Anglican International IB Mathematical Studies Internal Assessment

School of Jerusalem Name: Candidate Number:

Mathematical
SAMPLE ONLY
Studies Internal
Education and Teenage Pregnancy.
Assessment

School Name: Anglican International School of Jerusalem

Student Name:
Candidate Number:
Exam session: May 2019

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Table of Contents

Introduction.......................................................................................................................3

Plan....................................................................................................................................4

Information and measurement.............................................................................................

Processed Data.........................................................................................................5

Mathematical process..........................................................................................................

Mean, median, mode, Q1, Q3, IQR...................................................................................7

Outliers...........................................................................................................................7

Boxplots..........................................................................................................................8

Scatter plots..................................................................................................................10

Chi squared test analysis........................................................................................12

Conclusions/validity.........................................................................................................14

Bibliography.....................................................................................................................15

Appendices...............................................................................................................................16

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Introduction
The aim in this Mathematical investigation is to investigate if there is a relationship between

education and teenage pregnancies in numerous countries based on the 37 sets of data I have gathered.

In order to collect data I chose to measure education by taking the literacy rates in various countries and

comparing this with the teenage pregnancy rate per 1,000 women between the ages of 15-19.

Literacy rate was chosen to measure education because the literacy rate is the amount of people

who can read and write. This can be significant to the amount of people who learn about sexual

education and are aware of the risks. From this, the literacy rate was chosen only from women because

the responsibility and rights of the situation lies in the hands of the mother in most countries rather than

the father. This is also the case in my opinion when it comes to who is affected most in the situation

without choice. For example, the fact that the mother is the one who is carrying the child is

responsibility enough but also, in most countries the mother has the right to keep the child, abort or

adopt whereas the father has no say in the matter and is also not forced to have a say. Therefore, the

literacy rate is based on women over the age of 15 as this is the minimum age that is considered as a

‘teenager’ and since the other related variable being investigated is ‘teenage’ pregnancy.

The countries that these statistics come from are chosen from the “Nationmaster” website and

the teenage pregnancy is taken from the same countries the literacy rate was gathered from.

I find this project to be a particular interest to me personally because I am considered a teenager

myself. I am not in the same situation, although; I am interested in the amount of women my age that

are in this situation in particular countries. As, being in an IB curriculum, I have had past experience with

sexual education, and I obviously know the consequences of intercourse and how to avoid pregnancy.

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However, is lack of education the reason why girls still get pregnant? Therefore, this is where my

research question comes in “What is the Pregnancy Rate of countries with a Higher Literacy Rate?”

Research question: Does Education affect Teenage Pregnancy rates?

Plan

The data will be collected from various websites such as “CIA.org” 1 and “nationmaster.com”2, a website

that orders accumulated data from the World Factbook. I will gather all the worldwide literacy rates

from a CIA website and select the teenage pregnancy rate from a selected amount of 37 countries. The

teenage pregnancy numbers will be based between the ages of 15-19 years of age in women. To make

the data more accurate the literacy rates are based on women from ages 15 and up and this information

about the literacy rate being from 15 years and up is supported in the appendix. Therefore, I took the

literacy rate of women with a literacy rate of over 15 years old in each selected country. The literacy rate

will be taken from only women because of reasons explained previously. From this data organized in

tabulated form suitable for analysis I will be using mathematical statistics to see if there is a correlation

and pattern between the variables, such as, box plots to identify outliers and scatter plots to find the

correlation between the two variables, if there is one. After I analyze the data I will decide whether to

perform a chi squared test that is appropriate, based on the data that seems to be most relevant.

Information
1 Welcome to the CIA Web Site — Central Intelligence Agency. Web. 11 Oct. 2011.
<https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html>.
2 "Teenage Birth Rate Statistics - Countries Compared - NationMaster People."NationMaster - World Statistics,
Country Comparisons. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. <http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_tee_bir_rat-people-teenage-
birth-rate>.

