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3 Using Shear Strength Reduction Method For 2D and 3D Slope Stability Analysis Ready PDF
3 Using Shear Strength Reduction Method For 2D and 3D Slope Stability Analysis Ready PDF
for 2D and 3D Slope Stability Analysis
Thamer Yacoub, Ph.D. P.Eng.
President, Rocscience Inc.
Toronto, Canada
Annual Kansas City Geotechnical Conference 2016
Outline
Slope stability analysis using Limit Equilibrium Method (LEM)
vs. Shear Strength Reduction Method (SSR)
Advantages and disadvantages of LEM and SSR
Shear Strength Reduction outline
Applications
Soil models
MSE wall
Slope with supports
3D effect on slope stability analysis
Recommendations and Conclusion
“Developments in the characterization of complex rock slope deformation and failure using numerical modelling techniques”
D. Stead, E. Eberhardt, J.S. Coggan
Slope failure analysis
“Developments in the characterization of complex rock slope deformation and failure using numerical modelling techniques”
D. Stead, E. Eberhardt, J.S. Coggan
Limit Equilibrium Analysis
Pros
Most common slope analysis method
Extensive experience
Relatively simple formulation (easy to understand)
Quick analysis
Useful for evaluating sensitivity of failure to input parameters
Minimal material input parameters
Limit Equilibrium Analysis
Cons
Based on assumption soil mass can be divided into slices
Arbitrary assumptions to ensure static determinacy
Neglects stress‐strain behaviour
Does not provide information on deformations
Finding lowest factor of safety can be very challenging
Limit Equilibrium Analysis
Non‐Circular Search Methods
Local Search Methods Global Search Methods
Auto Refine Search Cuckoo Search (Slide 7)
Block Search Simulated Annealing
Path Search
Monte Carlo
Optimization
Limit Equilibrium Analysis
Search Method (Local and Global methods)
Limit Equilibrium Analysis
Search Method (Local and Global methods)
4.80
1.03
0.45
1.28
Limit Equilibrium Analysis
Auto Refine Search: FS = 2.74 Cuckoo: FS = 1.51
1.506
Limit Equilibrium Analysis
Active‐Passive wedge
Method: Spencer FS: 1.54
Limit Equilibrium Analysis
Active‐Passive wedge
Method: Non‐Vertical Sarma FS: 1.67
RS2 FS: 1.67
Shear Strength Reduction
Method (SSR)
Overview of SSR Method
Conventional Finite Element
(FE) analysis
Elasto‐plastic constitutive
relationship
Elastic‐perfectly plastic –
most common assumption
Produces results similar to LE
Overview of SSR Method
Bishop, “The Use of the Slip Circle in the Stability Analysis of
Slopes”, Geotechnique, 1955
Overview of SSR Method
Geometric interpretation of strength envelope reduction
70
60
50
40
Original MC
Reduced MC
30
20
10
F
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Overview of SSR Method
Reduction of Mohr‐Coulomb (MC) shear strength envelope
Original MC equation
Reduced (factored) MC equation
c' ' tan
F F
Generalized Hoek‐Brown Strength
Reduction of GHB shear strength envelope
0.45
0.2
0.15
0.1
Envelope after
reduction by F
Can be used for other
non‐linear strength
0.05
F
envelopes
0
-0.05 0.05 0.15 0.25 0.35
n
SSR‐FEM Slope Stability Analysis
Reduce strength of slope materials
in FEM model by factor
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.10
Maximum Total Displacement [m]
Importing LEM files
Assumptions when importing LEM files (Slide to RS2)
Elastic Moduli set to 50000 kPa or 106 psf (soil)
Poisson’s ratio set to 0.4
1.50 Poisson’s ratio = 0.2
(Varying E) Dilation angle > 0
1.25
Factor of Safety
1.00
Poisson’s ratio = 0.4
(Varying E)
0.75
0.50
SSR
LE
0.25
0.00
Importing LEM files
Assumptions when importing LEM files (Slide to RS2)
Mohr‐Coulomb tensile strength = cohesion
Perfectly plastic materials
Peak strength parameters = Residual strength parameters
Initial stresses hydrostatic
h
K 1
v
Importing LEM files
Assumptions when importing LEM files (Slide to RS2)
3000 elements
Six‐noded triangles
Linear strain element or higher order elements
Uniform mesh
Pins (not rollers) for boundaries
Hinges vs. Rollers
Rollers:
Rollers
Hinges vs. Rollers
Hinges
Hinges
Homogeneous slope
FE mesh (6‐noded triangular elements)
Homogeneous slope
Contours of maximum shear strain
SSR‐FS=1.24
Critical SRF: 1.24
Maximum
SSR = 1.27
LE = 1.30
Slopes with supports
LEM vs SSR Reinforcement Forces
LEM reinforcement forces
Load distribution along
reinforcement is prescribed
Magnitude of force included in
LE calculations depends on
location of bolt‐slip surface T1
intersection T2
T3
Piles for Slope Stabilization
