SEMINAR

ON
SOCIOMETRY
AND
ANECDOTAL
RECORD
SUBMITTED TO,

MRS,SATHYA
M.SC(N), LECTURER
SUBMITTED BY,
M.SHOBA
M.SC(N) I YEAR
 MASTER PLAN

Name of the students Teacher : Ms . M . Shoba

Name of the evaluator : Mrs . Sathya M.sc

(N) Lecturer.

Name of the Subject : Nursing

Education

Unit : V

Topic : Sociometry ,
Anecdotal Record

Level of the students : M.Sc(N) I year

Number of students : 19

Method of Teaching : Lecture cum

discussion

Audiovisual Aides : Black board, chart,

OHP, Flannel, Handout
Pamplet

Class room : M.sc (N) I year

class room
S.No Content Page No
1. Introduction

2. Terminology
1. Sociometry.
2. Anecdotal record.

3. Etymological meaning.

4. Definition - (JACOB MOREND).

5. Purposes

6. Branches of socio metry:

 Research socio metry

 Applied sociometry

7. Moreno ‘s criteria for sociometric Test.

8. Other Approaches & Software

i) Pyschodrama

 Psychological use

ii) Group psychotherapy

iii) Yalom’s Therapeutic Factors

 Universality
 Altruism
 Institution of Hope
 Imparting Information
 Correction Recapitulation of the primary
family experience
 Development of Socializing Techniques
 Initiative Behaviors
  Cohesiveness
 Existential Factor
 Catharsis
 Interpersonal Learning
 self understanding

iv Gestalt Therapy
 History
 Objective
 Notable Issues
 Change

v) Play therapy
 Indicate to whom?

vi) Sanitary or sand box Therapy

 Therapy – procedure

vii) Play Back Theatre

viii) Drama Therapy

ix) Therapy
 History

x) Attachment Therapy

xi) Criticism

ANECDOTAl RECORD

1) Definition

2) Meaning - Anecdotal Record

3)
Characteristics
4)
Merits
5)
Demerits
6)
Principles
7)
Descriptive Report
8)
Format for Anecdotal
9)
Anecdotal Notes
10)
Illustration for use of anecdotal notes
11)
Recommendation
12)
Conclusion
13)
Journal Abstract
14)
Bibliography
15)
AV . AIDS used
 Chalk board
 Over head projector
 Chart
 Pamplets
 Flannel board

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
 B.T. Basavanthappa (2003), Nursing Education”, 1st edition, New
Delhi, Jaypee brothers, Pp: 359-384, 515-522.

Jean Barrette (2004), “Ward Management and Education”, 14th

edition, komark publishers Pp: 357-368.

K.P. Neeraj (2003) “Textbook of Nursing Education” 1st edition,

Newdelhi, Jaypee brothers, Pp: 315-317.

NET REFERENCE:
www.wikiepeida.co.in
 SOCIO METRY

INTRODUCION :
The realization of educational goals and objectives in the
educative process is based on the accuracy of the judgments and in
inferences made by at a good decision the test, measurements and
evaluations are being used in all educational situations. The evaluation
has become a part and parcel of every system of education to determine
the achievement of goals by the students in a given period.

SOCIOMETRY :
Sociometry is a quantitative methods for measuring social
relationship.

ETIOLOGICAL MEANING :
The word derived from Latin word “Socious” meaning
companion “metrom” meaning measure .

JACOB MORENO DEFINES:

Sociometry as “The enquiry in to the evolution and organization
of groups and the position of individuals with in them.

He goes on to write “ As the, science group organization if

attacks the problem not from the outer structure of the group, the group
surface, but from the inner structure.

Sociometric explorations reveals the hidden structures that gives

a group it forms; the alliances, the subgroups, the hidden belief, the
forbidden agendas the ideological agreements, the stars of the show.
PURPOSE
  It enables the teacher to get a comprehensive picture of the
structure of social relationship in the entire class by means of
certain instrument and methods of interpreting and applying the
results obtained
 It is a special methods of obtaining the information through oral
questions written responses and analyzing the records in
studying.
 It is a technique where by each member is asked to state the kind
of relationship. Which he holds towards other members these
responses have been recorded graphically and represented in
sociogram.
 The sociometric status , his relationship with other members in a
group perception of other members, etc will be revealed in
sociometry.
 It is a method used to determine the degree to which individuals
are accepted [or] rejected in a group and group structure, sub
divisions of the group / based on sex, age caste, family procession
culture affinity etc. group positions [popular stars, leaders isolates,
rejects etc and so on ].
 The technique is simple in use and speedy in administrations.
 The curricular and co- curricular formation of groups, choosing
companions, partners for specific activities [or] occuasion can be
drawn in sociometry.