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The data is based on female literacy rates that I had gathered from CIA.org as well as Teenage pregnancy
per 1,000 women aged 15-19 in which I gathered from Nationmaster.com.

Processed Data:

Country Literacy Rate3 (female %) Teenage pregnancy rate4

Per 1,000 women (%)
Australia 99 18.4
Belgium 99 9.9
Belarus 99.4 27.5
Canada 99 20.2
Czech republic 99 16.4
Denmark 99 8.1
Estonia 99.8 26.7
Finland 100 9.2
France 99 9.3
Greece 94.2 11.8
Germany 99 12.1
Georgia 100 33.1
Hungary 99.3 26.5
Iceland 99 24.7
Ireland 99 18.7
Italy 98 6.6
Indonesia 86.8 55.0
India 47.8 73.6
Japan 99 4.6
Luxembourg 100 9.7
Mexico 85.3 64.1
New Zealand 99 29.8
Netherlands 99 6.3
Norway 100 12.4
Poland 99.7 18.7
Portugal 91.3 21.2
Russia 99.2 30.2
Slovakia 99.6 26.9

3 Welcome to the CIA Web Site — Central Intelligence Agency. Web. 11 Oct. 2011.
<https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html>.
4 "Teenage Birth Rate Statistics - Countries Compared - NationMaster People."NationMaster - World Statistics,
Country Comparisons. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. <http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_tee_bir_rat-people-teenage-
birth-rate>.

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Spain 97.2 7.9

South Korea 96.6 2.9
Sweden 99 6.5
Singapore 88.6 7.0
Switzerland 99 5.5
South Africa 85.7 66.3
Switzerland 99 5.5
United Kingdom 99 30.8
United states 99 52.1

I will be analyzing the data with various simple mathematical processes such as, finding the

mean, median and mode and developing box plots to identify outliers. As mentioned previously in my

introductions I will be using scatter plots to interpret the data. This is because scatter plots are a clear

and distinct way of showing patterns and relationships between the two separate variables. Also, I will

be developing a chi-squared test to see the relationship between the two variables using data that

seems appropriate.

Mathematical processes

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(Developed using GDC)

Literacy rate:
Mean=

=95.9 (3sf)
Median: 99
Mode: 99
Min: 47.8
Q1: 97.8
Q3: 99.3 (3sf)
IQR= Q3-Q1
=1.45
Max: 100

Teenage pregnancy:
Mean:

22.1 (3sf)
Median: 18.4
Mode: 5.5
Min: 2.9
Q1: 8
Q3: 28.7 (3sf)
IQR= Q3-Q1
=20.7 (3sf)
Max: 73.6

Outliers:

The upper boundary = Q3 + 1.5 x IQR

Literacy rate = 99.25 + 1.5 x 1.45
= 101 (3sf)

Teenage pregnancy = 28.65 + 1.5 x 20.65

= 59.6 (3sf)

The lower boundary = Q1 – 1.5 x IQR

Literacy rate = 97.8 – 1.5 x 1.45
= 95.6 (3sf)

Teenage pregnancy =8 – 1.5 x 20.65

= -22.9 (no lower boundary)

Box and whisker plots:

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- Literacy rate (%)

- Teenage pregnancy rate (%)

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An outlier is an extraordinary piece of data that are usually separated from the main body of the data by

being beyond the upper or lower boundary. They are either much higher or much smaller than most of

the data.5 The outliers that I have calculated for literacy rate of women in selected countries are South

Africa with 85.7%, Singapore with 88.6%, Mexico with 85.3%, India with 47.8%, Portugal with 91.3% and

Indonesia with 86.8% because, these values were all beyond the lower boundary which is why they were

outliers. When looking at the teenage pregnancy rates I discovered that the outliers beyond the upper

boundary were India with 73.6%, Mexico with 64.1% and South Africa with 66.3%. I have developed box

plots also to visually show the outliers.

Therefore, I will not be using these values to analyze the results further as they are beyond the upper

and lower quartiles and are irrelevant and this leaves me with a sample size of below 37.

