Power Plant Engineering-It is the art of designing and
installing generating plant that will result in maximum
return on investment over the expected life of the
equipment.
Power Plant-A station or establishment which houses the
prime mover, electric generators and auxiliaries for
conversion of mechanical, chemical and or nuclear energy
into electrical energy.
Types of Power Plant (as to source of energy)
1.Thermal Power Plant - an electric generating station
using heat as a source of energy.
a) Oil Fired Steam - makes use of heavy fuel oil, light fuel
oil or bunker oil for production of energy.
b) Coal Fired - makes use of pulverized coal as a fuel.
c) Dendro - makes use of wood such as ipil-ipil as a fuel.
d) Nuclear Steam - makes use of steam generated in a
reactor by heat from the fission process of nuclear fuel
(Uranium 235, Uranium 238).
e) Gas Turbine - makes use of combustible gases as a fuel
from a gas turbine engine prime mover.
f) Geothermal - makes use of generated heat from the
inherent steam from the earth's magna fuel.
g) Solar Steam - makes used of steam generated from solar
radiation.
2. Hydro Electric Power Plant - an electric generating
station using flowing water to drive the prime mover
(Hydraulic Turbine).
Hydraulic Turbine - sometimes referred to as water wheel,
is the most important element in hydroelectric power
plant.
Types of Hydraulic Turbine
a) Reaction Turbine - the water under pressure is partly
converted into velocity before it enters the turbine runner.
1. Francis Type - the water enters the spiral case from the
penstock, passes through the stay ring guided by the
stationary stay ring vanes, then through the movable
wicket gates through the runner and into the draft tube
through which it flows into a tailrace or tail water
reservoir.
2. Propeller Type - it is the same as Francis type but it has
an unshrouded blades.
3. Axial Flow Turbine - is a propeller type runner with
either fixed or adjustable blades.
b) Impulse Turbine - the water under pressure is entirely
converted into velocity before it enters the turbine
runner.
Turbine Components:
By Pass Valve , Scroll Case, Guided Vanes , . Wicket Gates,
Wicket Gates Gland, Wicket Gate Bushing, Operating Ring,
Operating Servomotor, Governor, Turbine Sleeve Ring,
Head and Bottom Covers, Discharge Ring & Draft Tube,
Runner and Cone, Tailwater and Tailrace Tunnel, . Surge
Chamber, Vacuum Valves, Diffuser Tripod
Types of Hyroelectric Plant
a) Run-of-River - using pondage or stream flows as it
occurs, more power can be generated in a rainy season
than in dry season.
b) Plant with Storage Capacity - associated with large
reservoir. This permits regulated supply of water so that
the power output is constant through the year.
c) Plant Storage Plant - where energy is generated during
the periods of high system demand using water, which has
been pumped into reservoir usually during periods of
relatively low system demands.
3. Diesel Power Plant - a plant of Internal Combustion
Engine (ICE) prime mover using diesel as fuel in producing
energy.
4. Windmill Plant - using a series of windmills as prime
mover
5. Sea Wave Ocean / Ocean Tides Plant – makes use of
natural rising of tide to simulate flowing water
6. Solar or Photo Voltaic Plant - chemical conversion of
radiant energy of the sun to electric (DC) energy
Types of Power Plant (as to use)
1. Base Load Plant - plant that assumes load requirement
under normal condition
2. Peaking Plant - plant that is normally operated to
provide power only during peak load periods
3. Regulating Plant - plant capable of carrying load for the
interval either during off-peak or peak period and usually
respond to the change in system frequency
4. Reserve or stand by Plant - for peak or system
deficiencies
Types of Plant Reserves
a) Cold Reserve - portion of the installed reserve kept in
operable condition and available for service but not for
immediate loading.
b) Operating Reserve - refers to the capacity in actual
service in excess of peak load.
c) Hot Reserve - refers to units available, maintained at
operating temperature and ready for service although not
in actual operation.
d) Spinning Reserve - generating capacity connected to the
bus ready to take load.
Definition of Terms
1. Demand - the load at the receiving terminals averaged
over a specified interval of time.
2. Capacity - the rated load carrying ability expressed in
Kilovolt-Ampere or Kilowatts of generating equipment or
other electric apparatus.
3. Capability - the maximum load carrying ability expressed
in Kilovolt-Ampere or Kilowatts of generating equipment
or other electric apparatus under specified condition for a
given interval of time.
4. Net capability - the maximum generation expressed in
Kilowatt-Hours per hour which a generating unit, station,
power source, or system can be expected to supply under
optimum operating conditions.
5. Maximum Demand or Peak Load (MD) - it is the largest
demand of load on the power station during a given period
of time.
6. Minimum Demand - the smallest of a particular type of
demand occurring within a specified period.
7. Connected Load (CL) - it is the sum of all continuous
rating of all utilization equipment in the consumer