BRANCHES OF SOCIOMETRY:
 Research sociometry.
 Applied sociometry.

RESEARCH SOCIOMETRY:
 Research sociometry in actions research with groups the socio
emotional networks of relationships using specified criteria [e.g ] . who
in this group do you want to sit beside you at work? who in the group
do you go to for advice in a work problem? who in the group do you se
providing satisfying leadership in the pending project? sometimes
called network explorations research sociometry is concerned with
relational patterns in small {individual and small groups} and larger
populations such as organization and neighbor hoods .

APPLIED SOCIOMETRY:
It utilize a range of methods to assist people and groups review,
expand of develop their existing psycho - social network of relationship.

Both fields of sociometry exist to produce through their

application greater spontaneity and creativity of both individuals and
groups .

MORENO’S CRITRIA FOR SOCIOMETRIA TEST :

In “sociometry”, experimental method and the science of
society .An approach to a new political orientation . “ moreno describes
the depth to which a group needs to go for the method to be
“sociometry “ the form for him had a qualitative meaning and did not
apply unless some group process. Criteria were met one of there is that
there is acknowledgement if the differences between process dynamics
and the manifest content. To quote morena there is a deep discrepancy
between the official and the secret behavior of members Moreno
advocates that before any “ social program can be proposed, the
sociometrist has to take in to account the actual constitution of the
group .
OTHER APPROACHES AND SOFTWARE :
Other approaches were developed in last decades , such as social
network analysis {or} socio mapping free ware as well as commercial
software was developed for analysis of group and there structure such
as pajek {or} in flow .All there approaches shave lot of their basic
principles with sociometry .

Moreno’s criteria for a sociometric approach are not easily

adhered to using software methods that are divorced from groups
work .A sociogram is a graphic representation of social links that a
person has sociograms were developed by Jacob . L moren to analysis
choices[or} perferences with in a group . They can diagram the structure
and patterns of groups interaction . A sociogram can be drawn on the
basis of many differences criteria social relations channels of influence
lines of communication etc.

Those points on a sociogram who have many choices are called

stars . Those with few or no choices are called isolates .Individuals who
choose each other are know to have to have made a mutal choice one
way choice refers to individuals who choose some one but the choice is
not reciprocated . Cliques are groups of three {or} more people within a
large group who all choose each other .

Sociograms are the charts {or} tools used to find the sociometry
of a social space .
Under the social discipline model. Sociograms are sometimes
used to reduce misbehavior in a classroom environment. A sociogram
is constructed after students answer a series of questions probing for
social acceptance for misbehaving, are known as a friendship chart,
often the most important person/ thing is in a bigger bubble most
important and the smallest representing the least important.

Different from their own role - playing also known as RP to

some , is being in an improvisational drama {or} free form theater, in
which the participate are the actors who are playing parts and the
audience .

People use the phase “role - playing” in atleast 3 distinct ways.

To refer to the playing of roles generally such as in a theater{or}
educational setting .
To refer to a wide range of games including computer role -
playing games , play by games and more .
To refer specifically to role playing games .

PSYCHODRAMA :
Psychodrama is a form of human development which explors,
through dramatic action , the problems , issues concerns drams and
highest aspiration of people , groups systems and organizations. It is
mostly used as a group work method , in which each person in the
group can become a therapeutic agent for each others in the group
developed by Jacob L. Morenno.

In psychodrama has strong elements of theater often conducted

on a stage where props can be used the audience is fully involved with
the dramatic action. Audience involvement is either through personal
interest in the concerns of the leading actor, called the protagonist {or}
through playing some roles of the drama which helps the protagonist
{or} taking the form of some of the other elements of the drama which
can give voice to the rest of our wide {or} through active engagement as
an audience member.

