Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Whole Chapters - Hinterland
Whole Chapters - Hinterland
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the nodal ministry
of the Government of India for all matters relating to new and renewable energy.
The broad aim of the ministry is to develop and deploy new and renewable energy
for supplementing the energy requirements of the country and to promote stand-
alone/ decentralized renewable energy systems for meeting energy needs in rural,
urban, industrial and commercial sectors.
The rapidly expanding subscriber base of mobile phone users in India can
help in accelerating the use of modern information and communication technologies
(ICTs) for improving governance and ushering in inclusive development. As on 30th
September 2010, the number of mobile phone subscribers in India stood at over 687
million and the overall teledensity was 60.99%. Out of the total subscribers, the
share of rural subscribers was 32.3% and the rural teledensity was 24.29% as on
31.3.2010. The total subscriber base of mobile phone users is projected to grow to
one billion by 2012. The huge user base of mobile phones in our country presents us
with an unprecedented opportunity to expand the reach of public services to every
resident, especially in rural areas. The relevance of mobile platform as a medium for
delivery of public services is also evident when we compare the subscriber base of
mobile phones to that of the internet. The total base of internet users in India at the
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end of 2009 was only 81 million4 and the total number of broadband subscribers
(with connection speeds of >256 Kbps) was only 10.29 million as on 30th September
2010. Wide access to mobile phones in the country has made it an ideal platform for
government to resident interface, especially in the rural areas.
The project calls for bridging the information gap (Schemes, Local
Governance, Government official Contact Directory, RTI) between all Centre/State
sponsored Development Schemes’ provisions and the public knowledge about them
by means of telephonic/mobile technology by setting up state wise call centres
disseminating the block wise related information to the callers.
Our project aims to change the scenario of widespread ignorance about these
schemes by means of a centralized information system. The project aims to bridge
this gap and spread awareness so that there is a wider reach of the development
programmes and the poor may be able to avail all its benefits. This information
dissemination to the public as per the project proposal would involve establishment
of around 35 call centres across the country having a Toll free number. So the idea is
to give free of cost information to them and also spread awareness at the same time.
This idea would work both on the push and pull theory. The Push theory involves
spreading of awareness of existence of various schemes via SMS (mobile
advertising) to the mobile customers on a regular basis. As per the Pull theory the
call centre executives of each sate specific call centre would be trained to cater to the
needs of the callers by providing them any information related to the schemes which
is applicable in that area/region.
The project would involve establishing one call centre operating in each
State/UT enabling smooth and clear transition of information about the
centre/state/local government run schemes in the various sectors such as education,
employment, welfare, health, and infrastructure, in their respective regional
languages to the callers. The data comprising all the schemes and their benefits will
be collected and stored in one location (centralized server) and will be distributed to
the various call centres (decentralized) operating in different states as and when
required by a caller.
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The modern Nagapattinam district was carved out of the earlier composite
Thanjavur district in 1991. Tamil is the main language spoken in the district. The
marine or coastal land has plain lands except for a few sand dunes and tilts from
coastline to the inland area. The Vedaranyam salt swamp, south of Nagapattinam
town is the largest swamp in Tamilnadu, running 7-8 kms. wide and 48 kms. along the
coast from Point Calimere. It is one of the richest regions of biodiversity in the
country
1.1.2 Demographics
1.1.3Economy
Revenue Divisions 2
Taluks 8
Municipalities 4
Panchayat Unions 11
Town Panchayats 8
Panchayats 434
Habitations 2508
Coastline 187 Kilometre
Sex
Total Total Population
Male Female Area
Households Population Density
Ratio
Rural 271827 1158557 576010 582547 1011 225.03 520.69
Urban 71786 330282 163064 167218 1025 191.97 1720.49
Total 343613 1488839 739064 749765 1014 2417.00 615.99
Source: Wikipedia-2001 census data
Biogas Generation
Biogas, a mixture containing 55-66% of methane, 30-40% carbon dioxide and
the rest being impurities, can be produced from the decomposition of animal, plant
and human wastes, organic matters, etc. It is also possible to generate biogas from
crop residues, forest waste, Municipal garbage, Kitchen wastes, Paper wastes, waste
from sugarcane refinery, etc. It is very unfortunate that more than 50% of these raw
materials are thrown out without proper use or burnt uneconomically.
