Microwave Engineering

MICROWAVE
PROPAGATION
REFERENCES:
1. M.N.O. Sadiku: Elements of Electromagnetics, Second Edition,

Oxford University Press, 1995.
2. P.Lorrain & D. Corson: Electromagnetic Fields and Waves, Second
Edition, W.H. Freeman & Co, New York, 1970.
Lecturer: Dr. Feyisa Debbo,

Adama Science and Technology University (ASTU)
School of Electrical Engineering and Computing (SoEEC)
Electronics and Communication Engineering Program (ECE)
WAVE EM THEORY 1
PROPAGATION
MICROWAVE PROPAGATION IN
FREE SPACE
• MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS:
  
xE   B
t 
   D
xH  J 
  t
.D  

.B  0
WAVE EM THEORY 2
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• In Cartesian Coordinates:
   
  xˆ  yˆ  zˆ
x y z
• In Cylindrical Coordinates
  1  
  rˆ  ˆ  zˆ
r r  z
• In spherical coordinates
  1  1 
  rˆ  ˆ  ˆ
r r  r sin 
• Standard Relationships:
 
D  E
 
B  H
 
J  E
WAVE EM THEORY 3
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• WAVE EQUATIONS

• Let t  j
• Then Maxwell’s equations become:
  
xE   jH
  
xH  (  j ) E
 
.D  

.B  0
• Taking the curl of both sides:
     
xxE   jxH   j (  j ) E
• Using the vector identity:

   2    
xxE   E  (.E )
WAVE EM THEORY 4
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
 
• In a perfect conductor, as well as in free space, =0; then .E  0
• Therefore the equation becomes:

   2  
xxE   E   j (  j ) E
• So that
  
2E   2E
• Where:
•
  j (  j )    j
In this case, is the propagation constant,  is the attenuation constant, and is

the phase constant
WAVE EM THEORY 5
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• UNIFORM PLANE WAVES – TEM WAVES
• Assume wave propagating in positive direction of z-axis; then E, and H are
independent
 of
 x and
 y. That is:
E E H H
   0
x y x y
• For a lossless medium, =0; in free space for Cartesian coordinates, we

 
obtain: 2 E 2
 E
  
o o
z 2 t 2
• And the solution for the x-component of the electric field is:
j (t  z )
E x  Eo e
• From the curl

 equation:

xE   jH
WAVE EM THEORY 6
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• We obtain:
E x
  jH y
z
• Since:

  j
z
   o o
• We obtain:
o
Hy  Ex
o
• Where the intrinsic impedance in free space, is given by:
Hy o 1 1
  
Ex  o  o 120
WAVE EM THEORY 7
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• PLANE WAVE PROPAGATION IN LOSSY MEDIUM
• In a lossy medium, 0; then the propagation constant is given by:
  j (  j )    j
• Then the electric and magnetic fields become:

E x  Eo e z cos(t  z )
Eo z
Hy  e cos(t  z )

1 / 2
j   
  1  j 
  j   
• Define the loss tangent as:

tan  

WAVE EM THEORY 8
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• PLANE WAVE PROPAGATION IN LOSSY MEDIUM
• If the loss tangent is very small, then the propagation constant, the attenuation
constant, the phase constant, the intrinsic impedance, and the phase velocity
can be approximated by the binomial expansion as:
2
  1   
  j  1  j     
 2 8    
 

2 
2
 1   
    1    
 8    
  
 1  j 
 2 
2
 1 1  1    
vp    1    
  2
1       8    

 1    
 
 8    
WAVE EM THEORY 9
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• PLANE WAVE PROPAGATING IN A GOOD CONDUCTOR
• For a good conductor, ; then the propagation constant, the attenuation
constant, the phase constant, the characteristic impedance, and the phase
velocity are given by:
•
 j   e j / 4
   
   cos  j sin   1  j 
 4 4 2

  
2
j j 
   (1  j )
  j  2
 2
vp  
 
WAVE EM THEORY 10
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• PLANE WAVE PROPAGATING IN A GOOD CONDUCTOR
• Define the skin depth, , as:
1 2
  