Psychodrama’s core functions is the raising of spontaneity in an

adequate and functional manner, It is through the raising of
spontaneity that a system, whether and internal human system {or} an
organizational system, can begin to become creative life filled and
develop new solutions to old and tired problems {or} adequate solution
to new situations and concerns.

A psychodrama is best conducted and produced by a person

trained in the method {or} learning the method called a psychodrama
director.

There are many psychodrama training institutes in many

countries around the world.

[Eg] Australian and New Zealand psychodrama association, the

American society of group psychotherapy and psychodrama.

Psychological use:
Participants explore internal conflicts through acting out their
emotions and interpersonal interaction on stage .
A given psychodrama session {90min - 2 hrs} focuses principally
on a single participate known as the protagonist .

Protagonist examine their relationship by interacting with the

other actors and the leader , known as the director . This is done using
specific techniques including doubling role reversals , mirrors
,soliloquy and sociometry .

Psychodrama attempts to create an internal restructuring of

dysfunctional mindset with other people, and it challenge the
participate to discover new answer to some situations.

Become more spontaneous and independent there are over 10,000

practitioners internationally.

It is one form of group psychotherapy a method of communication

in which the communications express him/her themselves in action.

Role playing is an important method in it widely used in business

and industry.

Psychodrama offers a powerful approach to teaching and

learning as well as to training interrelationship skills.

The action techniques of psychodrama also offers a means of

discovering and community information concerning events and
situations in which the communications has been involved.

GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY :
 Is a form of psychotherapy in which one {or} more therapists
treated a small group of clients together as a group
 The term can legitimately refer to any form of psychotherapy
when delivered in a group format including
- Cognitive behavioral therapy.
 - Interpersonal therapy.
But it is usually applied to psychodynamic group therapy where
the-group content and group process is explicitly utilized as a
mechanism of change by developing exploring and examining
interpersonal relationship with in the group.

The broader concepts of group therapy can be taken any helping

process that takes place in a group including support group , skill
training group {such as anger management, mindfulness and psycho
education {programme} groups.

Other specialized forms of group therapy would include non

verbal expressive therapy, dance therapy music.

group therapy would include non verbal expressive therapy,

dance therapy music.

YALOM’S THERAPEUTIC FACTORS :

UNIVERSALITY:
The recognition of shaved experiences and feelings among
group members and that there may be widespread {or} universal
human concerns , serves, to remove a group members sense of isolation,
validate their experiences and raise self esteem .
AITRUSIM:
The groups is a place where members can help each other and the
experience of being able to give something to another person can lift the
members self esteem and help developed more adaptive coping styles
and interpersonal skills.

INSTILLUTION OF HOPE :
 In a mixed group has members of various stager of development
{or} recovery a member can be inspired and encouraged by another
member who less overcome the problems that they are still struggling
with .

IMPARTING INFORMATION :
While this is not strictly speaking a psychotherapeutic process
members often report that it has been very helpful to learn factual
information from others members in the group for ex: Their treatment
{or} about access to services.

PRIMARY CORRECTIVE RECAPITULATION OF THE FAMILY

EXPERIENCE :
Members often unconsciously identify the group therapist and
other groups members with their own parents and sittings in a process
which is a form of transference specific to group psychotherapy , the
therapist’s interpretations can help group members gain understanding
of the impact of child experiences on their personality and they may
learn to avoid unconsciously repeating un helpful past interactive
parents in present day relationship .

DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIALIZING TECHNIQUES:

The group setting provides a safe and supportive environment
for members to take risks by extending their repertoire of interpersonal
behaviour and improving their social skills.

IMITATIVE BEHAVIORS :
One way in which group members can develop social skills is
through a modeling process observing and imitating the therapist and
other group members for example sharing personal feeling, showing
concern, supporting others.

COHESIVENESS:
It has been suggested that their is a primary therapeutic factor
from which all other flow humans are hard animals with an instinctive
need to belong to groups, and personal development can only take
place in an interpersonal context. A cohesive groups is one in which all
members feel a sense of belonging , acceptance validation.

EXISTENTIAL FACTOR:
Learning that one has to take responsibility for one’s own life
and the consequences of ones decisions.

CATHARSIS:
Catharsis is the experience of relief from emotional distress through
the free and uninhibited expression of emotion. When members tell
their strong to a supportive audience, they can obtain relief from
chronic feeling of shame guilt.