Uses:
It can be used directly in cooking stoves or for burning lamps for illumination.
It can replace firewood, oil, gas etc.
The material from which biogas is produced retain its value as a fertilizer
Conservation of biogas as electricity is possible
The production of biogas creates improved sanitation, etc.
It creates improved environment.
Implementation by TEDA:
TEDA is implementing the installation of Institutional and Night soil based
biogas plants through the Government approved agencies under KVIC models. This
programme has been transferred from Central Government to State Government and
hence there is no subsidy from Central Government. State Government had provided
subsidy at 1/3rd cost of limited quantities for installation of Toilet linked (night soil
based) biogas plants in the State for 2003-04 and 2004-05.
Cost : Rs. 5.5 lakhs (approx) for 25 cum capacity.
Eligibility:
Institutions of Government, Private, Society, Trust, School, Hostel, etc.
b)Biomass Based Power Projects
Biomass is stored energy of solar. Biomass based power generation is being
accorded importance all over the world. It is possible to generate power from
biomass. As this is an agricultural based country, the availability of biomass will not
be a problem normally. Hence with surplus biomass available, power can be
generated and thereby reducing our requirement of power. The present Biomass
generation potential is 17,000 MW in India.
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Fuel used:
The required biomass can be obtained from energy plantations grown on waste
lands. Further various type of agricultural wastes viz., rice husk, coconut shells,
briquettes of various agricultural residues, maize cobs, branches and twigs of plants,
etc, can be used as fuel for the biomass based power generation.
Technologies:
The regular combustion based technologies used for steam generation in a
thermal plant are used in the biomass power plant as well.
Biomass potential - assessment studies:
To help the entrepreneurs, TEDA has completed Biomass Resource
Assessment Studies in 49 taluks which assessed the potential of surplus biomass
waste/materials to serve as a guide to private entrepreneurs willing to set up biomass
based power projects, biomass gasifiers etc. Proposals were sent to MNRE,
Government of India for sanction of financial assistance to conduct Biomass
assessment studies in all the Districts of Tamil Nadu. The MNRE had entrusted
District Level biomass study to the Institute of Energy Studies, Anna University,
Chennai who have completed the study and submitted the draft report. As per draft
report the surplus biomass potential in all districts is estimated as 487 MW. The draft
report after finalisation by IISC, Bangalore has been sent to MNRE.
Further to assist the entrepreneurs, TEDA forwards their application received
after necessary scrutiny to MNRE, Government of India for the sanction and release
of Government of India’s financial assistance. The present installed Capacity of
Biomass based Power Projects (8 Nos.) in Tamil Nadu is 99 MW.
Eligible Beneficiaries:
Individuals / Institutions / Business developers / NGO’s Co-operative bodies
etc.
Government Assistance:
Fiscal incentive in terms of excise duty concession and 80% accelerated
depreciation for income - tax purposes in the first year of installation are provided to
industries. Capital subsidy @ Rs.20.00 lakhs / MW would be provided to promoters
subject to a maximum capacity of 5 MW by MNRE, Government of India.
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TNEB buys surplus power at the rate of Rs.3.15 per unit concessional
wheeling charges of 3% for distance upto 25 km and 6% for distance beyond 25 Km
for captive use of power.
c) Bagasse Based Co-Generation Projects
Generation of steam at high pressure and its use for generation of power and
subsequent use of same steam at lower pressure for process applications in industries
is called ‘co-generation’. Co-generation in sugar mills was started in Tamil Nadu in
1997. In a co-generation plant, the bagasse produced from the sugar mill is used as a
fuel for the boilers during crushing season and coal or other biomass is used during
non-crushing season. A co-generation plant of 15 MW can be set up in a sugar mill of
2500 TCD capacity. 3 Nos. co-operative sugar mills and 16 private sugar mills in
Tamil Nadu have set up co-generation plants with total exportable capacity of 213
MW.
Application / Use:
The surplus power after meeting in house consumption is exported to TNEB
which brings additional income for the sugar mills.
TNEB buys surplus power at the rate of Rs.3.15 per unit concessional
wheeling charges of 3% for distance upto 25 Km and 6% for distance beyond 25 Km.