5 Coad, Mal. "Box Plots and Outliers." Mathematics for the International Student: Mathematical Studies SL :
International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. Adelaide Airport, S. Aust.: Haese & Harris, 2005. 147. Print.

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Scatter plot: Literacy rate against Teenage pregnancy rate in selected countries.

Literacy rate against Teenage pregnancy rate in selected countries.

60

50
Teenage pregnancy rate (%)

40

30

20 R² = 0.11

10

0
96.5 97 97.5 98 98.5 99 99.5 100

Literacy Rate (%)

Looking at this scatter plot graphed above, showing the relationship between female literacy rate (%)

and teenage pregnancy rate (%) in women between the ages of 15 and 19, we can see that there is a

pattern between countries with higher Literacy rate that obtain a higher Teenage pregnancy rate also.

Although a majority of points are listed with a Literacy rate of between 99 and 100 and Teenage

pregnancy varying between 0 and 35. Also, countries with lower Literacy rates also have a Teenage

pregnancy value varying from 0-35, for example, South Korea with a literacy rate of 96.5% and a teenage

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pregnancy value of 2.9. From this we can say that there is no distinct or obvious relationship between

Literacy rate and the Teenage pregnancy in selected countries. This is supported by having a R 2 value of

the scatter plot being 0.1086 which results in a very weak correlation 6.

X Y XY Ӯ
3551.5 816.2 2898734.3 3551.5/37= 95.9 816.2/37= 22.1

r = [ Sxy / (SxSy) ]
r = [2898734.3 / (3551.5 x 816.2)]
r = 0.1086

Chi squared:

6 Coad, Mal. "Two Variable Statistics." Mathematics for the

International Student: Mathematical Studies SL : International
Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. Adelaide Airport, S. Aust.
:Haese & Harris, 2005. 581. Print.

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To split the results into three groups I gathered the lowest value and the highest value for each

the Literacy rate and Teenage pregnancy, not including outliers, and divided the total by three,

high, medium and low.

Table of observed values:

Teenage pregnancy
Literacy Rate (%)

High Medium Low

High 1 10 16
Medium 0 0 1
Low 0 1 1

Because there is a lot of low values, meaning a lot of zeros and ones in the chi- squared table I

decided to split the medium values into two and put the upper values into the high column and

the low values into the low column for both literacy rate and teenage pregnancy. This is because

the results are simply unreliable.7

Null hypothesis: The literacy rate in selected countries is independent of teenage pregnancy.

Alternative hypothesis: The literacy rate in selected countries is not independent of teenage

pregnancy.

Degree of significance chosen: 5%

Table of observed values:

7 "Restrictions for Chi-square Tests." Lackhead University. Web. 14 Oct. 2011.
<https://sites.google.com/a/lakeheadu.ca/bweaver/Home/statistics/notes/chisqr_assumptions>.

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(%)Literacy Rate Teenage pregnancy

High Low SUM
High 11 17 28
Low 1 1 2
SUM 12 20 30

Table of Expected values:

Teenage pregnancy
High Low
Rate (%)Literacy

High (28x12/30) = 11.2 (28x20/30) = 18.7

Low (2x1/30) = 0.8 (2x1/30) = 1.3

Degree of freedom: (2-2) x (2-2) = 1

Chi-square value = x2

X2 = ∑ [ (f0 – fe)2 ÷ fe ]
observed Teenage pregnancy
High Low
Rate (%)Literacy

High 11 17
Low 1 1

x2 = [(11 - 11.2) ÷ 11.2 ] + [17 - 18.7) ÷ 18.7 ] + [(1 - 0.8) ÷ 0.8 ] + [(1 - 1.3) ÷ 1.3 ]
x2 = 0.089 (3sf)
Expected Teenage pregnancy
Lit

High Low

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High 11.2 18.7

Rate (%)eracy
Low 0.8 1.3

Chi-square critical: 3.848

P-value: 0.77 (3sf)

Looking at the Chi-squared value and the Chi-squared critical, the Chi-squared value is smaller

than the Chi-squared Critical. Therefore, we accept the null hypothesis. To confirm this is the

fact that the p-value is bigger than the degree of significance (0.05). The p-value also shows 76%

confidence in the H0. Finally, the female Literacy rate is independent to Teenage pregnancy in

women aged 15-19 according to this Chi-squared test.