INTERRPERSONAL LEARNING
Group members achieve a greater level of self awareness through
the process of interacting with other in the group who give feel back on
the members behaviors and impact on others.

SELF UNDERSTANDING
This factor overlaps with interpersonal learning but refers to the
achievement of greater levels of insight into the genesis of one’s
problems and the unconsciousness motivations which underlie one’s
behaviors.

GESTALT THERAPY
HISTORY
Rose from its beginning in the middle of the 20 th century to rapid
and widespread popularity during the deduce of the 1960’s and early
1970’s.

During the 70’s and 80’s gestalt therapy training centers spread
globally, but they were, for the most part, not aligned with formal
academic settings. As the cognitive revolution eclipsed gestalt therapy
in psychology, many came to belief gestalt was an anachronism. In the
hands of gestalt practitioners, gestalt therapy became an applied
discipline in the fields of psychotherapy, organizations, development,
and social action and eventually coaching until the concern of research
to and so, largely ignored the need to utilize research to further
developed.
Gestalt therapy is methods of awareness by which perceiving
feeling and acting are understand to be separate from interpreting
explaining and judging using old attitudes.
Gestalt therapy focuses more an process {what is happening}
than content {what is being discussed}, the emphasis is on what is being
done, thought felt at the moment rather than on what was, might be,
could be {or} should be.

This distinction between direct experience and indirect {or}

secondary interpretations is developed in the process of therapy the
client learns to become aware of what they are doing psychologically
and how they can change it.
 By becoming aware of and transforming their process they
develop sell acceptances and the ability to experience more in the
“now” without so much interference from baggage of the past.

OBJECTIVE:
Helping the client overcome symptoms.
Enable him / her become more fully and creatively alive and
unfinished issues that may diminish,“ optimum satisfaction fulfillment
and growth , thus it falls in the
Category of humanistic psychotherapies.

NOTABLE ISSUES :
Field theory, self is a phenomenological concepts and is a
comparison with “other”, without other there is no self and how I
experience self.

The continuity of selfhood {personality functions } is some thing

achieved rather then something inherent “ inside “ the person, and has
own advantage & disadvantage.
At one end of spectrum, there is not enough self continuity to be
able to make meaningful relationship {or} to have a workable sense of
who I am.

The approach is not the self of the client being helped {or} healed by
the fixed self of therapist, but the exploration of the here and now of the
theory.

There is not the assumption that the client act in al other

circumstances as her {or} she does in the therapy.
 Rigid self definition in some area of functioning that denies
spontaneity and makes deal with situation impossible experience of the
therapist.

Change:
Has now become a “classic“ of gestalt therapy literature Arnold
beisscr {1970} describe paradoxical the same.

PLAY THERAPY :
Generally employed with children 3toll play provides a way for
children to express their experience and feeling through a natural self
guided.

As children experience and knowledge are often communicated

through play it becomes on important vehicle for them to know and
accept themselves and others.

Play therapy is the systematic use of a theoretical model to

establish on interpersonal process where on play therapists use the
therapeutic powers of play to help clients prevent {or} resole psycho
social

Challenges and achieve optional growth and development. A

working definition might be a form of counseling {or} psychotherapy
that therapeutically engages the power of play to communicate with
and help people, especially children, to engender optimal integration
and individuations.
 Play therapy is often used as tool of diagnose, a play therapist
observes a client playing with toys { play houses, pets dolls etc } to
determine the cause of the disturbed behaviors the objects and pattern
of play a well as the willingness to interred with therapist can be used
to understand the underlying rationale for behaviors both inside and
outside the session according to the psychodynamic view, people
{especially} children will engage in play behaviors in order to work
through their interior obfuscation and anxieties an this way play
therapy can be used as a self help mechanism, as long as children are
allowed time for “free play“ {or} “unstructured play“ from a
developmental point of view, play has been determined to be an
essential component of healthy child development play has been
directly linked to cognitive development.
Indicate to whom ?
one approach to treatment is for play therapists use a type of
systematic desensitization {or} relearning therapy to changes the
distributing behavior either systematically {or} in less formal social
settings.
These processes are normally used with children but also applied
to ,
Preverbal
Non verbal {or] verbally impaired persons .
Slow learners.
Brain injured
Drug affected

Mature adults usually need much, “group permissions“ before

indulging in the relaxed spontaneity of play therapy so a very skilled
group workers is needed to deal with such guarded individuals.
 Many mature adults fined the “Child’s play” is so different and
taboo, that most experienced group workers need specially tailored
“play” strategies to reach them.