Preparation of DPR:
A Detailed Project Report (DPR) is required for availing loan from financial
institutions, for obtaining statutory clearances and for claiming incentives from
MNRE, Government of India.
d) Biomass Gasifiers
Biomass gasification is basically conversion of solid biomass such as wood,
wood waste, agricultural residues, etc, into a combustible gas mixture normally called
producer gas. Gasification can be utilised for thermal and electrical purposes.
Fuel:
The required biomass yield can be obtained from energy plantations grown on
wastelands. Further all types of agricultural wastes viz., Rice Husk, Coconut shells,
Briquettes of various agricultural residues, maze cobs branches and twigs of plants,
can be possible feed stocks for the gasifier.
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Applications:
o Thermal / Mechanical / Electrical
o Village electrification
Technologies:
Indigenous as well as foreign collaboration based technologies through manufacturers
in India are available.
Advantages:
High efficiency
Fuel flexibility
Low maintenance
It can be utilised for cooking purposes as well as generation of electricity
Low cost comparing with other technologies
Less space utilisation
Implementation by TEDA:
TEDA is implementing the installation of gasifier system and arranging for the
Government grants for the systems installed.
Eligible beneficiaries:
Institutions, school hostels, wedding halls, Hotels, Canteens, Industrial units,
etc.
Assistance from Government of India:
Government of India is giving subsidy to a tune of Rs.2.00 lakhs / 300 KWe
thermal applications, Rs.2.5 lakhs / 100 KWe for electrical applications dual fuel
engines, as Rs.10.00 lakhs / 100 KWe for 100% producer gas engines with gasifier
systems Rs.8.00 lakhs / 100 KWe for 100% producers gas engine alone for private
entrepreneurs and Rs.15.00 lakhs / 100 KWe for 100% producer gas engine coupled
with gasifier system, and Rs.10.00 lakhs / 100 KWe for 100% producer gas engine
alone for institutions, charitable institutions working purely on non-profit basis. The
cost of thermal gasifier system is Rs.10.00 lakhs / 100 KWe and for electrical system
it will be Rs,45.00 lakhs / KW (compulsory / optional add on will be extra).
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Solar Collector
It is basically a device which converts the cold water into hot water by
absorbing the heat from solar energy. The solar collector with copper riser, header
tubes along with copper absorber sheet gains more heat from the sun and converts
cold water into hot water.
Cost
The cost of one 100 LPD system will be around Rs.20,000/- and the cost
varies depending upon the additional features like space heaters, puf coating models,
etc. The cost of one 1000 LPD also works out to about Rs.2.00 lakhs.
Incentives and Subsidies:
Profit making companies can avail depreciation at the rate notified by the
Government of India for installation of SWHS in the first year itself.
Soft loan @ 2% to domestic users, 3% to institutions not availing accelerated
depreciation through IREDA and Public / Private sector banks etc. Capital subsidy
equivalent to upfront interest subsidy @ Rs.1100/- per Sq. m. Collector area to
registered institutions and RS.825/- per Sq.m Collector area to registered commercial
establishments not availing soft loan is also available on reimbursement basis.
Mandatory provisions:
Government of Tamil Nadu has issued the following G.O’s amending the building
Rules to make the use of Solar Water Heating Systems mandatory in new buildings.
(a) G.O. Ms.No.112, Municipal Administration and Water Supply (MAI) Department,
dt.16.8.2002
(b) G.O. Ms. No. 277, Housing and Urban Development (UDI) Dept,dt.14.11.2002
Categories of Buildings Covered
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The uniform heating through SAHS improves the quality of “to be dried
products”
There is an estimated fuel savings of about 25%.
Cost and subsidy details:
The cost of SAHS is approximately Rs.8000/- per sq.m. area which includes
cost of Aluminium extrusion, Glass and absorber materials, Insulation, Blower and
other accessories including labour charges. MNRE subsidy will be paid at50% of the
cost of the system subject to a maximum of Rs.2500/- per sq.m. of collector area for
non profit making institutions / organisation and 35% of the cost subject to a
maximum of Rs.1750/- per sq.m. of collector area of commercial and industrial users.
c) Solar Cooker
Solar Cooker is similar to conventional cooker used in a kitchen to cook food,
but the former does not require any cooking gas or kerosene, neither any coal nor any
wood as fuel. There is no need for electricity to run it. Solar Cooker works only on
solar energy. It gives no smoke. No soot spoils the cooking utensils. It keeps the
environment clean and causes no health or fire hazards to the personnel who do the
cooking.
