to calculate
the height. OR just use 5 to produce the most conservative (safest) design.

𝑉 𝜌𝑙 − 𝜌𝑣
𝑅𝑑 =
0.0172 ∙ 𝐴 𝜌𝑣
Assignment

Larutan gula 10% akan dipekatkan menjadi xP menggunakan triple effect evaporator yang dilengkapi
dengan thermal vapor recompression. Larutan memasuki effect pertama dengan laju alir F kg/h pada
temperatur 37.8oC. Fluida panas yang digunakan adalah saturated steam pada 58.6 kPa_Gage. Effect
ketiga dikondisikan pada tekanan P kPa. BPR larutan gula dapat dihitung dengan menggunakan
persamaan berikut, BPR(oC) = 1.78x + 6.22x2.
a) Rancanglah proses evaporasi ini dengan menggunakan Microsoft Excel.
b) Hitunglah dimensi tiap evaporator. Asumsi tipe evaporator yang digunakan adalah Long Tube
Evaporator dengan tiap effect memiliki nilai koefisien perpindahan panas menyeluruh yang sama.

Keterangan:
• F = (20000 + total penjumlahan angka NRP) kg/h
• xP (konsentrasi akhir produk) = lihat tabel di soal Tugas 3
• CR = 2 – 4 kali
• Tekanan effect ketiga disesuaikan dengan CR yang dipilih
• Pm = 300 – 600 kPa