DEMAND SIDE

MANAGEMENT
(DSM)

By: Dr. Anzar Mahmood

Introduction

Power demands of different consumers vary in accordance

with their activities.

 Complexities in power plant operation arise from the

variability of the load demanded by the users

Electrical power cannot be stored ,therefore, the power

station must produce power as and when demanded.

The demands of the consumers have wide variations. This

makes the design of a power station highly complex.
 Variable Load on Power Station
The load on a power station varies from time to time due to
uncertain demands of the consumers.

Ideal load: •Constant magnitude and steady duration.

•such a steady load on the station is never

realized in actual practice.

Effects of variable load:

Some of the important effects of variable load on a power

station are :
1. Need of additional equipment

2. Increase in production cost

1. Need of additional equipment
•Air, coal and water are the raw materials for steam power
plant
•In order to produce variable power, the supply of these
materials will be required to be varied correspondingly

•Therefore, additional equipment has to be installed to

accomplish this job.

2. Increase in production cost

•Number of alternators of different capacities are
installed to operate at nearly full load capacity.

•Number of generating units icrenases the initial cost per

kW of the plant capacity as well as floor area required.
 Load Curves

The curve showing the variation of load on the power station

with respect to (w.r.t) time.

Daily load curve:

It shows the variations of load w.r.t. time during the day.

Load curve indicates at a glance the general character

of the load that is being imposed on the plant.

monthly load curve:

Obtained from the daily load curves of that month.
Yearly load curve:
Obtained by considering the monthly load curves of
that particular year.
 Importance
The daily load curves supply the following information .

1. Shows the variations of load on during different hours

of the day
2. Area under the curve gives the number of units generated in
the day Units generated/day = Area (in kWh) under daily load
curve.
3. Highest point on curve represents the maximum
demand on that day.
4. The area under the curve divided by the total number
of hours gives the average load on the station in the day

5. The ratio of the area under the load curve to the

total area of rectangle in which it is contained gives
the load factor.
6. The load curve helps in selecting the size and number of
generating units.

7. The load curve helps in preparing the operation schedule

of the station.
 Important Terms and Factors

The variable load problem has introduced the following terms

and factors in power plant engineering:

1. Connected load 7. Plant capacity factor.

2. Maximum demand 8. Plant use factor

3. Demand
factor
4. Average load

5. Load factor

6. Diversity factor.
 Units Generated per Annum

To find the kWh generated per annum from maximum

demand and load factor.

The procedure is as
follows :
Load factor = Average load / Max. demand

∴ Average load = Max. demand × L.F.

Units generated/annum = Average load (in kW) × Hours

in a year
= Max. demand (in kW) × L.F. ×
8760
 Load Duration Curve

When the load elements of a load curve are arranged in the

order of descending magnitudes, the curve thus obtained is
called a load duration curve.
 Types of Loads

A device which taps electrical energy from the electric power

system is called a load on the system

The load may be resistive (e.g., electric lamp),

inductive (e.g., induction motor), capacitive or some
combination of them.
The various types of loads on the power
system are :
1. Domestic load 5. Irrigation load

2. Commercial load 6. Traction load

3. Industrial load

4. Municipal load
 Typical Demand and Diversity Factors
The demand factor and diversity factor depend on the type of
load and its magnitude.
Load and demand factors are always less than 1 while diversity
factors are more than unity.
oThe maximum demand of
consumer a is the product of its
connected load and the appropriate
demand factor.

oThe maximum demand on the

transformer is the sum of a, b and
c’s maximum demands divided by the
diversity factors between the
consumers
oThe maximum demand on the
feeder is the sum of maximum
demands on the distribution
transformers connected to it divided by
the diversity factor between
transformers

oDecreasing numerical values of

diversity factor as the power plant
end of the system is approached

Example 3.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9.10
 Load Curves and Selection of Generating Units

The selection of the number and sizes of the units is

decided from the annual load curve of the station.

Selected in such a way that they correctly fit the

station load curve.
Important Points in the Selection of Units (optional)

1. Selected units should approximately fit in the annual

load curve of the station.
2. The units should be preferably of different capacities
to meet the load requirements.
3. The capacity of the plant should be made 15% to
20% more than the maximum demand.
4. There should be a spare generating unit .
5. The tendency to select a large number of units of
smaller capacity should be avoided.
Base Load and Peak Load on Power Station (optional)

The unvarying load which

occurs
almost the whole day on
the station is known as
base load.

The various peak demands

of load over and above the
base load of the station is
known as peak load.
 Method of Meeting the Load (optional)
The best method to meet load is to interconnect two
different power stations.

The more efficient plant is used to supply the base

load and is known as base load power station.

The less efficient plant is used to supply the peak loads

and is known as peak load power station.
 Interconnected Grid System (optional)
The connection of several generating stations in parallel is
known as interconnected grid system.

Some of the advantages of interconnected system are

listed below :
1. Exchange of peak loads

2. Use of older plants

3. Ensures economical operation

4. Increases diversity factor

5.Reduces plant reserve capacity

6. Increases reliability of supply

Utilities Concerns
Consumers Concerns
Smart Grid Interactions
Dynamic Energy
Management in Smart Grid
Energy efficient devices

Distributed energy resources

Advance building control systems

Integrated communication
architecture
Demand Side Management
(DSM)

Any program intended to

influence the customers’ use of
energy is considered DSM

DSM will fulfill various objectives

Objectives of DSM

Shaping of load curve

Reduction in average cost

Improvement in customers’
satisfaction

Higher reliability
Objectives of DSM
Two Major Tools of
DSM
Incentive based Direct Load Control
(DLC):

To control the load directly from grid

in order
to get desired load shape
Two Major Tools of DSM

Dynamic Pricing based Home

Energy Management System
(HEMS):

scheduling and co-ordination of

home appliances to manage the
demand
Limitations of DLC

Security threats and privacy

concerns

Expensive solution

Complexity
HEMS

House hold appliances could

“talk” to each other and to grid

Appliance scheduling based upon

optimization techniques

Beneficial for both utility and

users
Interaction of HEMS with
Smart Grid
Interaction of HEMS with SG
AMI Features