There are different types of solar cookers according to the no. of persons for
whom the cooking is required to be done.
grid in case of large scale power generation.SPV systems commercially available now
are following:
SPV Lanterns
SPV Home Lights
SPV Street Lights
SPV Water Pumps
SPV Power Plants – standalone, grid connected
ii) SPV (Solar Photovoltaic)Lantern
Working mechanism of SPV lantern
SPV lantern is a lighting device. It consists of 10 watt. SPV module,
rechargeable battery, 5 W / 7 W CFL Lamp and electronics (i.e., inverter& Charge
Controller). When sunlight falls on the SPV module, it is converted into DC
Electricity. This DC Electricity is stored in a battery and is converted into AC
electricity by the Electronics and used for supplying power to the CFL Lamp.
Salient features:
It is portable
It can be used for domestic lighting
It is capable of giving illumination for 4 hours / day.
Being portable, this can be utilised for both indoor and outdoor purposes.
Advantages:
In remote hilly areas, where there is no conventional electricity, SPV Lantern
is a boon.
SPV Lantern may be used as standby lighting source in houses or in
commercial buildings. It is useful for students during examination time.
Cost:
Approx cost of one lantern is Rs.4, 000/-.
Subsidies and Incentives:
Capital subsidy is not available at present.
Purchase details a solar lantern:
It can be purchased from manufacturers approved by TEDA. They may be
contacted and the lantern purchased directly from them.
iii) SPV (Solar Photovoltaic) Street Lights
Working mechanism of SPV street lights
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SPV Street lighting system is stand alone street light. It consists of2 Nos. 37
Watts modules / 1 No. 74 Watts module rechargeable battery, 11W. CFL Lamp
Electronics (Inverter & Charge controller) mounted on a GI or MS pole. When
sunlight falls on the SPV module, it is converted into D.C. electricity. This D.C.
electricity is stored in the battery and is converted into AC electricity by the
electronics and used for energizing the CFL Lamp.
Salient features:
It is a standalone system for street lighting
Can be installed anywhere – even in remote areas
It provides lighting for 10-12 hours a day
Advantages:
In areas where there is no electricity and where electricity supply could not be
extended, SPV street light will be very useful
No need for manual operation; it will switch on during dusk and switch off
during dawn automatically.
Cost:
The cost of one set of SPV Street Light is around Rs.30,000/-
Incentives / subsidy:
MNRE, Government of India subsidy for Street lighting system is 50% of the
actual cost or a maximum of Rs.9600/- (whichever is less) is applicable for non profit
organisations in rural areas (Subsidy pattern will change year to year). Minimum of 5
numbers. SPV Streetlights will have to be installed to avail the Central Financial
Assistance.
Installation of a SPV Street Light
Organisations willing to bear the balance cost after subsidy and to install the
SPV Street lights may contact the District Rural Development Agency in their District
or the Municipal Corporation of the area who will procure the systems based on the
allotment given by TEDA and in accordance with MNRE guideline. Sanction of
subsidy will be made subject to the allotment made by MNRE year to year.
iv) SPV (Solar Photovoltaic) Home Lights
This is a fixed indoor lighting system available in five configurations under
MNRE subsidy scheme. The lights used in the above systems are Compact
Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) of 7/9/11 W, consuming less energy but equivalent to
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25/40/60 W of conventional lamp. The fan is DC with less than20 W. One battery
capacity 12V, 40 / 75 AH is also provided with SPV Modules of 37 Wp or 74 Wp as
required. The system will work generally for 2 to 4 hrs daily depending upon the
configuration used.