 
• At microwave frequencies, the skin depth is very small. The real part of the
intrinsic impedance is called the surface resistance, R s:

Rs 
2
WAVE EM THEORY 11
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• LINEAR AND CIRCULAR POLARISATION
• Plane waves that have their electric field vector pointing in a fixed direction
are called linearly-polarized waves.
• A plane linearly polarized wave may be written as:


E  E x xˆ  E y yˆ e 
 jz
• If Ex0 and Ey=0, we have a plane wave linearly polarized in the x-direction.
If Ex=0 and Ey 0, the wave is linearly polarized in the y-direction.
• If Ex and Ey are both real and non-zero, we have a plane wave linearly
polarized at an angle:
E
1 y
  tan
E
x
• If Ex=Ey=Eo, then: 
E  Eo xˆ  yˆ e  jz
WAVE EM THEORY 12
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• LINEAR AND CIRCULAR POLARISATION
• Consider the situation when Ex=jEy=Eo, where Eo is real. Then:

E  Eo xˆ  jyˆ e  jz
• In the time domain, this becomes:


E ( z, t )  Eo xˆ cos(t  z )  yˆ cos(t  z   / 2)
 Eo xˆ cos(t  z )  yˆ sin(t  z )
• The angle from the x-axis, and the amplitude of the electric field is:
 sin(t  z ) 
  tan 1    (t  z )
 cos( t   z ) 

E  Eo cos 2 (t  z )  sin 2 (t  z )  Eo
• Therefore at constant t, with z increasing,  repeats itself every 2radians.

Similarly, for constant z, increases as t increases. The amplitude of E remains
constant – hence this is a circularly polarized wave.
WAVE EM THEORY 13
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• REFLECTION OF A PLANE WAVE AT NORMAL INCIDENCE
• When a plane wave from one medium meets a different medium, it is
partly reflected and partly transmitted.
• The proportion of the incident wave that is transmitted or reflected
depends on the constitutive parameters () of the two media
involved.
• Here we shall assume that the incident wave plane is normal to the
boundary between the media; oblique incidence of plane waves will be
covered after the simpler case of normal incidence is covered.
WAVE EM THEORY 14
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• Consider a plane wave incident normally on the interface between two
different media, as shown in the figure below.
Medium 1 ( ) x Medium 2 ( )


Ei
 
Hi ẑ Et
Incident wave
 ẑ
zˆ
 Ht
Er
Transmitted wave
z

- ẑ Hr y
Reflected wave
z=0
WAVE EM THEORY 15
PROPAGATION
ẑ
FREE SPACE
• Suppose that a plane wave traveling along the +z direction is incident
normally on the boundary z=0 between medium 1 (z<0) characterized by
( ) and medium 2 characterized by ( ) as shown in the Figure.
• Subscripts i, r, and t denote incident, reflected, and transmitted waves,
respectively.
 
• Incident Wave: ( E)i ,isHtraveling
i ẑ medium 1.
along in the
• If we suppress the time factor ejt and assume that:

Eis ( z )  Eio e  z xˆ
1
• Then we obtain:
  z Eio  z
H is ( z )  H ioe yˆ 
1
e yˆ 1
1
WAVE EM THEORY 16
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
 
• Reflected Wave: ( E)r ,isHtraveling
r
along in the
 ẑ medium 1.
• If we still suppress the time factor ejt and assume that:

Ers ( z )  Ero e z xˆ
1
• Then we obtain:
 Ero  z
H rs ( z )  H ro e  yˆ   
 z
1
e yˆ 1
1
  
• Note that we have assumed that for normal incidence, the vectors Ei , E r , and E t
have the same polarization.
WAVE EM THEORY 17
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
 
• Transmitted Wave: (Et , H t ẑ
) is traveling along in the medium 2.
• If we still suppress the time factor ejt and assume that:

Ets ( z )  Eto e  z xˆ 2
• Then we obtain:
 Eto  z
H ts ( z )  H to e  2 z
 yˆ   e yˆ
2
2
• In the above equations, Eio, Ero, and Eto are, respectively, the
magnitudes of the incident, reflected, and transmitted electric field
strengths at z=0.
WAVE EM THEORY 18
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• REFLECTION OF A PLANE WAVE AT NORMAL
INCIDENCE
• Note that the total field in medium 1 comprises both the incident and
reflected fields, whereas medium 2 has only the transmitted field, that
is:
     
E1  Ei  Er , H1  H i  H r
   
E2  Et , H 2  H t
• At the interface, z=0; the boundary conditions require that the

tangential components of E and H must be continuous.
• Since the waves are transverse, E and H fields are entirely tangential
to the interface.
WAVE EM THEORY 19
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE
• Hence at z=0, we have:
    
E1 tan  E2 tan  Ei (0)  Er (0)  Et (0)  Eio  Ero  Eto
     1 E
H1 tan  H 2 tan  H i (0)  H r (0)  H t (0)  Eio  Ero   to
1 2
• From the above equations, we obtain:

2  1 2 2
Ero  Eio ; Eto  Eio
2  1 2  1
WAVE EM THEORY 20
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE
• We now define the reflection coefficient, , and the transmission coefficient,
, from the above equations as follows:
Ero 2  1 Eto 22

  ;  
Eio  2  1 Eio  2  1
• Note that both the reflection and transmission coefficients are dimensionless
and may be complex.
• Also note that 0≤||≤1
WAVE EM THEORY 21
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE
• Let us consider a special case when medium 1 is a perfect dielectric (lossless,
1=0) and medium 2 is a perfect conductor (2~). For this case:
j2 2
2   (1  j )  0
2 2 2
2  1 0  1 22
    1;  0
 2  1 0  1 2  1
• Thus the incident wave is totally reflected.

• This should be expected, because fields in a perfect conductor must vanish, so
there can be no transmitted wave (E2=0).
WAVE EM THEORY 22
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE
• The totally reflected wave combines with the incident wave to form a
standing wave. A standing wave “stands” and does not travel; it
consists of two waves (Ei and Er) of equal amplitudes but in opposite
directions.
• Thus the standing wave in medium 1 is given as:
  
E1s  Eis  Ers  Eio e  z xˆ  Ero e z xˆ
1 1
Ero
  1,  1  0, 1  0,  1  j1
Eio

 
 E1s   Eio e j z  e  j z xˆ  2 jEio sin 1 z xˆ
1 1
  j t

E1  Re E1s e 
 2 Eio sin 1 z sin txˆ
WAVE EM THEORY 23
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE
• Similarly, for the magnetic fields, we have:
   E  E 
H1s  H is  H rs  H io e  z yˆ  H ro e z yˆ  io e  z yˆ    ro e z yˆ
1 1 1 1
1  1 
Ero
  1,  1  0, 1  0,  1  j1
Eio
 E
 E
 H1s  io e j z  e  j z yˆ  2 io cos1 z yˆ
1
1 1
1
 Eio
H1  2 cos1z cos tyˆ
1
WAVE EM THEORY 24
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• A sketch of the standing wave for E is presented in the figure below, for t=0, T/8,
T/4, 3T/8, T/2 and so on, where T=2.
• From the figure, we notice that the wave does not travel but oscillates.
Standing Waves at the Interface for t=0, T/8, T/4...,-T/8, -T/4..
1
E (t=0)
E (t=T/8)
0.8
E (t=T/4)
0.6 E (t=3T/8)
E (t=T/2)
0.4 E (t=5T/8)
E (t=3T/4)
0.2
E (t=5T/8)
E (V/m)
E (t=T)
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 E (t=-T/8)
3.5
-0.2 E (t=-T/4)
E (t=-3T/8)
-0.4 E (t=-T/2)
E (t=-5T/8)
-0.6
E (t=-3T/4)
E (t=-5T/8)
-0.8
E (t=-T)
-1
z in m (lambda=2 m)
WAVE EM THEORY 25
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE – LOSSLESS MEDIA 2 > 1 , 
• When both media 1 and 2 are lossless, we have another special case
().
• In this case, 1 and 2 are real, and so are  and .
• If 2 > 1 ,and there is a standing wave in medium 1, but there is
also a transmitted wave in medium 2.
• However, the incident and reflected waves have amplitudes that are not
equal in magnitude.
• It can be shown that the maximum values of |E1| occur at:
n n1
 1zmax  n ;  zmax   , n  0,1,2,..
1 2
WAVE EM THEORY 26
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE – LOSSLESS MEDIA 2 > 1 , 
• The minimum values of |E1| occur at:

 1zmin  2n  1 ;
2
 zmin  
2n  1
2 1
zmin 
2n  11
, n  0,1,2,..
4
WAVE EM THEORY 27
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE – LOSSLESS MEDIA 1 > 2 , 
• If 1 > 2 , thelocationsof |E1| maximum occur at:

 1 zmax  2n  1 ;  zmax  
2n  1
2 2 1
zmax 
2n  11
, n  0,1,2,..
4
• Thelocationsof |E1| minimum, on the other hand, occur at:
n n
 1zmin  n ;  zmin     1 , n  0,1,2,..
1 2
WAVE EM THEORY 28
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE – LOSSLESS MEDIA 1 > 2 , 
• Note that |H1| minimum occurs wherever there is |E1| maximum and
vice-versa.
• The transmitted wave in medium 2 is a purely traveling wave (not a
standing wave) and consequently there are no maxima or minima in
this region.
• The ratio |E1|max to |E1|min is called the standing wave ratio, s; that is:
E1 max H1 max 1 
s  
E1 min H1 min 1 
s 1
 
s 1
WAVE EM THEORY 29
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE – LOSSLESS MEDIA :EXAMPLE 1
• In free space (z≤0), a plane wave is incident normally on a lossless medium
(o, o) in region z≥0). Determine the reflected wave Hr, Er and the
transmitted wave Ht, Et, if

 
H  10 cos 108 t  z xˆ mA / m
• SOLUTION:
• For free space, we have:
2  108 1
1    
 c 3 x108 3
1  o  120
WAVE EM THEORY 30
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• For the lossless dielectric, we have:
2  4
2       o o  r  r  4 
 c 3
 o  r
2    2o
 o r
• Since

   
H i  10 cos 108 t   z xˆ mA / m  Ei  Eio cos 108 t  z eî
eî  xˆ xzˆ    yˆ
Eio  1H io  10o
WAVE EM THEORY 31
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• Thus we obtain:

 
Ei  10o cos 108 t  z yˆ mV / m
Ero    2  o 1
 2 1  o 
Eio  2  1 2o  o 3
1  10  8 1 
 Ero  Eio  Er   o cos10 t  z  yˆ mV / m
3 3  3 
 10  8 1 
H r   cos10 t  z  xˆ mA / m
3  3 
WAVE EM THEORY 32
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• Similarly, we have:
Eto 2 2 4o 4
   
Eio 2  1 2o  o 3

4
 
 Eto  Eio  Et  Eto cos 108 t   2 z eˆt
3
eˆt  aî   yˆ
 40  4 
 Et   o cos108 t  z  yˆ mV / m
3  3 
 20  4 
 H t   cos108 t  z  xˆ mA / m
3  3 
WAVE EM THEORY 33
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE – EXAMPLE 2
• Given a uniform plane wave in air as,

Ei  40 cos(t  z ) xˆ  30 sin(t  z ) yˆ V / m

• A) Determine H i
• B) If the plane wave encounters a perfectly conducting
 plate normal to
the z-axis at z=0, find the reflected wave Er and H r
 
