EE 34 - FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER

PLANT ENGINEERING DESIGN

Course Presentation

DR. ROGER P. BALDERAS

Subject Professor
Professional Electrical Engineer
Doctor of Industrial Technology
IIEE Senior Member
2018 President, IIEE Iloilo Chapter
COURSE DESCRIPTION
 It covers topics on load graphics, types of power
plants, power plant operation and protection,
interconnections, economics of electric service, and
arrangement of equipment for modern plants and
includes the design of a power plant, its
interconnection, operation, economics, and protection.

NO. OF UNITS FOR LECTURE & LABORATORY

 1 unit design
NO. OF CONTACT HOURS PER WEEK
 3 hours design
PRE-REQUISITE
 Co-requisite: Power System Analysis

COURSE OUTLINE
1. Power and Sources of Energy
2. Energy Conservation
3. Renewable Energy
4. Load Profiling
5. Demand Factor
6. Plant Load Factor
7. Diversity Factor
8. Used Factor
9. Capacity Factor
10. Switchgear and Metering
11. Grounding
12. Electronic System for Power Plant Operations
13. Mechanical System for Power Plant Operation
14. Power Plant Economics
15. Net Metering for Customers
16. Demand Side Management
17. Substation Layout and Design
Power Plant Engineering
 It is the art of designing and installing generating
plant that will result in maximum return on
investment over the expected life of the
equipment. And also, operating this equipment
to
achieve reliable, continuous and cheap power
service.
Power Plant
 A station or establishment which houses the
prime mover, electric generators and auxiliaries
for conversion of mechanical, chemical and or
nuclear energy into electrical energy.
Types of Power Plant (as to source of
energy)
1. Thermal Power Plant - an electric generating
station using heat as a source of energy.
a) Oil Fired Steam - makes use of heavy fuel oil,
light fuel oil or bunker oil for production of energy.

b) Coal Fired - makes use of pulverized coal as a

fuel.

c) Dendro - makes use of wood such as ipil-ipil as a

fuel.
d) Nuclear Steam - makes use of steam generated
in a reactor by heat from the fission process of
nuclear fuel (Uranium 235, Uranium 238).

e) Gas Turbine - makes use of combustible gases as

a fuel from a gas turbine engine prime mover.

f) Geothermal - makes use of generated heat from

the inherent steam from the earth's magna fuel.

g) Solar Steam - makes used of steam generated

from solar radiation.
2. Hydro Electric Power Plant - an electric
generating station using flowing water to drive the
prime mover (Hydraulic Turbine).

Hydraulic Turbine - sometimes referred to as water

wheel, is the most important element in hydroelectric
power plant.

Types of Hydraulic Turbine

a) Reaction Turbine - the water under pressure is
partly converted into velocity before it enters the
turbine runner.
1. Francis Type - the water enters the spiral case
from the penstock, passes through the stay ring
guided by the stationary stay ring vanes, then
through the movable wicket gates through the
runner and into the draft tube through which it
flows into a tailrace or tail water reservoir.
2. Propeller Type - it is the same as Francis type but
it has an unshrouded blades.