The various models and specifications are as follows:
Approx Cost /each
Model 1 (18 W module, 1 light) Rs.8000/-
Model 2 (37 W module, 2 lights) Rs.14000/-
Model 3 (37 W module, 1 light, 1 fan) Rs.16000/-
Model 4 (74 W module, 2 lights 1 fan) Rs.30000/-
Model 5 (74 W module, 4 lights) Rs.30000/-
Central Subsidy for rural areas : 50% of actual cost or Rs.2500 for
Model-1 andRs.4800 for Model 2 to
whichever is less.
Eligible beneficiaries : Individuals, Non-profit institutions,
Organisations. No individual would be
given more than one system.
To install these Home Lights, same procedure as applicable for the Streetlights
may be followed:
A standalone system, producing and consuming energy on the same spot, thus
totally avoiding loss of energy in transmission.
Cost:
One 900 watt SPV Pump (DC surface) suitable for 10 m depth of water will
costs Rs.1.70 lakhs (approx)
One 1800 W SPV pump (AC submersible, suitable for 30 m depth of water
will cost Rs.4.10 lakhs (approx)
Incentives:
IREDA will provide loan upto 90% of cost to the eligible users and
intermediaries / manufacturers at the rate of 5% per annum and 2.5% per
annum respectively Rs.30 / Wp of P.V. array used in the SPV Water Pumping
system subject to a maximum of Rs.50, 000/- per system is being provided as
CFA by MNRE, Government of India.
Installation of SPV Water Pump
As per existing guidelines of MNRE, Government of India, for installing a
SPV pump, beneficiary can contact any of the empanelled list of suppliers of SPV
Pump who will inspect the site for site for suitability of the well and arrange to send
their application to IREDA. Further details may be obtained from TEDA.
vi) SPV (Solar Photovoltaic) Power Plants - Standalone
Working mechanism of SPV power plants – standalone
A small SPV Power Plant consists of SPV modules (total wattage being1 KW
or more) Re-chargeable battery bank. Power conditioning unit (Inverter and charge
controller)etc.
When sun’s rays fall on the SPV module. DC electricity is produced. This DC
Electricity is stored in the battery and the power conditioning unit converts the DC
electricity from the battery into AC electricity. This AC electricity is used to energize
the load, viz., lights, fans, etc. in a building.
Salient features:
The Power Plant is normally designed for providing emergency supply for 4
hours per day (Higher operational hours are also possible)
It has no moving parts.
Cost:
The approximate cost of the SPV Power Plant will be Rs.3.5 lakhs / Kwp
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Subsidy / Incentives:
MNRE Government of India subsidy is 50% of the actual cost or Rs.1.25
lakhs / KWp for upto 10 KWp plant and Rs.1.50 lakhs / KWp for more than
10 KWp plant with distribution line or 50% of the actual Cost whichever less
is. Subsidy is available to non profit organisations and non commercial
organisations in rural areas only. For availing MNRE, subsidy each proposal is
to be sent to MNRE and specific sanction should be obtained.
Installation of power plant:
People interested in installing SPV Power Plant can consult anyone of the
power plant manufactures approved by TEDA and assess the suitability of the site and
then apply to TEDA through manufacturers.
III) Wind Energy Related Schemes
a) Wind Electric Generators:
A Wind Electric Generator is a mini power plant which generates electricity
from wind energy. It consists of a 30 M high tall steel tower with the wind turbine
mounted on top. The wind turbine has 3 main components.(i) rotor blades (ii) gear
box and (iii) generator. The wind force striking on the blades is initially converted
into mechanical energy and this mechanical energy operates the Wind Electric
Generator to produce AC electricity. The Wind Electric Generator has no battery bank
and the power produced is directly fed into the grid of Electricity Board. The entire
operation of power generation is controlled automatically by means of electronic
control system mounted at the bottom of the tower.
Special features:
Wind Electric Generators can be installed only at specific locations with
adequate wind potential as notified by the Government based on studies. The
list of locations is available in TEDA website.
Available in various capacity ranges from 225 KW to 750 KW (now upto 2.0
MW).
Tower height can be in the range of 30M to 50 M to tap wind energy more
effectively.
Wind Electric Generator of 250 KW can generate 4 lakhs to 6 lakhs units of
electricity per annum depending upon the wind potential of the area.
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generator will be run using both wind and solar energy so that the availability of
power is increased during the day and at night.
Cost Rs.2.5 lakhs / KW (approx)
Table 1.6 Subsidy from Government of India.
