3 Phase Electrical Circuits Part 2

MILLMAN’s THEOREM

• PARALLEL CONNECTED CURRENT SOURCES CAN BE REPLACED BY A

SINGLE EQUIVALENT CURRENT SOURCE. ALSO APPLICABLE
• IN THE CASE WHERE PARALLEL-CONNECTED VOLTAGES
• CAN BE REDUCED TO 1 EQUIVALENT VOLTAGE SOURCE
MILLMAN’s THEOREM Eg
 Introduction

MILLMAN’S THEOREM of s which

is no longer
at earth
Vsn + Vas – Ean = 0 potential
‫؞‬Vas = Ean – Vsn a a

Vsn+Vbs-Ebn = 0 Za Eca Za
‫؞‬Vbs = Ebn – Vsn Eab Vab Vca
n s
Vsn + Vcs – Ecn = 0 Vsn
‫؞‬Vcs = Ecn – Vsn Zc Zb
Zc Zb
c b c b

Ebc Vbc

• 3 lines connected to an unbalanced Δ connected load, the Y point of the 3 phase

Impedence is not at erath potential ‫ ؞‬it is marked with an s
• Voltage between Vsn = displacement neutral voltage or star point potential
• Vsn = EanYa + EbnYb + EcnYc
Ya + Yb + Yc
MILLMAN’S THEOREM Eg 2.4
• In a Δ – Y system, load is:
– Za = 17.5∟-34.2°
– Zb = 13.9 ∟68.1°
– Zc = 14.2∟-49.7°
– Supply voltage = 380V, Symmetrical supply.
Take Eab as reference with a negative phase
sequence. Use Millman’s theorem and
calculate the line currents
 MILLMAN’S THEOREM Eg
• A Delta 400-V / 50Hz symmetrical, 3-
phase source, supplies a Star load with
the following impedances:
• Za = 12 ∟- 33oΩ, Zb = 14 ∟55oΩ, Zc =
17 ∟42oΩ
• take Vab as reference with abc rotation
and use Millman’s theorem and calculate
the line currents
 Δ-Y CONVERSION
a a

Zca Zab Za

Zc Zb
c b

Zbc c
b
 Δ-Ya CONVERSION
Multiplication of adjacent
Zca Za Zab Impedance divided by total
impedance of the delta network
‫ ؞‬Za = Zca x Zab
Zc Zb Zca + Zab+ Zbc

c b Zb = Zab x Zbc
Zbc Zab+ Zbc +Zca

Looking at node between a & c in the Δ circuit Zc = Zca x Zbc

‫؞‬Zca // Zab + Zbc Zca + Zbc+ Zca
‫ ؞‬Zca(Zab + Zbc)
Zab + Zbc + Zca

Looking at node between a & c in the Y circuit and

equating the 2:
Za + Zc = Zca(Zab + Zbc)
Zab + Zbc + Zca …. (1)
 Δ-Ya CONVERSION
Looking at node between c & b
Zca Za Zab in the Δ circuit
‫؞‬Zbc // Zca +Zab
‫ ؞‬Zbc(Zca + Zab)
Zc Zb Zab + Zbc + Zca

c b Looking at node between c & b

Zbc in the Y circuit and equating the
2:
Looking at node between a & b in the Δ circuit Zb + Zc = Zbc(Zca + Zbc)
‫؞‬Zab // Zca + Zbc Zab + Zbc + Zca ….(3)

‫ ؞‬Zab(Zca + Zbc)
Zab + Zbc + Zca

Looking at node between a & b in the Y circuit and

equating the 2:
Za + Zb = Zab(Zca + Zbc)
Zab + Zbc + Zca …. (2)
 Δ-Ya CONVERSION
Adding Equations 1, 2 &3:
Zca Za Zab 2(Za+Zb+Zc) = 2(ZabZca+ ZbcZca + ZabZbc)
Zab + Zbc + Zca

‫؞‬Za+Zb+Zc = ZabZca+ ZbcZca + ZabZbc

Zc Zb Zab + Zbc + Zca …(4)

c b
Zbc
Subtracting Equations 1, 2 & 3 from 4 will give us
Za, Zb & Zc as follows:

Za = ZabZca
Zab + Zbc + Zca …. (5)

Zb = ZabZbc
Zab + Zbc + Zca ….(6)

Zc = ZbcZca
Zab + Zbc + Zca …(7)
Δ-Y CONVERSION Eg: 2.5
Δ-Y CONVERSION

Find the Equivalent

Impedence
40Ω 60Ω

100Ω

100Ω
90Ω
 Y - Δ CONVERSION
a
a

Zca Zab
Za

Zb c Zbc b
Zc

c
b
 Y - ΔCONVERSION
a

Za Zb Zc The multiplication of
Zca Za Zab these make up the
numerator

The denominator is made up of the load at the

opposite end which is not directly connected to
Zc Zb the node we are dealing with

c b
Zbc

Looking at node between a & c in the Δ circuit

‫ ؞‬Zca = ZaZc + ZaZb + ZbZc = Za + Zc + ZaZc .…(1)
Zb Zb
Zab = ZaZb + ZaZc + ZbZc = Za + Zb + ZaZb ….(2)
Zc Zc
Zbc = ZaZc + ZaZb + ZbZc = Zb + Zc + ZbZc ….(3)
Za Za
Y-Δ CONVERSION Eg: 2.6 +
2.7
 Complex Power
• Apparent Power: Active Power Plus
Reactive Power
 Active Power
• P = 3VpIpcosθ
• The neutral may not always be available to
measure the phase voltage.
• In the case of Delta, the phase current
would actually be the current inside the
delta which may not be directly available
• It is thus usual practice to express power
associated with 3 phase in terms of the
line quantities.
Star Circuits
Delta Circuits
To Note
To Note
 POWER MEASUREMENT
• 1 WATTMETER METHOD

• 2 WATTMETER METHOD

• Blondell’s Theorem:
– It takes (n-1) wattmeters to measure power in
a transmission system n number of lines