• C) What are the total E and H fields for z≤0?
• D) Calculate the time average Poynting vectors for z≤0 and z≥0.
WAVE EM THEORY 34
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• We may treat the wave as consisting of two waves, namely:
 
Ei1  40 cos(t   z ) xˆ; Ei 2  30 sin(t  z ) yˆ
• At atmospheric pressure, air may be regarded as free space; thus we have:

  
H i  H i1  H i 2

H i1  H i1o cos(t  z ) aˆ H 1
Ei1o 40 1
H i1o    ; aˆ H 1  zˆxxˆ  yˆ
o 120 3
 1
 H i1  cos(t  z ) yˆ
3
   1 1
 H i  H i1  H i 2  cos(t  z ) yˆ  sin(t  z ) xˆ
3 4
WAVE EM THEORY 35
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• Similarly, we get:

H i 2  H i 2o sin(t  z )aˆ H 2
Ei 2o 30 1
H i 2o    ; aˆ H 2  zˆxyˆ   xˆ
o 120 4
 1
 H i 2   sin(t  z ) xˆ
4
   1 1
 H i  H i1  H i 2  cos(t  z ) yˆ  sin(t  z ) xˆ
3 4
• Thus we finally obtain:
   1 1
 H i  H i1  H i 2  cos(t   z ) yˆ  sin(t   z ) xˆ
3 4
WAVE EM THEORY 36
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• B) Since medium 2 is perfectly conducting, we have:
2
 1   2  1
 2
   1,   0
• Therefore the incident fields are totally reflected, giving:
Ero  Eio   Eio


 Er  40 cost  z xˆ  30 sin t  z yˆ V / m
 1 1
Hr  cost   z yˆ  sin t   z xˆ A / m
3 4
WAVE EM THEORY 37
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• C) The total fields in the air are given as:
      
E1  Ei  Er  Ei1  Ei 2  Er1  Er 2

E1  40 cos(t   z ) xˆ  30 sin(t   z ) yˆ  40 cost   z xˆ  30 sin t  z yˆ

E1  80 sin t sin  zxˆ  60 cost sin  zyˆ
  
H1  H i  H r
1 1 1 1
 cos(t  z ) yˆ  sin(t   z ) xˆ  cost  z yˆ  sin t   z xˆ
3 4 3 4
 1 1
H1  cos(t  z ) yˆ  cost   z yˆ   sin(t  z ) xˆ  sin t  z xˆ 
3 4
 2
H1  cost cos z yˆ  1 sin t cos z xˆ
3 2
WAVE EM THEORY 38
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• D) The time-average Poynting vector for z≤0 is given by:
  * 1  2
1

S1av  Re E1s xH1s 
2

2o
E1s zˆ 
1
2o

Eio2 zˆ  Ero2 zˆ 

1
240
   
402  302 zˆ  402  302 zˆ  0
• The time-average Poynting vector for z>0 is given by (as the whole incident
power is reflected):
  * 1  2
1
2

S 2 av  Re E2 s xH 2 s  
22
E2 s zˆ 
1 2
2o
Eto zˆ  0
WAVE EM THEORY 39
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• REFLECTION OF A PLANE WAVE AT OBLIQUE INCIDENCE
• Let us consider a more general case where the the angle of incidence is not
normal, but oblique.
• It can be shown that a uniform plane wave takes the general form:
  
 

 
E ( r , t )  Eo cos k .r  t  Re Eo e j k .r t 
 
• Here, the position vector, r , and the wave number vector, k , are defined as:

r  xxˆ  yyˆ  zzˆ

k  k x xˆ  k y yˆ  k z zˆ

• Note that k is always in the direction of propagation.
WAVE EM THEORY 40
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• REFLECTION OF A PLANE WAVE AT OBLIQUE
INCIDENCE

