Water Problems of Indonesia

HG 4
Outline
1. Background
2. Problem statement
3. Objective
4. Hypothesis
5. Solutions
6. Conclusion
 1. Background
Water is one of the main needs for humans to live. To do all the activities, the
human need to consume clean water. Clean water can be obtained by treating
nature in the right way.

Nowadays, the growing population density in a region, long-term dry seasons,

pollution may inhibit humans to get clean water.
1a. Population
● Total population of 237
million (56% rural, 46%
urban)

● population density of
125 people per square
km

● Java contains 59% of

total population, 1019
people per square km
1a. Population
1. 80% had access to
improved drinking water
sources (89% urban,
70% rural) (2006)

2. 52% sanitation
coverage (67% urban,
37% rural) (2006)

3. 60% household has own

toilet facilities
 1b. Water Resources
Total internal natural renewable water resources
are around 2 018.3 km3/year

● Surface water resources are an estimated

1972.6 km3/year
● Groundwater resources 457.4 km3/year, an.
It is assumed that only 30 percent of
groundwater resources, or 137.2 km3/year,
are consumable, called ‘safe yield’
(Bakosurtanal, 2001).

Source: AQUASTAT, FAO of UN ,2011

1b1. Water Resources - General households
Household Wells
● Most homes in Indonesia have
individual wells that supply water
for household needs.
● 20m average depth
● A typical domestic setup consist
of well pump.
● Water is pumped into ground
storage tank for use
City Water (aka. PAM)
● Better water quality than ground
water
● PAM water is safe to be boiled for
consumption
Downsides:
● Uncertain supply
● Inconsistent pressure
● Many breakage on main water
lines
● Poor maintenance and repair
 1c. Water use
● In 2000, total water
withdrawal was 113 km3/year
(82% agriculture, 12%
municipalities, 6% industries)

● In 2009, the gross domestic

product (GDP) was US$540
274 million, 16% of it comes
from agriculture

Source: AQUASTAT, FAO of UN ,2011

2. Problem Statement

There is a lack of access to quality clean water and inadequate

wastewater management in Indonesia
2a. Poor quality of water sanitation in
Indonesia

● Poor sanitation quality in the water being supplied, due to:

○ Non optimal quality of water facilities
○ Contaminants in the water (e.g: iron, manganese, hydrogen sulfide, bacteria etc)
2b. Poor Wastewater Management
Wastewater treatment is a process used to convert wastewater into an
effluent that can be returned to the water cycle with minimum impact on the
environment, or directly reused.

Industries that need water waste management:

● Dairy Industry
● Pulp and Paper Industry
● Iron and steel Industry
● Mines and quarries Industry
● Food Industry
● Etc
2b1. Household Waste water

● Wastewater from the toilet

('blackwater’) which
contains high concentration
of solids and contributes a
significant amount of
nutrients.
● Greywater consists of water
from washing of clothes,
from bathing/showering and
from the kitchen.
● Both greywater and
blackwater may contain
human pathogens, though
concentrations are generally
higher in blackwater.
2c. Organisational Problem

● Clean water in Indonesia is still mainly based in urban areas

- The water in these urban areas are not well regulated. There are problems
regarding its waste management.
● There is poor coordination between several ministries and institutions
● District governments lack expertise in the water sector and in their institutional
capacity
● Poor awareness and hygiene behaviour
● Indonesia is an archipelago consisting of thousands of islands. Distributing clean
water is a logistical challenge
3. Objective
To improve existing methods and/or technology put in place for clean
water access
4. Hypothesis
The facility to access clean water near the location is really
underwhelming
5. Solution
 5a. Ongoing
The problems has been identified,
efforts to solve unfortunately we still lack the data
regarding what is affecting it.
However, there are solutions
existing already put in place by numerous
organisations
problems
Solutions from UNICEF
The National Community Based Sanitation Program (Program
Nasional Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat) has five pillars
which are crucial frameworks in solving sanitation problems in
our country. These are just some that we can use to solve our
problem:

● Removal of open defecation

● Home water treatment
● Solid and liquid waste management
● The National Community Based Sanitation
Program still requires a social marketing
approach
- Mobilizes a large number of residents
- Increases demand for more sanitation
facilities

● Data systems need to be strengthened

● Involvement of both local and sector

governments is very important to improve
the urban and suburban system
● Involvement of both local and sector governments is very important to improve the
urban and suburban system
Installation of Public Standposts and
Domestic Connections

A public standpost or tapstand distributes

water from one or more taps to many users.
Because it is used by many people it is often
not looked after, and the design and
construction must be sturdier than used in
similar domestic connections.
 When enough water and funds are
available, the best option is to connect
every house or yard to a piped water
system. This is more convenient for water
users, generally increases water use, and
improves hygiene.

Water meters, in combination with public

standposts or domestic connections,
provide the means to to regulate water use.
 To tackle the biggest factor to the
problem, or the ones that could be

5b. This group’s tackled that would yield

considerable effect, preferably with

opted solution the least effort.