premises connected to the supply system.
8. Average Load / Average Demand (AL) - the average
loads occurring on the power station in a given period of
time.
9. Load Diversity - the difference between the sum of the
maxima of two or more individual loads and the coincident
or combined maximum load, usually measured in kilowatts
over a specified period of time.
10. Coincident Demand - any demand that occurs
simultaneously with any other deamnd; also the sum of
any set of coincident demand.
11. Noncoincident Demand - the sum of the individual
maximum demand regardless of time of occurrence within
a specified period.
12. Ratchet Demand - the maximum past or present
demand which are taken into account to establishing
billings for the previous or subsequent periods.
13. Seasonal Diversity - load diversity between two or
more electric systems which occurs when their peak loads
are in different seasons of the year.
14. Off Peak Energy - energy supplied during designated
periods of relatively low system demand.
15. On Peak Energy - energy supplied during designated
periods of relatively high system demand.
16. Demand Factor (DF) - it is the ratio of maximum
demand on the power station to its connected load.
17. Diversity Factor - it is the ratio of the sum of the
individual maximum demands to the simultaneous
maximum demand on the power station.
18. Coincidence Factor - the ratio of the maximum
coincident total demand of a group of costumers to the
sum of the maximum power demand of the individual
consumers comprising the group both taken at the same
point of supply for the same time.
19. Load Factor (LF) - it is the ratio of the average load (AL)
to the maximum demand during a given period.
20. Capacity Factor - it is the ratio of the actual energy
produced to the maximum possible energy that could have
been produced during a given period
21. Plant Use (Output) Factor - it is the ratio of the energy
generated to the product of plant capacity and the
number of hours for which the plant was in operation.
22. Utilization Factor (UF) - it is the ratio of the maximum
generator demand to the generator capacity.
23. Operating Plant Factor - it is the ratio of the average
load for a given period to the operating capacity in actual
service only (for multi-set plant).
24. Operating Load Factor - it is the ratio of the average
load for a given period of time to the average of daily
maximum demand during the same period.
25. Operating (Service) Factor - it is the ratio between the
capacity factor (CF) to the plant use factor (PUF) or it is the
ratio of service hour to the period hour
26. Plant Ratio - it is the per annum measure of the plants
capacity factor or the ratio of net kWh output for the year
to the nameplate capacity of the plant times hours of the
year.
27. Connected Load Factor - it is the product of the load
factor (LF) and the demand factor (DF).
ECONOMIC OF POWER GENERATION
Characteristics of an Electric Rate (or Tariff)
1. Fixed Element - to start the enterprise includes the
following:
a) Power plant, building structure, etc.
b) Primary distribution lines and substation including
supports
c) Management, administrative staff
d) Depreciation
e) General maintenance required whether the plant is in
operation or not
2. Energy Element - sometimes called running cost, it is
the operating expense to generate power/energy which
includes the following:
3. Block Rate Tariff - when a block of energy is charged at a
specified rate and the succeeding blocks of energy are
charged at progressively reduced rates. This tariff has the
advantage of encouraging energy consumption (this is
also called “room rates”).
4. Two Part Tariff - there is a fixed on the basis of their
maximum demand and running charge based on the
energy consumed. For the fixed charge, either a maximum
demand indicator is installed, or otherwise the charge is
based on the installed capacity (it is also called two
charge tariff).
5. Maximum Demand Tariff - it is similar to two part tariff
with the only difference is that maximum demand is
actually measured by installing a maximum demand meter
in the premises of the consumer. It is mostly applied to the
large users.
6. Power Factor Tariff - power factor of consumer's load is
taken into consideration.
7. Three Part Tariff - also called “ Three Charge Rate” or
“Doherty Rate”; total charge is split into three.
RATE MAKING

a) Fuels 1. Domestic Consumer

b) Labor for operation 2. Industrial Consumer

c) Facilities, water, oil supply 3. Public Utilities

d) Maintenance required when the plant is in operation 4. Public Institution

only 5. Commercial Consumer
3. Customer Element - cost to bring power to the
users/consumers which includes the following:

a) Secondary distribution system including service drop

and meter

b) Personnels for lines, meter readers,collection bills

c) Advertisement

d) Franchise (50 years period)

4. Investors Profit / Return on Investment -controlled by

the government

Types of Tariff

1. Uniform Rate Tariff - there is a fixed rate per kWH

consumed.

2. Flat Rate Tariff - when different types of consumers are

charged at different uniform rates. It is generally used for
domistic purposes.