Installed Piles
Failure Surface
Stable Soil
Concept
Applied soil displacement from ground to slip surface representing
the allowed soil displacement tolerance based on design criteria
Depth and angle of slip surface intersection will determine the
magnitude of axial and lateral displacement
Slip
surface
“Design of micropiles for slope stabilization” by Dr. Erik Loehr, University of Missouri
Predicting pile resistance
Estimate profile of soil movement
Resolve soil movement into axial and lateral components
Predict axial and lateral resistance
Use “p‐y” analyses for lateral load transfer
Use “t‐z” analyses for axial load transfer
Select appropriate axial and lateral resistance (consider compatibility
and serviceability)
p‐y analyses for lateral resistance
Pile Model Input Profile of
Lateral Soil Movement
δ lat
Lateral Component
Soil Lateral
of moving soil
Resistance (p)
Pile Bending
Stiffness (EI)
Sliding Surface
Transition (Sliding) Zone
Stable Soil
(no soil movement)
z
Lateral resistance
Pile Deformation (cm) Mobilized Bending Mom. Mobilized Shear Force (kN)
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 ‐1500 ‐750 (kN-cm)
0 750 1500 ‐80 ‐40 0 40 80
0 0 0
10 10 10
clay
20 20 20
Depth (ft)
30 30 30
slid
40 e 40 40
50 rock 50 50
60 60 60
t‐z analyses for axial resistance
Input Profile of
Axial Soil Movement
Cap Bearing δ
Soil Shear axial
Axial Component Resistance (t)
of moving soil
Pile Axial
Stiffness (EA)
Sliding Surface
10
clay
20
Depth (m)
30
Slide
40
rock
50
60
Concept
Applied uniform soil displacement
Enter a Soil Displacement and a Sliding Depth
Can be used for RSPile and for Slide
Axially Loaded Piles (Settlement, Axial Force)
Axially Loaded Piles (Settlement, Axial Force)
Sliding Depth
Axial Force at the Sliding Depth is the Axial Resistance
Against Sliding
Laterally Loaded Piles (Deflection, Moment and Shear)
Laterally Loaded Piles (Deflection, Moment and Shear)
Sliding Depth
Shear Force at the Sliding Depth is the Lateral Resistance
Against Sliding
Pile Resistance Against Sliding
Max Allowable
Displacement
Ultimate Displacement
Repeat process for a number of sliding depths to develop resistance
functions
Support Forces
983.017
1039.84
SSR Analysis of Reinforced Slopes
Important commonly cited advantage of SSR is ability to
predict reinforcement loads at failure
Solution depends on:
Reinforcement stiffness,
Post‐failure strength, and
Failure mechanism
LEM vs SSR Reinforcement Forces
SSR reinforcement forces
Final load distribution depends on:
Strength parameters including post‐yield behaviour of soil and
reinforcement
Deformation characteristics (stress‐strain behaviour) of soil and
reinforcement
Applied loads
Example
Slope reinforced with multiple geotextile layers
Results
Example
SSR factor of safety similar to LE results
Zero post‐yield assumption gives factor of safety different from LE
Elastic‐perfectly plastic post‐yield assumption gives factor of safety
similar to LE
Results
Zero Residual Strength Support Perfectly Plastic Support
Bishop circular
failure surface
Results
Factor of Safety
Method Factor of Safety
LE‐Spencer (non‐circular) 1.65
SSR
1.65
(elastic‐perfectly plastic)
SSR
1.54
(zero post‐failure strength)
Results
Example
Total displacement contours (for deformed mesh)
SRF=1.62
SRF=1.00
SRF=1.75
SRF=1.60
SRF=1.50
Results
‘Complex’ distribution of loads along geotextile layers
Reinforced Slope – Case I
Zone II
Mohr‐Coulomb material
c = 0 MPa, = 12o
Zone I Zone III
Hoek‐Brown material Hoek‐Brown material
UCS = 70 MPa UCS = 75 MPa
m = 0.25, s = 0.00015, a =0.5 m = 0.3, s = 0.00016, a = 0.5
Open Pit Stability
Open Pit Stability
Shear strains at Strength Reduction Factor = 1.00
Open Pit Stability
Shear strains at Strength Reduction Factor = 1.38
Open Pit Stability
Shear strains at Strength Reduction Factor = 1.39
Open Pit Stability
Shear strains at Strength Reduction Factor = 1.40
Open Pit Stability
Critical Strength Reduction Factor = 1.39
Lowest failure surface
FS = 1.19
Open Pit Stability
Critical Strength Reduction Factor = 1.39
Failure surface form
Spencer method
FS: 1.43
SSR Failure Mechanism
Active wedge
Passive wedge
Shear strength reduction in 3D
slope stability using RS3
Three‐dimensional effect of Boundary Conditions
Compare the factor of safety as we increase B/H ratio
12.5 m
7.5 m H = 5 m
5 m 5 m B
30 m
Fixed xyz Restrained x
Restrained x
Fixed xyz
Three‐dimensional effect of Boundary Conditions
2.1
Factor of Safety
H 1.9 Zhang K. et al.