1) NRW reduction
2) Water filtration improvement
5b1. Non-Revenue Water Reduction

Non revenue water (NRW) is water that

has been produced and is "lost" before it
reaches the customer.

Leakage water constitutes the largest

fraction of the total physical water
losses. Thus, the methodologies in
~40%
developing countries should be
~60% Lost
streamlined to specifically address Consumed
leakages in all fronts

source: IBNET, 2003

5b1. Components of NRW

Components of non resource water in Bandung

Trunk mains, distribution system 21%
Physical losses
Service connections 10%
Illegal connections 6%
Apparent losses
Under registration and billing 6%

Total 43%

Source: Thaidens, 1996

5b1. Why Do Utilities Struggle with NRW Reduction?

• Not understanding the problem (magnitude, sources, costs)

• Lack of capacity (insufficient trained staff )

• Inadequate funding to replace infrastructure (pipes; meters)

• Lack of management commitment

• Weak enabling environment and performance incentives

Bill Kingdom, Roland Liemberger, Philippe Marin, “The Challenge of Reducing Non-Revenue Water in Developing Countries--How the Private
Sector Can Help: A Look at Performance-Based Service Contracting”,
World Bank, Paper No. 8, Dec 06
5b1. Reducing
NRW is everyone’s
responsibility
Poor governance also
affects NRW reduction.
Utility managers often lack
the autonomy,

accountability, and technical

and managerial skills
necessary to provide reliable
service.

source: Farley, M, “The Manager’s Non-Revenue

Water Handbook”
“The four pillars of commercial losses” source: Farley, M, “The Manager’s Non-Revenue Water Handbook”
“The four pillars of a successful leakage management strategy” source: Farley, M, “The Manager’s
Non-Revenue Water Handbook”
5b1. The objectives
of this solution

To have the right facilities

and methodology to
uphold the four pillars of
commercial and physical
losses to eliminate
avoidable water losses
“The virtuous NRW
cycle”, shows the
benefits and the
continuing cycle
given from NRW
reduction

“The virtuous NRW cycle” source: Farley, M, “The Manager’s Non-Revenue Water Handbook”
By reducing at least 10%
physical water loss, it would
equal to saving 11km of
3

usable water each year

(equivalent taken from year 2000 data of indonesia’s resource water consumption, Source: AQUASTAT, FAO of UN, 2011)
4b2. The implementation of household water treatments
Why is water treatment so important?
The world’s second biggest child KILLER

Approximately every 20 Seconds, a child dies from water-related disease. Lack

of sanitation is the main cause of these deaths.
● Diarrhea is the 2nd leading cause of children mortality
○ Under age of five, based on WHO data (2009)
● 1,5 million children
○ Died each year. More children are dying of diarrhea than AIDS, Malaria, and
Measles combined annually.
● Most common cause of death
○ In developing countries such as INDONESIA, Africa, and India.
What can you do as a citizen?

● Avoid, and/or report:

○ Unbilled authorized consumption
○ Unauthorized consumption
○ Meter inaccuracies
● Utilise proper house piping
● Identify or (as much as possible) fix house leaks
● Maintain Pipes, fittings, and reservoirs properly
 6. Conclusion
Although indonesia has a lush tropical climate with relatively well water resources, lack of access to
clean water is a major problem in Indonesia as it could cause, amongst many others, illness, fewer
agriculture yields, economic decline, and operation of many water dependant entities. In conclusion:

There is a need for better management inside There needs to be more awareness and urgency in
organizations / institutes and the government as well tackling this problem. Albeit from a corrective or
as better coordination between them preventive solution. I.e. Educating the masses, creating
more specialists, collecting more data, etc
 Creating or improving Improving or creating
the methodology in more innovative
solving the problems technology

There are many ongoing, and potential efforts to counteract this problem. However, this
group choses to address the biggest factor to the problem, and/or the ones that could be
tackled that would yield considerable effect and preferably with the least cost of material
and effort.
References
● “Household Water Supply and Treatment Systems.” Living in Indonesia, A Site for Expatriates, Yuki
Water Treatment, 9 Nov. 2016, www.expat.or.id/info/watertreatment.html.
● “Water-Related Diseases.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, 29 Aug. 2016,
www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases-risks/diseases/diarrhoea/en/.
● Levy, Karen. “Does Poor Water Quality Cause Diarrheal Disease?” The American Journal of Tropical
Medicine and Hygiene, The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 4 Nov. 2015,
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703281/.
● AQUASTAT, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2011,
www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/countries_regions/IDN/.
● Makaya, Eugene. “Water loss management strategies for developing countries: Understanding the
dynamics of water leakages.” Universität Kassel, 2015.
● “Ringkasan Kajian Air Bersih, Sanitasi & Kebersihan.” UNICEF Indonesia, Oct. 2012,
www.unicef.org/indonesia/id/A8_-_B_Ringkasan_Kajian_Air_Bersih.pdf.
● “Storage and Distribution.” Linkage, World Health Organisation,
www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/om/linkingchap7.pdf.
 Thank You
For
Your Attention!