Competent adults group workers will use there play strategies to

enable more unguarded spontaneity to develop in the non - children
student.

SANITARY {OR} SAND BOX THERAPY:

Is a form of experimental workshop which allows greater
exploration of deep emotional issues sand play therapy is suitable for
children and adults and allows them to reach a deeper insight into and
resolution of a range of issues in their lives such as deep anger,
depression, abuse {or} grief.

Through a safe their world using a sand tray and a collection of

miniatures. Accessing hidden previously unexplored arras is often
possible using this expressive and creative way of working which does
not rely on “lack“ therapy.

THERAPY -PROCEDURE:
Sand tray participants are invited to create a diorama {a story {or}
miniature world by arranging toy people, animals, and other items in
the sand tray. The therapist evaluates the participant’s choice and use of
objects to draw various conclusions choice the subject psychological
health.

This non invasive method works especially well with those

individuals who are young {or} have trouble comprehending and
talking about difficult issues, such as domestic {or} child abuse, incest
{or} death of a family member.

PLAY BACK THEATRE:

Is an original forms of improvisational theatre in which audience
{or} group members tell stories from their lives and watch them
enacted on the spot play back theatre is sometimes considered a
modality drama therapy improvisation theatre in which the actors use
improvisational acting techniques to perform spontaneously actors
typically use audience suggestions to guide the performance as they,
create dialogue setting and plot extend courageously, improvisational
theatre, performances tend to be comedy, although some forms
including play back theatre & theatre of the oppressed are not
necessarily intended to be comedy.

Many improvisational actors also work as scripted actors , and

“improve” techniques are often taught in standard acting classes the
basic skills of listening, clarity, confidence and performance
instinctively and spontaneously are considered important skill for
actors to develop.

DRAMA THERAPY :
Is an expressive therapy modality used in a wide variety of selling ,
including, hospital, schools, mental health centers, Prisons and business
Drama therapy exist in many forms and can be applicable to
individuals, couples, families and various groups.

The use of dramatic process and theater as a therapeutic

intervention began with psychodrama the field has expanded to allow
many forms of theatrical interventions as therapy including role play
theater games group, dynamic games mime, pupperty and other
improvisational techniques often drama therapy is utilized to help a
client.
o Solve a problem.
o Achieve a catharsis.
o Delve into truths about self.
o Understand the meaning of personally images.
o Explore and transcend unhealthy patterns of interaction.

Drama therapy is extremely varied in its use based on the

practioner, the setting and the client from fully fledged. Performance to
empty chair role play, the sessions may involve many variables
including the use of a troupe of actors

THERAPLAY :
Is a therapeutic approach that uses elements of play therapy with
the intention of helping parents and children build better attachment
relationship through attachment based play.

Therapy is a therapeutic approach was developed in 1967 in

Chicago by Ann. M .Jernburg.

History:
Ann Jernburg, PhD become 1967 the director pf psychological
services for the new Chicago heed start program with one of her
assistants Phyllis booth. She and her team were asked to identify
children in need of psychological services and refer them to existing
centre .
 However they were very few resources for children mental
health’s at the time , and the exiting ones could not possibly handle the
hundreds of children identified as needing help. From that staring point
Ann. Jernburg started to create her own program that would treat
children at the head start centers rather than at outlying clinics and
could use para -professionals supervised by mental health professional
to do the actual work the result was a model based on healthy parent
infant attachment and interaction that borrowed elements from the
attachments theory, developed by john bowl by, is the theoretical basis
of there play.
ATTACHMENT THERAPY :
Is originating in the work of john browl by, is a psychological,
evolutionary and etiological theory that provides a descriptive &
explanatory frame work for understanding interpersonal relational
between human beings attachment theorist consider the humans infant
to have a need for a secure relationship with adult caregivers, without
which normal social & emotional development will not occur, however
different relationship experience can lead to different developmental
outcomes.

