Computer Modeling of Electrical Power Systems (Lecture 02)

2.0. Loads
To model and build new power systems, the understanding of the characteristics of the customers' load plays
a vital role.

Loads at transmission levels are usually constants.

Loads at distribution levels are changing and have different characteristics in comparison with transmission
system.

Loads can be in kW, kVAR, kVA or A.

2.1. Some Definitions

2.1.1 Demand
• Averaged load during a specific period of time.
• Time interval must be specified for the average load.

2.1.2 Maximum Demand

• Maximum instantenous demand of a customer that occurs at a specific time within some interval.
• Time and units of maximum demand must be specified.

2.1.3 Average Demand

• Averaged demands during a specific period of time.
• Time period must be specified.

2.1.4 Diversified Demand

• It is a sum of demands of different customers during a specific period.
• Time period, interval and units must be mentioned.

2.1.5 Maximum Diversified Demand

• It is the maximum of the diversified demand. (Max. of the summation of different customer loads.)
• Time period, interval and units must be mentioned.

2.1.6 Maximum Noncoincident demand

• If we have several customers in a power system and each customer has different demand curve, then
the summation of customers' maximum demands is known as maximum noncoincident demand.
• Since the maximum load may occur at different time, it is known as noncoincident demand.
• Time period, interval and units must be mentioned.

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2.1.7 Demand Factor
• It is the ratio of maximum demand of a customer to all connected loads at customer's.

2.1.8 Utilization Factor

• It is the ratio of maximum demand at a power device to its rated capacity.

2.1.9 Load Factor

• It is the ratio of average demand of a customer or a group of customers to their maximum demand
over the same period.

2.1.10 Diversity Factor

• It is the ratio of maximum noncoincident demand to the maximum diversified demand.

2.1.11 Load Diversity

• It is the difference between maximum noncoincident demand and the maximum diversified demand.

3.0. Definitions with Examples

3.1. Demand
DemandVector= [8.92,7.21,7.88,7.5,7.65,8.41,8.69,8.51,7.92,7.39,7.62,7.90,7.58,8.35,8.63,8.86,8
plot(DemandVector)
ylim([5 11])
xlim([1 120])
ax = gca;
ax.FontSize=11;
ax.XTick = [1 60];
ax.XTickLabel=({'12:00 PM' '1:00 PM'});
ax.FontWeight='bold';
ax.FontName= 'Times New Roman';
legend({'Instantaneous Load Demand'},'FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12);
xlabel('Time (h)','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold');
title('Instantaneous Load Curve of a Customer');
ylabel('Load demand (kW)','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
ax.GridLineStyle = '--';
grid on

• To calculate the demand from the instantaneous load curve, first, we need to decide the window
size.
• For instance, here, we are interested in finding 15-min kW demand curve. Therefore, window size is
15 min.

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 • After that, within the window, we average the load values. The shorter the window size, more
accurate will be the estimate of the demand.

DemandVector= [8.92,7.21,7.88,7.5,7.65,8.41,8.69,8.51,7.92,7.39,7.62,7.90,7.58,8.35,8.63,8.86,8
plot(DemandVector)
ylim([5 11])
xlim([1 120])
ax = gca;
ax.FontSize=11;
ax.XTick = [1 60];
ax.XTickLabel=({'12:00 PM' '1:00 PM'});
ax.FontWeight='bold';
ax.FontName= 'Times New Roman';
legend({'Instantaneous Load Demand'},'FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12);
xlabel('Time (h)','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold');
title('Instantaneous Load Curve of a Customer');
ylabel('Load demand (kW)','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
ax.GridLineStyle = '--';
grid on
hold on
WindowSize=5;
TotalElements=length(DemandVector);
t=1;
r=WindowSize;
k=1;
for x=1:TotalElements/WindowSize
AverageDemand = mean(DemandVector(t:r));
t=t+WindowSize;
r=r+WindowSize;
for xin=1:WindowSize
AverageDemandVector(k)=AverageDemand;
k=k+1;
end
end
stairs(AverageDemandVector)
legend({'Instantaneous Load Demand','Average Load Demand'},'FontName','Times New Roman','FontSi

3.2. Maximum Demand

clear,close all
DemandCurve =[7.16,7.08,7.07,6.97,6.93,6.96,6.89,6.85,6.88,6.85,6.82,6.81,6.76,6.74,6.74,6.74,6
bar(DemandCurve)
ylim([4.5 10])
xlim([1 288])
ax = gca;
ax.FontSize=11;
ax.XTick = [1 72 144 216 288];
ax.XTickLabel=({'00' '06' '12' '18' '24'});
ax.FontWeight='bold';

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 ax.FontName= 'Times New Roman';
xlabel('Time (h)','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
ylabel('5-min Load demand (kW)','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
ax.GridLineStyle = '--';
grid on

MaximumDemand=max(DemandCurve);
fprintf('Maximum demand in kW is: %f and the time is 16:25.\n',MaximumDemand);

Maximum demand in kW is: 8.000000 and the time is 16:25.