3. Axial Flow Turbine - is a propeller type runner with

either fixed or adjustable blades.
b) Impulse Turbine - the water under pressure is
entirely converted into velocity before it enters
the turbine runner. It consist of one or more free
jets of water discharging into an aerated space
and impinging on a set of buckets attached
around the periphery of a disk or wheel.
Turbine Components:
1. By Pass Valve 12. Discharge Ring & Draft Tube
2. Scroll Case 13. Runner and Cone
3. Guided Vanes 14. Tailwater and Tailrace Tunnel
4. Wicket Gates 15. Surge Chamber
5. Wicket Gates Gland 16. Vacuum Valves
6. Wicket Gate Bushing 17. Diffuser Tripod
7. Operating Ring
8. Operating Servomotor
9. Governor
10. Turbine Sleeve Ring
11. Head and Bottom Covers
Types of Hyroelectric Plant
a) Run-of-River - using pondage or stream flows as it
occurs, more power can be generated in a rainy season
than in dry season.
b) Plant with Storage Capacity - associated with large
reservoir. This permits regulated supply of water so that
the power output is constant through the year.
c) Plant Storage Plant - where energy is generated during
the periods of high system demand using water, which
has been pumped into reservoir usually during periods
of relatively low system demands.
3. Diesel Power Plant - a plant of Internal
Combustion Engine (ICE) prime mover using
diesel as fuel in producing energy.
4. Windmill Plant - using a series of windmills as
prime mover
5. Sea Wave Ocean / Ocean Tides Plant - makes
use of natural rising of tide to simulate flowing
water
6. Solar or Photo Voltaic Plant - chemical
conversion of radiant energy of the sun to
electric (DC) energy
Types of Power Plant (as to use)
1. Base Load Plant - plant that assumes load
requirement under normal condition
2. Peaking Plant - plant that is normally operated
to provide power only during peak load periods
3. Regulating Plant - plant capable of carrying
load for the interval either during off-peak or
peak period and usually respond to the change
in system frequency
4. Reserve or stand by Plant - for peak or system
deficiencies
Types of Plant Reserves
a) Cold Reserve - portion of the installed reserve
kept in operable condition and available for
service but not for immediate loading.
b) Operating Reserve - refers to the capacity in
actual service in excess of peak load.
c) Hot Reserve - refers to units available,
maintained at operating temperature and ready
for service although not in actual operation.
d) Spinning Reserve - generating capacity
connected to the bus ready to take load.
Definition of Terms
1. Demand - the load at the receiving terminals
averaged over a specified interval of time.
2. Capacity - the rated load carrying ability
expressed in Kilovolt-Ampere or Kilowatts of
generating equipment or other electric
apparatus.
3. Capability - the maximum load carrying ability
expressed in Kilovolt-Ampere or Kilowatts of
generating equipment or other electric
apparatus under specified condition for a given
interval of time.
Definition of Terms
4. Net capability - the maximum generation
expressed in Kilowatt-Hours per hour which a
generating unit, station, power source, or
system can be expected to supply under
optimum operating conditions.
5. Maximum Demand or Peak Load (MD) - it is
the largest demand of load on the power
station during a given period of time.
6. Minimum Demand - the smallest of a particular
type of demand occurring within a specified
period.
Definition of Terms
7. Connected Load (CL) - it is the sum of all
continuous rating of all utilization equipment in
the consumer premises connected to the
supply system.
8. Average Load / Average Demand (AL) - the
average loads occurring on the power station
in a given period of time.
9. Load Diversity - the difference between the sum
of the maxima of two or more individual loads and
the coincident or combined maximum load,
usually measured in kilowatts over a specified
period of time.
Definition of Terms
10. Coincident Demand - any demand that occurs
simultaneously with any other deamnd; also
the
sum of any set of coincident demand.
11. Noncoincident Demand - the sum of the
individual maximum demand regardless of
time of occurrence within a specified period.

12. Ratchet Demand - the maximum past or present

demand which are taken into account to
establishing billings for the previous or
subsequent periods.
Definition of Terms
13. Seasonal Diversity - load diversity between two
or more electric systems which occurs when
their peak loads are in different seasons of the
year.
14. Off Peak Energy - energy supplied during
designated periods of relatively low system
demand.
15. On Peak Energy - energy supplied during
designated periods of relatively high system
demand.
Definition of Terms
16. Demand Factor (DF) - it is the ratio of
maximum demand on the power station to its
connected load.
MD
DF 
CL
 1

17. Diversity Factor - it is the ratio of the sum of

the individual maximum demands to the
simultaneous maximum demand on the power
station.
 MD

Simultaneous MD
Definition of Terms
18. Coincidence Factor - the ratio of the maximum
coincident total demand of a group of
costumers to the sum of the maximum power
demand of the individual consumers
comprising the group both taken at the same
point of supply for the same time.
19. Load Factor (LF) - it is the ratio of the average
load (AL) to the maximum demand during a
given period.
AL

MD
Definition of Terms
20. Capacity Factor - it is the ratio of the actual
energy produced to the maximum possible
energy that could have been produced during
a given period.
Capacity Factor - it is the product of the Utilization Factor
(UF) and Load Factor (LF).