RS3 2.0
RS2
B 1.7
1.5
1.3
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
B/H Ratio
Zhang K. et al. (2011). Simulation analysis on three‐dimensional slope failure under different conditions.
Three‐dimensional effect of Turning Corner
10 m
10 m 9m
3m
26 m
10 m
Three‐dimensional effect of Turning Corner
Concave
θ = 180 deg
FS = 1.20
Convex
θ = 225 deg θ = 270 deg
FS = 1.21 FS = 1.22
Supports in SSR slope stability
analysis
Pile Spacing on Slope Stability
Diameter of pile, D = 0.8 m
D’ = distance from one pile centre to
the next pile centre
Pile Spacing, D’
Diameter of Pile, D = 0.8 m
Pile Spacing, D’
Pile Spacing on Slope Stability
Factor of Safety is directly proportional to pile spacing
Pile Spacing Factor of Safety
No Piles 1.29
2D 1.46
3D 1.42
4D 1.38
6D 1.34
Total Slope Displacement Model
Total Slope Displacement Model
Embedded Length of Pile on Slope Stability
Embedded Length of pile is directly proportional to factor of
safety
Embedded Length
Embedded Length of Pile on Slope Stability
Factor of safety is directly proportional to embedded length
Embedded Length (m) Factor of Safety
No support 1.18
1 1.30
2 1.53
10 1.57
Total Slope Displacement Model
Total Slope Displacement Model
Slice result
Staggered Pile Support System
Increase distance of
1D
second pile row by 6D
1D for each model
6D
Total Slope Displacement Model
Influence of Piles on Slope Displacement
Staggered Pile Support System
Factor of Safety decreases slightly with increasing distance between staggered
pile support rows
For each pile row the spacing between piles is set at 6D
Distance Between Pile Rows Factor of Safety
One Row of Piles 1.34
1D 1.47
2D 1.47
4D 1.46
6D 1.45
8D 1.42
For one row of piles at 2D, FS=1.55
3D Effects on Slope Stability
Analysis using SSR
RS3 Full 3D Analysis
3D Effect on Slope Stability Analysis using SSR
RS3 2.0 is able to capture full 3D effects on slope stability
analysis using SSR
Find the critical slip
surface location and
shape
3D Effect on Slope Stability Analysis using SSR
RS3 2.0 is able to capture full 3D effects on slope stability
analysis using SSR
It is logical to estimate the Find the critical slip
failure surface to be at the surface location and
nose where the two shape
surface connect
Maximum Shear Strain Contours
FS = 1.11
Two Critical Failure
Surfaces on Either
Side of the
Embankment Corner
Total Displacement Contours
FS = 1.11
Maximum
Displacement at
Embankment Corner
Total Displacement Contours
RS3: FS = 1.11 Slide3D Spherical Search: FS = 1.09
In Slide3D, the spherical global failure surface is similar to
the failure surface obtained in RS3 2.0
Total Displacement Contours
RS3: FS = 1.11 Slide3D Spherical Search: FS = 1.09
In Slide3D, the spherical global failure surface is similar to
the failure surface obtained in RS3 2.0
Total Displacement Contours
RS3: FS = 1.11 Slide3D Spherical Search: FS = 1.09
In Slide3D, the spherical global failure surface is similar to
the failure surface obtained in RS3 2.0
Maximum Shear Strain Contours
FS = 1.29
Specify an SSR
Critical Slip Surface
Region
Assumed at
Embankment Corner
Total Displacement Contours
FS = 1.29
If we analyze a region around the embankment corner,
we obtain a higher factor of safety in both programs
Total Displacement Contours
RS3: FS = 1.29 Slide3D: FS = 1.33
If we analyze a region around the embankment corner,
we obtain a higher factor of safety in both programs
Total Displacement Contours
RS3: FS = 1.29 Slide3D: FS = 1.33
FS = 1.22
Cut Sections In the 2D analysis, a slice along the nose is also not the
critical slope section
Concluding Remarks
Disadvantages of SSR Analysis
Computational speed/time can be an issue
Requires more material input parameters
deformation properties, elasto‐plastic stress‐strain behaviour
Requires more numerical modelling expertise than is
commonly taught to geotechnical engineers
Inexperience with method
Disadvantages of SSR Analysis
Definition of instability of solution
Definition of convergence can be result of numerical instability
(and not physical instability)
Sensitivity/probablistic analysis is time consuming
Advantages of SSR Analysis
Accounts for various material stress‐strain behaviours
Does not assume failure mechanism
shape or location of failure surface
Provides information on deformations at working stress
levels
Reveals progress of failure
development of failure mechanism
Advantages of SSR Analysis
Advantages of SSR Analysis
Able to capture slope failure driven by stresses
Provides information on deformations, bending moments
and axial loads of support elements at failure
Highly reliable and robust – performs well under wide range
of conditions
Very flexible – accommodates range of inputs used in limit‐
equilibrium analysis
Thank you….