3.3. Average Demand

• For a whole day, energy (kWh) will be consumed.
• Energy in kWh during 5-min interval for the above load data can be calculated by:

• After that, by summing kWh values of all intervals, the energy consumed in a day can be calculated.
• And average kW demand in a day can be calculated by:

DemandCurve =[7.16,7.08,7.07,6.97,6.93,6.96,6.89,6.85,6.88,6.85,6.82,6.81,6.76,6.74,6.74,6.74,6
DemandkWh= DemandCurve/12;
TotalEnergyConsumed= sum(DemandkWh)

TotalEnergyConsumed = 178.7592

Hours=24;
AveragekWDemand= TotalEnergyConsumed/Hours

AveragekWDemand = 7.4483

3.4. Load Factor

• An important parameter for the utilitiy to know how well the designed power network is beign utilized.
• The load factor can be calculated as follows:

LoadFactor=AveragekWDemand/MaximumDemand

LoadFactor = 0.9310

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3.5. Load Curves of different customer and Transformer's loading

Load curve of Customer 01:

Customer1DemandCurve =[7.16,7.15,7.15,7,7.53,7.15,7.05,7.2,3.2,3.0,3.1,3.3,3.1,3.4,3.4,3.45,3.2
bar(Customer1DemandCurve)
ylim([0 10])
xlim([1 96])
ax = gca;
ax.FontSize=11;
ax.XTick = [1 24 48 72 96];
ax.XTickLabel=({'00' '06' '12' '18' '24'});
ax.FontWeight='bold';
ax.FontName= 'Times New Roman';
xlabel('Time (h)','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
ylabel('5-min dem.','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
title('Load curve of Customer 01')
ax.GridLineStyle = '--';
grid on

Customer2DemandCurve =[7.16,7.15,7.15,7,7.23,7.15,7.05,7.2,7.2,7.0,7.1,7.3,7.1,6.4,6.4,6.45,6.2
bar(Customer2DemandCurve)
ylim([0 10])
xlim([1 96])
ax = gca;
ax.FontSize=11;
ax.XTick = [1 24 48 72 96];
ax.XTickLabel=({'00' '06' '12' '18' '24'});
ax.FontWeight='bold';
ax.FontName= 'Times New Roman';
xlabel('Time (h)','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
ylabel('5-min dem.','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
title('Load curve of Customer 02')
ax.GridLineStyle = '--';
grid on

Customer3DemandCurve =[3.0,3.05,3.1,3.15,3.20,3.25,3.30,3.35,3.40,3.45,3.50,3.55,3.60,3.65,3.70
bar(Customer3DemandCurve)
ylim([0 10])
xlim([1 96])
ax = gca;
ax.FontSize=11;
ax.XTick = [1 24 48 72 96];
ax.XTickLabel=({'00' '06' '12' '18' '24'});
ax.FontWeight='bold';
ax.FontName= 'Times New Roman';
xlabel('Time (h)','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
ylabel('5-min dem.','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
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 title('Load curve of Customer 03')
ax.GridLineStyle = '--';
grid on

3.6. Diversified Demand

• The sum of the different demands of of a goup of customers is known as diversified demand.
• The diversified demand is calculated for a transformer below.

DiversifiedDemandOfTransformer=Customer1DemandCurve+Customer2DemandCurve+Customer3DemandCurve;
bar(DiversifiedDemandOfTransformer)
ylim([0 25])
xlim([1 96])
ax = gca;
ax.FontSize=11;
ax.XTick = [1 24 48 72 96];
ax.XTickLabel=({'00' '06' '12' '18' '24'});
ax.FontWeight='bold';
ax.FontName= 'Times New Roman';
xlabel('Time (h)','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
ylabel('5-min dem.','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
title('Diversified Demand Curve of a Transformer')
ax.GridLineStyle = '--';
grid on

3.7. Maximum Diversified Demand

• It is the maximum of the diversified demand.