21. Plant Use (Output) Factor - it is the ratio of

the energy generated to the product of plant
capacity and the number of hours for which
the plant was in operation.
Definition of Terms
22. Utilization Factor (UF) - it is the ratio of the
maximum generator demand to the generator
capacity.

23. Operating Plant Factor - it is the ratio of the

average load for a given period to the
operating capacity in actual service only (for
multi-set plant).
24. Operating Load Factor - it is the ratio of the
average load for a given period of time to the
average of daily maximum demand during
the same period.
Definition of Terms
25. Operating (Service) Factor - it is the ratio
between the capacity factor (CF) to the plant
use factor (PUF) or it is the ratio of service hour
to the period hour
26. Plant Ratio - it is the per annum measure of
the plants capacity factor or the ratio of net
kWh output for the year to the nameplate
capacity of the plant times hours of the year.

27. Connected Load Factor - it is the product of

the load factor (LF) and the demand factor
(DF).
 ECONOMIC OF POWER GENERATION
Characteristics of an Electric Rate (or Tariff)
The following elements enters into the cost of the
electric energy to consumers.
1. Fixed Element - to start the enterprise includes
the following:
a) Power plant, building structure, etc.
b) Primary distribution lines and substation
including supports
c) Management, administrative staff
d) Depreciation
e) General maintenance required whether the
plant is in operation or not
2. Energy Element - sometimes called running
cost, it is the operating expense to generate
power/energy which includes the following:

a) Fuels
b) Labor for operation
c) Facilities, water, oil supply
d) Maintenance required when the plant is in
operation only
3. Customer Element - cost to bring power to the
users/consumers which includes the following:

a) Secondary distribution system including

service drop and meter
b) Personnels for lines, meter readers,
collection bills
c) Advertisement
d) Franchise (50 years period)
4. Investors Profit / Return on Investment -
controlled by the government

Note:

Fixed Element is dependent on the size of

enterprise
Energy Element is dependent on the volume /
level of the generated kW or kWH
Customer Element is dependent on the number of
customer
Types of Tariff
1. Uniform Rate Tariff - there is a fixed rate per
kWH consumed.
2. Flat Rate Tariff - when different types of
consumers are charged at different uniform
rates. It is generally used for domistic purposes.
3. Block Rate Tariff - when a block of energy is
charged at a specified rate and the succeeding
blocks of energy are charged at progressively
reduced rates. This tariff has the advantage of
encouraging energy consumption (this is also
called “room rates”).
Example:

Php 1.75 per unit for the first 100 units.

Php 1.5 per unit for the next 200 units
Php 1.00 per unit for the rest

4. Two Part Tariff - there is a fixed on the basis of

their maximum demand and running charge
based on the energy consumed. For the fixed
charge, either a maximum demand indicator is
installed, or otherwise the charge is based on
the installed capacity (it is also called two
charge tariff).
5. Maximum Demand Tariff - it is similar to two
part tariff with the only difference is that
maximum demand is actually measured by
installing a maximum demand meter in the
premises of the consumer. It is mostly applied
to the large users.
6. Power Factor Tariff - power factor of
consumer's load is taken into consideration.
Billing (kWH) = Meter Reading X Fk
Fk = 1.0 if pf is from 80.1% to 85.0%
Fk > 1.0 if pf is lower than 80.1% (Fk is from
1.01 to 1.09)
Fk <1.0 if pf is higher than 85.0% (F k is from
0.95 to 0.99)
7. Three Part Tariff - also called “ Three Charge
Rate” or “Doherty Rate”; total charge is split
into three.

RATE MAKING

1. Domestic Consumer
2. Industrial Consumer
3. Public Utilities
4. Public Institution
5. Commercial Consumer
 END OF
PRESENTATION