• The magnitude of k is related to the frequency  according to the
dispersion relation:
k 2  k x2  k y2  k z2   2 
• Thus for lossless media, k is essentially the same as . Thus
Maxwell’s equations reduce
  to: 
k xE  H
  
k xH  E
 
k .H  0

k .E  0
WAVE EM THEORY 41
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE
• The above equations show that:
– E, H, and k are mutually orthogonal
– E and H lie in the plane:

k .r  k x xˆ  k y yˆ  k z zˆ .xxˆ  yyˆ  zzˆ 
 k x x  k y y  k z z  cons tan t
• Thus we find, from the above relations:


 1  ˆ
 kxE
H k xE 
 
WAVE EM THEORY 42
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE
• Having expressed E and H in the general form, we can now consider the
oblique incidence of a uniform plane wave at a boundary, as illustrated below.
Medium 1 ()
 Medium 2 ()
kr

kt
r t
i
ân z

ki
WAVE EM THEORY 43
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE

• The plane defined by the propagation vector k and a unit normal ân
to the boundary is the plane of incidence.

• The angle i between and ân is the angle of incidence.
k
• Again, both the incident and reflected waves are in medium 1 while
the transmitted wave is in medium 2.
• Let:
 
Ei  Eio coskix x  kiy y  kiz z  i t 
 
Er  Ero cosk rx x  k ry y  k rz z  r t 
 
Et  Eto cosktx x  kty y  ktz z  t t 
WAVE EM THEORY 44
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• Since the tangential component of E must be continuous across the boundary
at z=0, we have:
  
Ei ( z  0)  Er ( z  0)  Et ( z  0)
• This boundary condition can be satisfied by waves in the previous

equation for all x,y and z=0 if:
1. i  r  t  
2. kix  k rx  ktx  k x
3. kiy  k ry  kty  k y
WAVE EM THEORY 45
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• Condition 1 implies that the frequency is unchanged; while conditions 2 and 3
require that the tangential components of the propagation vectors must be
continuous.
• This means that the propagation vectors ki, kr, and kt must all lie in the plane
of incidence.
• Thus by condition 2 and 3, we have:
ki sin  i  k r sin  r
ki sin  i  kt sin  t
• Here r is the angle of reflection and t is the angle of transmission.
WAVE EM THEORY 46
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• For lossless media, we have:
ki  k r   1 1
k t  k 2    2 2
 r   i
• Thus we have:
sin  t ki 1 1
 
sin  i kt  2 2
WAVE EM THEORY 47
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE-PARALLEL POLARIZATION
Medium 1 ()
  Medium 2 ()
Er
kr 
Et

kt
r t
 i
ân z
Ei

 ki
Hi
WAVE EM THEORY 48
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• REFLECTION OF A PLANE WAVE AT OBLIQUE INCIDENCE-
PARALLEL POLARIZATION
• Consider the case above when the E-field lies in the xz-plane, the plane of
incidence, where we have parallel polarization.
• In medium 1, the incident and reflected waves are given by:

Eis  Eio cos  i xˆ  sin  i zˆ e  j1  x sin i  z cosi 
 E
H is  io e  j1  x sin i  z cosi  yˆ
1

Ers  Ero cos r xˆ  sin  r zˆ e  j1  x sin  r  z cos r 
 E
H rs  ro e  j1  x sin  r  z cos r  yˆ
1
WAVE EM THEORY 49
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• The transmitted fields in medium 2 are given by:

Ets  Eto cos  t xˆ  sin  t zˆ e  j 2  x sin  t  z cost 
 Eto  j 2  x sin t  z cost 
H is  e yˆ
2
• Requiring that r=i and that the tangential components of E and H be
continuous at the boundary z=0, we obtain:
Eio  Ero cos i  Eto cos t
1
Eio  Ero   1 Eto
1 2
WAVE EM THEORY 50
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• We therefore obtain, for parallel polarization:
E  cos  t  1 cos  i
II  ro  2
Eio  2 cos  t  1 cos  i
E 2 2 cos  i
 II  to 
Eio  2 cos  t  1 cos  i
• These are called Fresnel’s equations. The Brewster angle is the angle
of incidence at which II vanishes: That is:
 2 cos  t
 2 cos t  1 cos i  0  cos BII 
1
WAVE EM THEORY 51
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
INCIDENCE-PERPENDICULAR POLARIZATION
Medium 1 ()
   