MaximumDiversifiedDemand=max(DiversifiedDemandOfTransformer);
fprintf('Maximum diversified demand in kW is: %f and the time is 23:55.\n',MaximumDiversifiedDe

Maximum diversified demand in kW is: 22.150000 and the time is 23:55.

3.8. Load Duration Curve

• Loads duration curves can be constructed by sorting the diversified demand curves in descending
order.
• These curves indicate the percentage of time the device operates at a certain demand level.

LoadDurationCurve=sort(DiversifiedDemandOfTransformer,'descend');
bar(LoadDurationCurve)
ylim([0 25])
xlim([1 96])

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 ax = gca;
ax.FontSize=11;
ax.XTick = [1 24 48 72 96];
ax.XTickLabel=({'1' '25' '50' '75' '100'});
ax.FontWeight='bold';
ax.FontName= 'Times New Roman';
xlabel('Percent of time','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
ylabel('5-min dem.','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
title('Diversified Demand Curve of a Transformer')
ax.GridLineStyle = '--';
grid on

3.9. Maximum Noncoincident Demand

• It is the sum of maximum demand of individual customers. As evident from the name, the time of
occurence of individual maximum demands may be different.

MaximumOfCustomer1=max(Customer1DemandCurve)

MaximumOfCustomer1 = 8.5000

MaximumOfCustomer2=max(Customer2DemandCurve)

MaximumOfCustomer2 = 7.5000

MaximumOfCustomer3=max(Customer3DemandCurve)

MaximumOfCustomer3 = 7.4000

MaximumNoncoincidentDemand=MaximumOfCustomer1+MaximumOfCustomer2+MaximumOfCustomer3

MaximumNoncoincidentDemand = 23.4000

3.10. Diversity Factor

• It is the ratio of the maximum noncoincident demands to maximum diversified demand of group.
• It is used to find the maximum diversified demand of a group of customers with the help of maximum
demands of customers.

DiversityFactor=MaximumNoncoincidentDemand/MaximumDiversifiedDemand

DiversityFactor = 1.0564

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 • The value of a diversity factor will be different for different number of customers.

3.11. Demand Factor

• Demand Factor are calculated for individual customers. The idea behind this factor is to know what
percentage of loads of a customers are switched on when the maximum demand of the customer
occurs.

TotalConnectedLoadCustomer1=10;
TotalConnectedLoadCustomer2=15;
TotalConnectedLoadCustomer3=60;

DemandFactorCustomer1=MaximumOfCustomer1/TotalConnectedLoadCustomer1

DemandFactorCustomer1 = 0.8500

DemandFactorCustomer2=MaximumOfCustomer2/TotalConnectedLoadCustomer2

DemandFactorCustomer2 = 0.5000

DemandFactorCustomer3=MaximumOfCustomer3/TotalConnectedLoadCustomer3

DemandFactorCustomer3 = 0.1233

3.12. Utilization Factor

• This factor represents how well the capacity of a power device such as transformed is being utilized.

KVAMaximumLoad=17.96; % 16.16 kW maximum diversified demand at 0.9 power factor

TranformerRatingKVA=35;
UtilizationFactor=KVAMaximumLoad/TranformerRatingKVA

UtilizationFactor = 0.5131

3.13. Load Diversity

• It is the difference between the noncoincident maximum demand and the maximum diversified
demand and indicates variability in electricity usage.

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 LoadDiversity=MaximumNoncoincidentDemand-MaximumDiversifiedDemand

LoadDiversity = 1.2500

3.14. Characteristics of a Feeder load

DemandCurve =[7.16,7.08,7.07,6.97,6.93,6.96,6.89,6.85,6.88,6.85,6.82,6.81,6.76,6.74,6.74,6.74,6
bar(DemandCurve)
ylim([4.5 10])
xlim([1 288])
ax = gca;
ax.FontSize=11;
ax.XTick = [1 72 144 216 288];
ax.XTickLabel=({'00' '06' '12' '18' '24'});
ax.FontWeight='bold';
ax.FontName= 'Times New Roman';
title('Load Curve of a Feeder')
xlabel('Time (h)','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
ylabel('5-min Load demand (kW)','FontName','Times New Roman','FontSize',12,'fontweight','bold')
ax.GridLineStyle = '--';
grid on

• Feeder loads curves are smooth as feeders have a large number of customer.
• Small changes have no significant effect on feeder load characteristics.
• Feeder load curves present good load factors.