Conclusion

After examining the data by interpreting them using different statistical methods I had learnt, I can

conclude that there is a very weak correlation between the two variables; female Literacy rate and

Teenage pregnancy rate. This is because, after interpreting the data into scatter plots I could see that

there was no visual correlation and having an R 2 value of 0.1086 confirmed that there was a weak

correlation. After doing a Chi-squared test it showed that Literacy rate was independent of Teenage

pregnancy as it had a Chi-squares value of 0.892 (3sf) which was smaller than the chi-squared critical of

3.84. The Chi-squared test had a very strong aspect of the variables being independent which confirmed

having no relationship. With a p-value of 0.765 (3sf), which showed 76% confidence in the H 0. And the p-

value was bigger than the degree of significance (0.05).

8 Coad, Mal. “Two variable statistics”. Mathematics for the International Student: Mathematical Studies SL :
International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. Adelaide Airport, S. Aust.: Haese & Harris, 2005. p594 Print.

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Validity
I have confidence in my data in terms of it being very specific in having the literacy rates and teenage

pregnancy rates of women from a minimum of 15 years old. Also, I tested for outliers and removed them

to interpret the scatter plot and Chi-squared which made the data more accurate and easier to analyze

since the outliers were irrelevant in the sophisticated mathematical processes and to see if there was a

correlation. Since I tested for values less than 5 in the chi-squared analysis and removed most of these

values the final chi-squared conclusion was relevant. Finally, both the scatter plot and chi-squared test

agree with the final conclusion of there being no relationship between Literacy rates and Teenage

pregnancy rates.

Although, there are still limitations to my general conclusions: Because my sample size started off small

as the website I went to to gather the data had a set sample which was biased against countries with

higher literacy rates. If I were to have gathered the literacy rate of women between the ages 15-19 I

could have had very specific data. I could have collected statistical numbers from a larger variety of

countries to analyze also to have a larger sample to do further work and investigation with.

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Bibliography
1. "Literacy." Thefreedictionary. Web. 25 Sept. 2011.
<http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Literacy+Rate>.
2. Adolescence Pregnancy." Umm.edu. Web. 25 Sept. 2011.
<http://www.umm.edu/ency/article/001516.htm>.
3. "Stats: What Is a Quota Sample?" Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics. Web. 29 Sept.
2011. <http://www.childrensmercy.org/stats/definitions/quota.htm>.
4. "Teenage Birth Rate Statistics - Countries Compared - NationMaster
People."NationMaster - World Statistics, Country Comparisons. Web. 11 Oct. 2011.
<http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/peo_tee_bir_rat-people-teenage-birth-rate>.
5. Welcome to the CIA Web Site — Central Intelligence Agency. Web. 11 Oct. 2011.
<https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2103.html>.
6. Coad, Mal. Mathematics for the International Student: Mathematical Studies SL :
International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme. Adelaide Airport, S. Aust.: Haese &
Harris, 2005. Print.
7. "Restrictions for Chi-square Tests." Lackhead University. Web. 14 Oct. 2011.
<https://sites.google.com/a/lakeheadu.ca/bweaver/Home/statistics/notes/chisqr_assum
ptions>.

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Appendix
Raw Data:

Literacy Rate:

A u st ral i a d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %
fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

Bel ar u s d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 .6 %
mal e: 99 .8 %
fem al e: 9 9 .4 % (19 9 9 ce n su s)

Bel gi u m d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %
fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

Can ad a d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %
fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

Czec h Rep u bl i c d efi n i ti on : N A

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %
fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

Den mar k d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %
fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

E sto ni a d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

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total po p ul ati o n: 99 .8 %
mal e: 99 .8 %
fem al e: 9 9 .8 % (20 0 0 ce n su s)

F in l an d d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 10 0 %
mal e: 10 0 %
fem al e: 1 00 % (2 0 00 e st .)