With in attachments theory infant behaviors associated with

attachment is primarily a process of proximity seeking to an identified
attachments figure in stressful situation, for the purpose of survival
infants become attached to adults to are sensitive and responsive in
social interaction with the infant, and who remain as consistent care
givers for some months during the period from about 6 months - 2 yrs
age. During the later part of this period, children beg in to are
attachment figures (familiar people) as a secure base to explore from
and return to parental responses lead to the development of patterns of
attachments which in turn lead to internal looking models which will
guide the individuals feelings, thoughts & expectations in later
relationships separation anxiety {or} grief following serious loss are
normal and natural responses in an attachments infant.

An extreme deficit in appropriate parenting can lead to a lack of

attachment behaviour in a child and may result in the rare disorder
known as reactive attachment disorders.

Developmental psychologist many Farnsworth an important

figure in the formulation and development of attachments theory,
developed a theory of a number of attachment pattern (or) styles in
infants in which distinct characteristics were identified :b these were,
 Secure Attachment
 Avoidant attachment
 Anxious attachment
 Disorganized attachment
Other theorist subsequently extended attachments theory to
adults methods axist for measurement of attachment in middle
childhood is problematic, in addition to care seeking by children. One
may construe other interaction as including some components of
attachments behaviors these include peer relationship of all ages
romantic and sexial attraction and response to the cave needs of infants
(or) sick (or) elderly adults.

In order to formulate a comprehensive theory of early

attachments, bowl by explored a range of fields. Including evolution, by
natural selection object relations theory (psychoanalysis) control
systems theory evolutionary biology & the fields of ethnology and
cognitive psychology. In early days academic psychologist

Criticized bowl by and the psychoanalytic community

ostracized him, attachment theory has become the dominant approach
to understanding early social development and given rise to a great
surge of empirical research into the information of children’s close
relationship these have been significant modification as a result of
empirical research but attachments concepts have become generally
accepted .
CRITICISM :
Theory has been sporadic
 Some of it relating to an early precursor hypothesis called
(maternal deprivation)
More recent criticism relates to the complexity of social relationship
within family setting & limitation of discrete pattern for classification.
There are current efforts to evaluate a number of intertextures and
treatment approaches that are based on applications of attachments
theory.

ANECDOTAL DECORD :
Anecdotal record is a record of some significant item of conduct
a record of an episode in the life of student, a word picture of the
students in action a word snaps hot at the moment of the incident, any
narration of events in which may be signified about his personality.
Randall.

Anecdotal record, as the name implies, involves setting down an

anecdote concerning some aspects of students behaviors which seems
significant to the observer.
-Tandler.

MEANING :
An anecdotal record is a running description of actual examples of
behaviors of a students as observed by teacher and the counselor it is
followed by his comments these are descriptive accounts of episodes
(or) occurrences in the daily life of the student.

CHARACTERISTICS :
 These are records of specific incidents, factual description of
import ant and meaningful event (or) behaviors of students on informal
occasions each event (or) behaviors is described shortly after it occurs.

They should contain a factual description of what happened,

when it happened and under what circumstances that behaviors
occurred. The interpretations and recommended actions should be
noted separately from the description each anecdotal record should
contain a record of a single incident.

The incident recorded should be that is considered to be significant

to the students growth and development of example.

MERITS:
These records help in clinical service practices if properly used
they provide a factual record of our observations of a simple, significant
incident in the student behaviors.
They stimulate teacher to use the records and contribute in
them.
They record critical incident of spontaneous behaviors in natural
setting.
They provide the teacher with objective description.
They are very good for young children, who are unable to use
paper pencil test.
They direct the teacher’s attention to single student.
They provide cumulative record of growth & developments
They can be used by the counselor as a source of information
for giving evidence.
They provide specific and exact description of personality and
minimizes generalization.
 They provide more complete description of behaviors better
suited to understanding and guiding student than the other
observational stools available can be used as a supplement to
quantitative tool.
They new members may use these records and acquaint
themselves with the students.

DEMERITS :
They tend to be less reliable than other observational tool as they
tend to be les formal & systematic.
They are time consuming to write
It is difficulty for the observes to maintain objectively when he /
she record the incident observer.
When incidents are noted and read out of context they may lose
their meaning.
The observer tends to record only undesirable incidents and
neglect the positive incidents
They present only a verbal description of the incident they do not
reveal causes.