Community applications Direct use by 75% of Ex works cost subject to a
Central and State Government maximum of Rs.2 lakhs / KW.
Individuals, Industrial Users, R&D and 50% of Ex works cost subject to a
Academic institutions maximum of Rs.1.25 lakhs / KW.
5. Call Centre establishment and liaising with Tele service provider/ regulator
on provision of a toll free number.
6. “1888” Brand promotion (1888 would be the toll free number for the call
centre) – develop a strong marketing strategy and promoting the call centres.
The following are would be the project outputs as per project proposal:
A steady increase in the number of enquiry calls once the database is rolled
out.
Database development on info related to schemes of central and state
governments.
More awareness on government schemes
1.3.2 Potential Obstacles
The following are the major obstacles/risks which can be faced in the
implementation of the project:
This study will help to know the impact of promotions made by the
government and the awareness of the citizens about availing or getting the
schemes or services offered by the government offices.
It will enable every citizen to reach out the appropriate schemes offered by
the both Central and State Government with ease of access.
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One-Way Anova
The One-Way ANOVA procedure produces a one-way analysis of variance for a
quantitative dependent variable by a single factor (independent) variable. Analysis of
variance is used to test the hypothesis that several means are equal. This technique is
an extension of the two-sample test.
Correlation
Correlation analysis is a family of statistical tests to determine mathematically
whether there are trends or relationships between two or more sets of data from the
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same list of items or individuals. The tests provide a statistical yes or no as to whether
a significant relationship or correlation exists between the variables’
t - Test
A t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a
Student's t distribution if the null hypothesis is supported. It is most commonly
applied when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a
scaling term in the test statistic were known.
1.7.2.6 Limitations of the study
Only 50 samples from each taluk are taken for the study.
A majority of respondents show lack of cooperation and are biased towards
their own opinions. Chances of some bias could not be eliminated.
Analysis is only a means and not an end in itself. We have to make
interpretation and draw own conclusion
Different people may interpret the same analysis in different ways.
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CHAPTER 2
I) Percentage Distributions:
0-5000 56 22.4
5001-10000 87 34.8
10001-15000 44 17.6
15001-20000 31 12.4
0-5000
5001-10000
10001-15000
15001-20000
Above 20000
12.4 percent of the respondents are having salary ranges between 15001-
20000 and 12.8 percent of the respondents are having salary above 20000.
Gender N Percentage
Female 48 19.2
Male
Female
Interpretation
From the above table it is interpreted that 80.8 percent of the respondents are
male
19.2 percent of the respondents are female. So the majority of the respondents
are male.
38
18-30 31 12.4
31-40 72 28.8
41-50 69 27.6
51-60 64 25.6
Above 60 14 5.6
18 - 30
31-40
41-50
51-60
Above 60
Interpretation
As per the interpretation that 12.4 percent of the respondents have age ranges
between 18-30
28.8 percent of them have age ranges between 31-40
27.6 percent of them have age ranges between 41-50
25.6 percent of them have age ranges between 51-60
5.6 percent of them have age above 60.
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Educational
N Percentage
Qualification
Illiterate 24 9.6
HSC/SSLC/ITI 61 24.4
DIPLOMA/UG 71 28.4
PG 27 10.8
Illiterate
Class 1-9
HSC/SSLC/ITI
DIPLOMA/UG
PG
Interpretation
As per the figure that 9.6 percent of the respondents are illiterate
26.8 percent of them are studied between class 1 to 9
24.4 percent of them are studied HSC/ SSLC/ ITI
28.4 percent of them are undergraduates or diploma holders
10.8 percent of them are Post graduates.
40
Schemes N Percentage
Bio 25 10
Solar 17 6.8
Wind 10 4
Lack of Awareness 198 79.2
Total 250 100.0
Bio
Solar
Wind
Lack of Awareness
Interpretation
As per the figure, that only 10 percent of the respondents know about Bio
energy related schemes
6.8 percent of people only know about solar energy related schemes
4 percent of people only know about schemes related to wind energy.
Out of total respondents, 79.2 percent of people were unaware of the schemes
related to wind, solar and Bio energy.