F ran c e d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %
fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

G eo rgi a d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 10 0 %
mal e: 10 0 %
fem al e: 1 00 % (2 0 04 e st .)

G er many d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %
fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

G re ec e d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 96 %
mal e: 97 .8 %
fem al e: 9 4 .2 % (20 0 1 ce n su s)

Hu n gar y d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 .4 %
mal e: 99 .5 %
fem al e: 9 9 .3 % (20 0 3 e st .)

I c el and d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %

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fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

I nd i a d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 61 %
mal e: 73 .4 %
fem al e: 4 7 .8 % (20 0 1 ce n su s)

I nd o n es i a d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 90 .4 %
mal e: 94 %
fem al e: 8 6 .8 % (20 0 4 e st .)

I rel an d d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %
fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

I tal y d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 98 .4 %
mal e: 98 .8 %
fem al e: 9 8 % (20 0 1 ce n su s)

Jap an d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %
fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 2 )

Ko re a, So u th d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 97 .9 %
mal e: 99 .2 %
fem al e: 9 6 .6 % (20 0 2 )

Lu xemb ou rg d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 10 0 %
mal e: 10 0 %
fem al e: 1 00 % (2 0 00 e st .)

M exi co d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

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total po p ul ati o n: 86 .1 %
mal e: 86 .9 %
fem al e: 8 5 .3 % (20 0 5 Ce n su s)

N et h er l and s d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %
fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

N ew Zeal an d d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %
fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

N i ger d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 28 .7 %
mal e: 42 .9 %
fem al e: 1 5 .1 % (20 0 5 e st .)

N i ger i a d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 68 %
mal e: 75 .7 %
fem al e: 6 0 .6 % (20 0 3 e st .)

Po l an d d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 .8 %
mal e: 99 .8 %
fem al e: 9 9 .7 % (20 0 3 e st .)

Po r t u gal d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 93 .3 %
mal e: 95 .5 %
fem al e: 9 1 .3 % (20 0 3 e st .)

Ru s s i a d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 .4 %
mal e: 99 .7 %
fem al e: 9 9 .2 % (20 0 2 ce n su s)

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Si n gap o re d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 92 .5 %
mal e: 96 .6 %
fem al e: 8 8 .6 % (20 0 0 ce n su s)

Sl o vaki a d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 .6 %
mal e: 99 .7 %
fem al e: 9 9 .6 % (20 0 4 )

So u th Af ri ca d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 86 .4 %
mal e: 87 %
fem al e: 8 5 .7 % (20 0 3 e st .)

Sp ai n d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 97 .9 %
mal e: 98 .7 %
fem al e: 9 7 .2 % (20 0 3 e st .)

Swed en d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %
fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

Sw it zer l and d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %
fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

Un i ted Ki n gd o m d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r has co mp lete d fi ve o r m o re ye ars o f s

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %
fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

Un i ted States d efi n i ti on : age 15 an d ove r can re ad and wr ite

total po p ul ati o n: 99 %
mal e: 99 %

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fem al e: 9 9 % (20 0 3 e st . )

Teenage pregnancy rate:

Countries Amount

United states 52.1

United kingdom 30.8

New Zealand 29.8

Slovakia 26.9

Hungary 26.5

Iceland 24.7

Portugal 21.2

Canada 20.2

Ireland 18.7

Poland 18.7

Australia 18.4

Czech republic 16.4

Austria 14

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Germany 13.1

Norway 12.4

Greece 11.8

Belgium 9.9

Luxembourg 9.7

France 9.3

Finland 9.2

Denmark 8.1

Spain 7.9

Italy 6.6

Sweden 6.5

Netherlands 6.2

Switzerland 5.5

Japan 4.6

South Korea 2.9

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