PRINCIPLES :
Restrict observation to those aspects of behavior which can’t be
evaluated by other means.
Concentrate on only one - 2 behaviors observation should be
selective.
An observation blue print (or) guide should be prepared in advance.
Record should be complete.
They should be kept by all teachers and not only by the students
teachers.
 Record the incident (or) action as soon as possible after it has
happened.
They should be complied and filed.
They should have an interpretative value they must be available to
specified school (or) college personnel.
They should be emphasized as an educational resources.
They should not be confined to recording negative behavior pattern.
They should be regardless of the directions of behaviors.
They teacher’s should have practice and training in main
observation & writing anecdotal records.

Anecdotal record is a brief account of a critical incident.

Anecdotal records of critical incidents that occur during a clinical
experience quite useful provided focus is an incidents that reflect
effective behavior and in effective behaviors both incident recorded
clearly.
1) The first part of an anecdotal record should be factual,
simple and clear name of student unite / ward /
department date and time brief report of what happened.
2) Second part include additional comments, analytic and
conclusion based on interpretations and judgments. The
first part answer who was involved where did it take place
when did occurred what happened 2 nd part how and why
the behaviors occurred follow “ABC rule“ in writing
anecdotal record.

A - ACCURACY
B - BREVITY
C - CLARITY.
DESCRIIPTIVE REPORTS :
The instructor writes a brief report on students nurses
performance over a given period.
There reports are quite useful it instructor highlights student’s
strengths & weakness in a systematic way.

Instructor decides what to include in a report and she may quite

in consistent unless she is guided by some kind of a structure otherwise
these types of reports than out to be subjective assessment.

FORMAT FOR ANECDOTAL RECORD

Name of the school/ college :
Name of the student observed class subject :
Name of the observer :
Date and place :
Objective Description :
Comments of the observer :
Signature of the observer :

ANECDOTAL NOTES :
Mostly used in inuring education about students practice and
Reliability .
The concerns expressed relate to the format of the note, the system
of collecting the notes, and the use made of the information collected.

Perhaps some teacher’s expect too much from anecdotal notes

simply because they don’t understand fully their function.
 Learner’s activities & behaviors during a particular performance
of short duration it is a vignette of the learner’s practical experience.

Written informally without modifying expressions & contains

only data that clarity the image of the event.

Some individuals enlarge the scope of the anecdotal note by

including an interpretations of it (or) by making inferences from the
event this approach detracts from the principles functions of anecdotal
notes.

When behavioral objective has identified for clinical practice

teacher should take decision how to be evaluated.

Some behaviors should selected & should followed for all the
students.

Illustration for use of anecdotal notes :

Uses auscultation in there cut of 4 observation technique accurately
recorded on anecdotal notes, the students use auscultation note
accurately criteria for evaluation
o Identify the proper landmark.
o Use stereoscope properly.
o Distinguish should properly.
Carryout the procedure in time based on it teacher & learner
evaluate recorded behavior according to stated criteria this process is
most effective in formative evaluation.

Recommendation:
 These supplement other records and should not be considered
as substitutes.
The objective descriptions of the behaviors should not mixed up
with the subjective comments.
Any significant behaviors of the students should be recorded,
inferences, guesses (or) assumptions must be avoided unless it signifies.
The facts presented in all the anecdotes must be shifted and
arranges so that they may be studied in relations to one another.
The record should be regarded as confidential it should not fall
into irresponsible hands words and phrases are employed that are
definable in terms of things rather than other words concrete statements
are preferred to abstract ones.

CONCLUSION:
From this I understand about socio metric evaluation. Its
importance how to apply to the students. Assure that will help us to
impale the interpersonal relationship between students.

BIBLIOGRAPHY :
 B.T Basavanthappa (2003), “Nursing Education“ Ist edition,
published by Jaypee brothers, New Delhi. Pp No: 515 - 522.

 Jean Barrette (2004), “Ward Management and Education”, 14th

edition, komark publishers Pp: 357-368.

 K.P. Neeraja , ( 2003 ) “ vText book of Nsg education “ Ist edition

, by Jaypee brothers , New Delhi , Pp No : 315 - 317 .

NET REFERENCE:
www.wikiepeida.co.in