Chemistry Final Notes

1. Elements, compounds, mixtures, naming binary compounds

 Elements are substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or
physical means.
 Compounds are substances that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes.
 Mixtures are substances that have variable composition. Mixtures can be separated by physical
processes (Distillation, Filtration, Chromatography)
Mixtures can be:
 1. Homogenous Mixtures: visibly indistinguishable parts (i.e. Solutions)
 2. Heterogenous Mixtures visibly distinguishable parts
 A Physical Change is a change in state but not composition (reversible)
 A Chemical Change is a change in chemical properties and composition (irreversible)
 Physical Separation Processes:
 1. Distillation- Used to separate a mixture containing using difference in boiling points.
 2. Filtration- Used to separate a mixture containing a solid and a liquid.
 3. Chromatography- Used to separate mixtures containing a mobile and stationary phase.

 Subatomic particles are;

 1. Protons- A positively charged particle in atomic nucleus.
 2. Neutrons- Particle in atomic nucleus with no charge.
 3. Electrons- A negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of the atom.


 Atomic number- Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
 Mass number- Total number of protons + neutrons
 Atomic Mass Unit- Unit used to describe atomic mass (1amu=1.66x10^24)
 Atomic Mass- Total mass of protons and neutrons in individual atom or isotope.
 Atomic weight- the average mass of all the natural occurring isotopes of an element.
 Noble gases don’t have charges.

Metals Non-Metals
Conduct heat + electricity well Does not Conduct heat + electricity well
High density Low density
Malleable Not Malleable
Ductile Not Ductile
Shiny
2. Naming Compounds and writing equations

 Polyatomic Ions

 Name Cations (positively charged ions) before anions (negatively charged ions).
 Polyatomic anions containing oxygen and another element is called oxoanions.


 -ous acid gives -ite anion
 -ic acid gives -ate anion

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