Medium 2 ()

Hr
kr
 kr Et kt

Er  Ht
kt
r t
i
ân z
 
Ei
 ki
Hi
WAVE EM THEORY 52
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• When the E field is perpendicular to the plane of incidence (the x-z
plane), we have perpendicular polarizarion.This may also be viewed
as the case in which the H field is parallel to the plane of incidence.
• The incident and reflected waves in medium 1 are given by:

Eis  Eio e  j1  x sin  i  z cosi  yˆ
 E
H is  io  cos  i xˆ  sin  i zˆ e  j1  x sin  i  z cosi 
1

Ers  Ero e  j1  x sin  r  z cos r  yˆ
 Ero
H rs  cos r xˆ  sin  r zˆ e  j1 x sin r  z cos r  yˆ
1
WAVE EM THEORY 53
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• The transmitted fields in medium 2 are:

Ets  Eto e  j 2  x sin t  z cost  yˆ
 Eto
H is   cost xˆ  sin  t zˆ e  j 2 x sin t  z cost 
2
• Again, requiring that the tangential components of E and H be
continuous at z=0, and setting i=r, we get:
Eio  Ero  Eto
1
Eio  Ero cos  i  1 Eto cos t
1 2
WAVE EM THEORY 54
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• Expressing Ero and Eto in terms of Eio leads to the expressions:
Ero  2 cos  i  1 cos  t
  
Eio  2 cos  i  1 cos  t
Eto 2 2 cos  i
  
Eio  2 cos  i  1 cos  t
• These are Fresnel’s equations for perpendicular polarization. The corresponding
Brewster angle is:
  
1   1 1 
 2 cos i  1 cos t 
   0   2 cos B   1 cos  t  sin 2  B    2 2 2
 2 cos i  1 cos t  
1   1 
 2 
• For non-magnetic media, the sin of BT goes to infinity, hence the angle does not
exist.
WAVE EM THEORY 55
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• An EM wave travels in free space with the electric field component:
 j 0.866 y  0.5 z 
Es  100e xˆ V / m
• Determine:
  and 
o The magnetic field component
o The time-average power in the wave.
WAVE EM THEORY 56
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• Solution:
• Comparing the given value of E with:
  
jk . r 
j kx xk y ykz z 
E Ee
s o Ee o xˆ
• It is clear that:
k x  0; k y  0.866; k z  0.5
 k  k x2  k y2  k z2  0.8662  0.52 1
WAVE EM THEORY 57
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• In free space, we have:
 2
k       
c 
   kc  3x108 rad / s
2
  2  6.283 m
k

Hs 
1  
k xEs 
 0.866 yˆ  0.5 zˆ  
jk . r
x100e xˆ
 4x10 x3x10 
7 8

0.866 yˆ  0.5 zˆ  
jk .r
x100e xˆ
120

 H s  0.133 yˆ  0.23 zˆ e j 0.866 y  0.5 z 
WAVE EM THEORY 58
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• The time-average power density is:
  *
1

S av  Re Es xH s
2

1

 Re 100e j 0.866 y  0.5 z  xˆx0.133 yˆ  0.23 zˆ e j 0.866 y  0.5 z 
2

 11 .5 yˆ  6.65 zˆ W / m 2
WAVE EM THEORY 59
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• A uniform plane wave in air with:

Ei  8 cos(t  4 x  3z ) yˆ V / m
• Is incident on a dielectric slab (z0) with r=1.0, r=2.5, =0.
Determine:
o The polarization of the wave
o The angle of incidence
o The reflected E field
o The transmitted H field.
WAVE EM THEORY 60
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• SOLUTION
• From the incident wave, it is seen that the propagation vector is:

ki  4 xˆ  3zˆ  ki  4 2  32  5

ki   1 1    o o 
c
  cki  3x108 x5  15 x108 rad / s
• A unit normal vector to the interface (z=0) is z. The plane containing ki

and z is y=constant, which is the xz-plane, the plane of incidence.
• Since Ei is normal to this plane, we have perpendicular polarization.
WAVE EM THEORY 61
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• SOLUTION
• From the propagation vectors in the x-z plane, and interface at z=0, the
angle of incidence is given by:
kix 4
tan  i    1.333
kiz 3
 i  53.13o
WAVE EM THEORY 62
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• SOLUTION
• To obtain the reflected E field, we use:
  

Er  Ero cos t  k r .r yˆ 
• We note that since the tangential component of E must be continuous at
the interface (z=0), we have:

k r  k rx xˆ  k rz zˆ
k rx  k r sin  r ; k rz  k r cos  r

 r   i ; k r  5  k r  4 xˆ  3 zˆ
WAVE EM THEORY 63
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• SOLUTION
• To find Ero, we neet t. From Snell’s law we have:
1 1 sin 53.13o
sin  t  sin  i   0.506   t  30.4o
 2 2 2.5
Ero  2 cos i  1 cos t
   ;
Eio  2 cos i  1 cos t
1   o  120  377 ;  2  120 2.5  238.4 
238.4 cos 53.13o  377 cos 30.4o
   o o
 0.389
238.4 cos 53.13  377 cos 30.4
 Ero   Eio  0.3898  3.112

 
 Er  3.112 cos 15 x108 t  4 x  3z yˆ V / m
WAVE EM THEORY 64
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• SOLUTION
• Again, let the transmitted electric field be:
 
 
Et  Eto cos t  kt .r yˆ
15 x108
k t   2    2 2  8
2.5  7.906
3x10
ktx  kt sin  t  7.906 sin 30.4o  4
ktz  kt cos  t  7.906 cos 30.4o  6.82

 kt  4 xˆ  6.82 zˆ
WAVE EM THEORY 65
PROPAGATION
FREE SPACE
• SOLUTION
• Thus Et and Ht are obtained as follows:
 
Eto

2 2 cos i


2 x 238.4 cos 53.13o 
 0.611
Eio  2 cos i  1 cos t 238.4 cos 53.13o  377 cos 30.4o
Et ro    Eio  0.6118  4.888

 
 Et  4.888 cos 15 x108 t  4 x  6.819 z yˆ V / m

 kˆt xEt 4 xˆ  6.819 zˆ
Ht 
2

7.906238.4
 
x 4.888 cos 15 x108 t  4 x  6.819 z yˆ

 
H t  0.0104zˆ  0.0177 xˆ cos 15 x108 t  4 x  6.819 z A / m
WAVE EM THEORY 66
PROPAGATION

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MICROWAVE

1. M.N.O. Sadiku: Elements of Electromagnetics, Second Edition,

Lecturer: Dr. Feyisa Debbo,

• Using the vector identity:

• Therefore the equation becomes:

In this case, is the propagation constant,  is the attenuation constant, and is

• For a lossless medium, =0; in free space for Cartesian coordinates, we

• From the curl

• Then the electric and magnetic fields become:

• Define the loss tangent as:

• In the time domain, this becomes:

• Therefore at constant t, with z increasing,  repeats itself every 2radians.

Medium 1 ( ) x Medium 2 ( )

• At the interface, z=0; the boundary conditions require that the

• From the above equations, we obtain:

Ero 2  1 Eto 22

• Thus the incident wave is totally reflected.

• Thelocationsof |E1| minimum, on the other hand, occur at:

• At atmospheric pressure, air may be regarded as free space; thus we have:

• Therefore the incident fields are totally reflected, giving:

Ero  Eio   Eio

• Thus we find, from the above relations:

• This boundary condition can be satisfied by waves in the previous

• Here r is the angle of reflection and t is the angle of transmission.

• An EM wave travels in free space with the electric field component:

• A unit normal vector to the interface (z=0) is z. The plane containing ki

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