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Andy Wolski
The Cockcroft Institute, and the University of Liverpool, UK
D2n − D1n = ρs ~ =ρ
∇·D pillbox
~
~ = J~ + ∂ D
H2t − H1t = −Js⊥ ∇×H ∂t loop
B2n = B1n ~ =0
∇·B pillbox
~
~ = −∂B
E2t = E1t ∇×E ∂t loop
E1t ≈ 0 E2t ≈ 0
D1n ≈ −ρs D2n ≈ 0
Theory of EM Fields 9 Part II: Standing Waves
Boundary conditions on surfaces of conductors
B1n ≈ 0 B2n ≈ 0
H1t ≈ Js⊥ H2t ≈ 0
B1n = 0 B2n = 0
E1t = 0 E2t = 0
D1n = −ρs D2n = 0
H1t = Js⊥ H2t = 0
Thus, we find:
µ ωε
r r
Z ≈ (1 − i) , σ ωε. (19)
ε 2σ
The wave equation for the electric field inside the cavity is:
2 ~ 1 ~
¨ = 0,
∇ E − 2E (22)
c
where c is the speed of light in a vacuum. There is a similar
~
equation for the magnetic field B.
Et = 0, (23)
Bn = 0, (24)
where Et is the component of the electric field tangential to
the wall, and Bn is the component of the magnetic field normal
to the wall.
2 2 2 ω2
kx + ky + kz = 2 . (30)
c
~ = 0, we require:
To satisfy Maxwell’s equation ∇ · E
kxEx0 + ky Ey0 + kz Ez0 = 0. (31)
Consider:
Note: we show all modes, including those with two (or three)
mode numbers equal to zero, even though such modes will
have zero amplitude.
Theory of EM Fields 34 Part II: Standing Waves
Quality factor of a mode in a cavity
Using:
2 2 2 ω2
kx + ky + k z = 2 , and Ex0kx + Ey0ky + Ez0kz = 0, (45)
c
we find, after some algebraic manipulation (and noting that the
magnetic field is 90◦ out of phase with the electric field):
1 1 2 + E 2 + E 2 ) sin2 ωt.
EB = (E (46)
16 µ0c2 x0 y0 z0
We can find the modes in just the same way as we did for a
rectangular cavity: that is, we find solutions to the wave
equations for the electric and magnetic fields using separation
of variables; then find the “allowed” solutions by imposing the
boundary conditions.
nω
Br = iE0 2 2 Jn(kr r) sin nθ cos kz z e−iωt (59)
c kr r
ω
Bθ = iE0 2 Jn0 (kr r) cos nθ cos kz z e−iωt (60)
c kr
Bz = 0 (61)
TM110
TM020
• Good conductors have a very low wave impedance: this means that
nearly all the energy in a wave striking the surface of a good conductor
is reflected.
• pcwww.liv.ac.uk/∼awolski/CAS2010/CavityModes.nb
• pcwww.liv.ac.uk/∼awolski/CAS2010/RectangularCavityModes.zip
• pcwww.liv.ac.uk/∼awolski/CAS2010/CylindricalCavityModes.zip
• pcwww.liv.ac.uk/∼awolski/CAS2010/RectangularWaveguideModes.zip
Similarly, we find:
my π
Y (y) = YS sin ky y, where ky = . (71)
ay
where my is an integer.
Ey = sin kx0 x (YC cos ky0 y + YS sin ky0 y) sin kz0 z e−iωt, (73)
Ez = sin kx00x sin ky00y (ZC cos kz00z + ZS sin kz00z) e−iωt. (74)
XS = YS = ZS = 0. (76)
One set of modes (not the most general solution) we can write
down is as follows:
nω
Er = −iB0 2 Jn(kr r) sin nθ sin kz z e−iωt (77)
kr r
ω 0
Eθ = −iB0 Jn(kr r) cos nθ sin kz z e−iωt (78)
kr
Ez = 0 (79)
kz 0
Br = B0 Jn(kr r) cos nθ cos kz z e−iωt (80)
kr
nkz
Bθ = −B0 2 Jn(kr r) sin nθ cos kz z e−iωt (81)
kr r
Note that Jn(x) is a Bessel function of order n, and Jn0 (x) is the
derivative of Jn(x).
Bessel functions:
∇2 E
~ = −(k2 + k2)E,
r z
~ (87)
so from the wave equation:
1 ∂ ~
2E
2 ~
∇ E − 2 2 = 0, (88)
c ∂t
we must have:
2 2 ω2
kr + kz = 2 . (89)
c
~
Similar equations hold for the magnetic field, B.
nω
Br = iE0 2 2 Jn(kr r) sin nθ cos kz z e−iωt (94)
c kr r
ω
Bθ = iE0 2 Jn0 (kr r) cos nθ cos kz z e−iωt (95)
c kr
Bz = 0 (96)
Theory of EM Fields 65 Part II: Standing Waves
Appendix B: Cylindrical cavities
Er = 0 (99)
Eθ = 0 (100)
r
Ez = E0J0 p01 e−iωt (101)
a
Br = 0 (102)
E r −iωt
Bθ = −i 0 J1 p01 e (103)
c a
Bz = 0 (104)
Note that:
p01 ≈ 2.40483. (106)