41
Disagree 84 33.6
Neutral 21 8.4
Agree 18 7.2
Strongly Agree 0 0
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly Agree
Interpretation
As per the figure that, 50.4 percent of the respondents strongly disagreed
33.6 percent of respondents disagreed
8.4 percent of the respondents answered neutrally
Only 7.2 percent of people agreed that there is effectiveness in promotions
made by the government.
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Strongly disagree 0 0
Disagree 1 4
Neutral 35 14.0
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly Agree
Interpretation
As per the figure that, 24.0 percent of the respondents strongly agreed
61.6 percent of respondents agreed
14 percent of the respondents answered neutrally
Only 4 percent of people disagreed regarding the scope for implementation of
M-Governance for delivery of information.
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Objective
Hypothesis
Ha: There is significant difference between the proximity to the government offices
among the taluks.
Table 2.8 ANOVA - Proximity to the government offices among the Taluks
Std.
Taluks Mean N F Sig
Deviation
Inference
The significance value for the proximity to the government offices is greater than .05.
And hence null hypothesis is accepted.
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Objective
To find the pattern of spending time and work in the government offices among the
taluks.
Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference between the way of spending time and work in
Government offices to render services based on Education
Ha : There is significant difference between the way of spending time and work in
Government offices render services based on Education.
Table 2.9 ANOVA – Pattern of spending time and work in the government
offices by Education
Educational
N Mean Std. Deviation F Sig
Qualification
PG 27 3.1605 .56516
Inference
The significance value for the way of spending time and work in government offices
by the respondents based on education is greater than .05. And hence null hypothesis
is accepted.
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Objective
Hypothesis
Educational
N Mean Std. Deviation F Sig
Qualification
PG 27 2.2840 .80968
Inference
The significance value is lesser than .05. And hence alternate hypothesis is accepted.
Hence it is concluded that there is significant.
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Objective
Hypothesis
Educational
N Mean Std. Deviation F Sig
Qualification
PG 27 2.5309 1.12948
Inference
The significance value for the the measure of transparency & accountability in
government offices based on Education is lesser than .05. And hence alternate
hypothesis is accepted.
47
Objective
Hypothesis
Inference
The significance value for the the measure of transparency & accountability in
government offices based on Taluksis greater than .05. And hence null hypothesis is
accepted.
48
Objective
Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference between the satisfaction level of citizens based
on education qualification.
Educational Std.
N Mean F Sig
Qualification Deviation
PG 27 2.3951 .89173
Inference
The significance value for behaviour of officers, government officers response, ease
of access to information, satisfaction level of the interactions, timely service, is lesser
than .05. And hence alternate hypothesis is accepted.
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Objective
Hypothesis
Std.
Age of Respondents N Mean F Sig
Deviation
18 – 30
31 2.6935 1.05418
30 – 40
72 2.3750 .96688
40 – 50
69 2.3913 .97343
1.099 .358
50 – 60
64 2.5938 .91233
>60
14 2.2857 .91387
Total
250 2.4700 .96427
Inference
The significance value for code of conduct of government officials based on age of
citizens is greater than .05. And hence null hypothesis is accepted.
50
Objective
Hypothesis
Std.
Age of Respondents N Mean F Sig
Deviation
18 – 30 31 4.1613 .61083
30 – 40 72 4.4236 .42509
40 – 50 69 4.2101 .48814
2.607 .036
50 – 60 64 4.3203 .44869
Inference
Objective
Hypothesis
Educational Std.
N Mean F Sig
Qualification Deviation
PG 27 4.2593 .42450
Inference
The significance value for the Use of M-Governance is greater than .05. And hence
null hypothesis is accepted.
52
Objective
Hypothesis
Inference
The significance value for the Use of M-Governance is greater than .05. And hence
null hypothesis is accepted.
53
Objective
Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference between the satisfaction level of citizens based
on gender.
