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CHE501

By: Usamah Al‐Mubaiyedh

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The General Energy Balance Equation

Consider a fluid moving through a stationary control volume. The general energy 
balance equation can be written as:

1 2 
 Rate of Energy   Rate of Energy Addition 

 Accumulati on

  
 by Covection

 
  KE  Int. E     KE  Int. E  
3 
 Rate of EnergyAddition 
 
 by Molecular Transport  
 Conduction  
4 
 Rate of Work Done on System 

 by Molecular Mechanisim s

 
 i.e. Stress and Pressure  
5 
 Rate of Work Done on System 
 
 by External Mechanisims 
 i.e. Gravity  

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e
Before we proceed, we introduce the Combined Energy Flux Vector      :

Work done Work done Heat flux


Int. E
 KE
  due to pressure
 due to stress
 due to conduction


e  
J
m2 s
1 2  ˆ 
 2 v v  U v  pv  v 

q

Note : v 2  v  v  vx2  v y2  vz2

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Add all terms now:

Δx y z

t
 1
2

v 2  Uˆ  ex x  ex
 
x  x
 y z 
e
y y 

e 
y y  y x z 

 

ez z  ez z  z x y 
 
 Δx y z g  v 

Now divide by x y z and take the limit x y z  0


t

1
2
   
v  U    e   g  v 
2 ˆ

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t
 1
2
   
v 2  Uˆ    e   g  v 

Recall the Combined Energy Flux Vector:

 1 2 ˆ    
e  2 v v  U v  p v   v  q


t
 1
2
  
v 2  Uˆ    12 v 2  Uˆ v .......... Conevtion

q .......... Conduction
 Eq. (1)
   pv .......... Work done due to pressure
     v q
 
.......... Work done due to stress
 
  g  v  .......... Work done due to external fields

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Recall the equation of motion:

   N 
v      vv  p     g  3
t m 


v
Take dot product with      :


t
 1
2
v 2     12 v 2 v    pv  p   v       v     : v    g  v 
      
Eq. (2)

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Eq. (1)  :   Accounts for both mechanical energy and internal energy
Eq. (2) :  Accounts for mechanical energy only

Subtract Eq. (1) ‐ Eq. (2): 


t
     
Uˆ    Uˆ v    q  p  v   : v Eq. (3)

Eq. (3) is the internal energy equation which is more useful to derive an equation for 
temperature within the system.

Rearranging Eq. (3) to introduce the substantial derivative” 

DUˆ   
    q  p  v   : v Eq. (3)
Dt

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1
Introduce the enthalpy:  Hˆ  Uˆ  p Vˆ Note : Vˆ 

DHˆ   Dp
    q   : v  Eq. (3)
Dt Dt

Recall from thermodynamics: 

  Vˆ   1   ln   
ˆ  ˆ 
dH  C p dT  V  T    dp  C p dT    T    dp

  T  p      ln T  p 

DT     ln   Dp
C p    q   : v    Eq. (3)
Dt  T  Dt

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Special Forms of the Energy Equation

DT  
(1)  Constant density fluids: C p    q   : v
Dt


(2)  (1)+Material follows Fourier Law: C p
DT
 k 2T   : v q  kT 
Dt

DT
(3)  (1)+(2) + Newtonian fluid: C p  k 2T    v See appendix B.7
Dt

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