Levene's
Test for t-Test for
Std
Questions Gender N Mean Equality Equality
Deviation
of of means
Variances
Got all info in few M 202 2.3614 1.16461 .982 .769
visits F 48 2.4167 1.19988 .774
Satisfied by M 202 2.3911 .93602 .576 .238
Government
F 48 2.2083 1.07106 .281
officers response
Services are M 202 1.8069 .85655 .719 .473
delivered within
F 48 1.7083 .84949 .473
time
Satisfaction level M 202 2.5792 .66629 .754 .462
of the interactions F 48 2.5000 .68417 .471
Behaviour of M 202 2.6386 1.04767 .008 .111
officers F 48 2.3542 1.32873 .171
Get response at all M 202 2.2772 .79949 .720 .137
the time F 48 2.0833 .84635 .154
54
Inference
The significance value for cost for reaching Government office, satisfaction level of
the interactions, timely service, government officers’ response, ease of access to
information are greater than .05. And hence null hypothesis is accepted. The
significance value for behaviour of officers is less than .05 and hence alternate
hypothesis is accepted.
55
Objective
Use of
Time Satisfa Code M-
Proxi- & Respo- Transp- -ction Of Gover-
mity Work nsivenes arency level conduct nance
Proxi Pearson
mity Correla 1 .469** -.169** -.072 -.194** -.251** .043
tion
Sig. (2-
.000 .008 .256 .002 .000 .500
tailed)
N 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Time Pearson
and Correla .469** 1 -.038 -.068 -.058 -.072 -.007
Work tion
Sig. (2-
.000 .549 .284 .361 .254 .918
tailed)
N 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Respo Pearson
nsiv- Correla -.169** -.038 1 .752** .955** .807** -.088
eness tion
Sig. (2-
.008 .549 .000 .000 .000 .163
tailed)
N 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
56
Use of
Time Satisfa- Code M-
Proxi- & Respo- Transp- ction Of Gover-
mity Work nsivenes arency level conduct nance
Trans Pearson
par- Correla -.072 -.068 .752** 1 .780** .717** -.083
ency tion
Sig. (2-
.256 .284 .000 .000 .000 .193
tailed)
N 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Satisfa Pearson
-ction Correla -.194** -.058 .955** .780** 1 .936** -.014
level tion
Sig. (2-
.002 .361 .000 .000 .000 .825
tailed)
N 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Code Pearson
of Correla -.251** -.072 .807** .717** .936** 1 .075
condu- tion
ct Sig. (2-
.000 .254 .000 .000 .000 .240
tailed)
N 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Use of Pearson
M- Correla .043 -.007 -.088 -.083 -.014 .075 1
Gover tion
-nance Sig. (2-
.500 .918 .163 .193 .825 .240
tailed)
N 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
57
Inference
From the correlation table, it is found that the responsiveness and satisfaction level are
highly correlated having Pearson correlation as 0.955. After this pair the next highly
correlated pair is the Code of conduct of Government officials and satisfaction level.
The most negatively correlated pair is proximity towards the government offices and
the code of conduct of officials.
58
The satisfaction level of citizens does not vary on the basis of education
qualification with regard to behaviour of officers and their response, ease of
access to information, satisfaction level of the interactions, timely service.
The code of conduct of government officials based on age of citizens is
measured in terms of Behaviour of officers and officers’ response. That there
is no relation between code of conduct of government and age of citizens
The Use of M-Governance based on Age of respondents is measured in terms
of improvement of delivery of information about government schemes and
benefits to the rural people for reaching Government office. That there is
relation between Use of M-Governance based and improvement of delivery of
information about government schemes. Also there is relation between Use of
M-Governance and benefits to the rural people.
The Use of M-Governance is measured in terms of nearness to delivery of
information about government schemes benefits to the rural people. That
there is no relation between the Use of M-Governance and educational
qualification.
The Use of M-Governance is measured in terms of nearness to delivery of
information about government schemes benefits to the rural people. That
there is no relation between the use of M-Governance and income level.
The satisfaction level of citizens does not vary on the basis of gender with
regard to cost for reaching Government office, Satisfaction level of the
interactions, timely service, government officers response, ease of access to
information. The satisfaction level of citizens does not vary on the basis of
gender with regard to behaviour of officers.
The satisfaction level depends on the responsiveness shown by the
government officials. If there is a significant positive response received by the
citizens from the government officials, it will increase the satisfaction level of
the citizens and vice versa. Also the satisfaction level of citizens increases
with respect to a positive change in the code of conduct of government
officials observed by the citizens and vice versa.
60
CHAPTER 3
Conclusion