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Whole Chapters - Hinterland PDF
Whole Chapters - Hinterland PDF
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) is the nodal ministry of
the Government of India for all matters relating to new and renewable energy. The
broad aim of the ministry is to develop and deploy new and renewable energy for
supplementing the energy requirements of the country and to promote stand-alone/
decentralized renewable energy systems for meeting energy needs in rural, urban,
industrial and commercial sectors.
So, in order to create awareness amongst the people effectively, a new concept
of M-governance has been taken and recommended to the government. Governments
around the world have long recognized the need and potential of Information and
communication technology to make government services available to all the residents.
As a result, e‐Governance has emerged as a popular phenomenon to deliver
government services around the world. However, e‐Governance in an implementation
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sense is restricted primarily to the use of computer based internet access to deliver
services. In countries where the penetration of computers and internet is relatively low,
such as in India, there is an apprehension that the reach of e‐Governance may be
limited.
The rapidly expanding subscriber base of mobile phone users in India can help
in accelerating the use of modern information and communication technologies (ICTs)
for improving governance and ushering in inclusive development. As on 30th
September 2010, the number of mobile phone subscribers in India stood at over 687
million and the overall teledensity was 60.99%. Out of the total subscribers, the share
of rural subscribers was 32.3% and the rural teledensity was 24.29% as on 31.3.2010.
The total subscriber base of mobile phone users is projected to grow to one billion by
2012. The huge user base of mobile phones in our country presents us with an
unprecedented opportunity to expand the reach of public services to every resident,
especially in rural areas. The relevance of mobile platform as a medium for delivery
of public services is also evident when we compare the subscriber base of mobile
phones to that of the internet. The total base of internet users in India at the end of
2009 was only 81 million4 and the total number of broadband subscribers (with
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connection speeds of >256 Kbps) was only 10.29 million as on 30th September 2010.
Wide access to mobile phones in the country has made it an ideal platform for
government to resident interface, especially in the rural areas.
The project calls for bridging the information gap (Schemes, Local
Governance, Government official Contact Directory, RTI) between all Centre/State
sponsored Development Schemes’ provisions and the public knowledge about them
by means of telephonic/mobile technology by setting up state wise call centres
disseminating the block wise related information to the callers.
Our project aims to change the scenario of widespread ignorance about these
schemes by means of a centralized information system. The project aims to bridge this
gap and spread awareness so that there is a wider reach of the development
programmes and the poor may be able to avail all its benefits. This information
dissemination to the public as per the project proposal would involve establishment of
around 35 call centres across the country having a Toll free number. So the idea is to
give free of cost information to them and also spread awareness at the same time. This
idea would work both on the push and pull theory. The Push theory involves spreading
of awareness of existence of various schemes via SMS (mobile advertising) to the
mobile customers on a regular basis. As per the Pull theory the call centre executives
of each sate specific call centre would be trained to cater to the needs of the callers by
providing them any information related to the schemes which is applicable in that
area/region.
The project would involve establishing one call centre operating in each
State/UT enabling smooth and clear transition of information about the
centre/state/local government run schemes in the various sectors such as education,
employment, welfare, health, and infrastructure, in their respective regional languages
to the callers. The data comprising all the schemes and their benefits will be collected
and stored in one location (centralized server) and will be distributed to the various
call centres (decentralized) operating in different states as and when required by a
caller.
The modern Nagapattinam district was carved out of the earlier composite
Thanjavur district in 1991. Tamil is the main language spoken in the district. The
marine or coastal land has plain lands except for a few sand dunes and tilts from
coastline to the inland area. The Vedaranyam salt swamp, south of Nagapattinam town
is the largest swamp in Tamilnadu, running 7-8 kms. wide and 48 kms. along the coast
from Point Calimere. It is one of the richest regions of biodiversity in the country
1.1.2 Demographics
1.1.3Economy
Revenue Divisions 2
Taluks 8
Municipalities 4
Panchayat Unions 11
Town Panchayats 8
Panchayats 434
Habitations 2508
Coastline 187 Kilometre
Sex
Total Total Population
Male Female Area
Households Population Density
Ratio
Rural 271827 1158557 576010 582547 1011 225.03 520.69
Urban 71786 330282 163064 167218 1025 191.97 1720.49
Total 343613 1488839 739064 749765 1014 2417.00 615.99
Source: Wikipedia-2001 census data
➢ Promoted cogeneration in sugar mills for the first time in India in 1992 through
pilot projects in cooperative sugar mills which later on attracted huge
investments for sugar mills in private sector.
➢ Carried out Taluk/District level biomass assessment studies and encouraged
private investment in biomass power projects.
➢ Encouraged decentralised power generation for rural applications through solar
lighting, solar water/ air heating , solar/ wind mill water pumping, biomass
gasifiers, biogas plants, etc.
➢ Enabled implementation of energy recovery from agro, industrial and municipal
solid waste.
➢ Taken up implementation of electrification of unelectrified habitations using
solar lighting and other renewable energy sources.
➢ Facilitating setting up of Grid Interactive Solar Power Plants
1.2.3 Various schemes/programmes of MNRE offered through TEDA:
I) Bio Energy Related Schemes/Programmes
The following are the various ways of using Bio energy:
Bio energy refers to energy derived from all land and water based vegetation as
well as other organic wastes. Biomass is produced by green plants through photo
synthesis using sunlight. Biomass is burnt to get thermal energy, which is used to
produce steam and then electricity.
a) Biogas Plants
Biogas is a flammable gas and is used as fuel. It is technically possible and
economically feasible to generate biogas form cattle dung, Agro waste, Kitchen waste,
sugarcane, press mud, etc.
Feed stock:
Animal dung agro waste residues, kitchen wastes, sugarcane press mud, Paper
wastes, forest wastes, garbage, etc.
Biogas Generation
Biogas, a mixture containing 55-66% of methane, 30-40% carbon dioxide and
the rest being impurities, can be produced from the decomposition of animal, plant and
human wastes, organic matters, etc. It is also possible to generate biogas from crop
residues, forest waste, Municipal garbage, Kitchen wastes, Paper wastes, waste from
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sugarcane refinery, etc. It is very unfortunate that more than 50% of these raw materials
are thrown out without proper use or burnt uneconomically.
Uses:
✓ It can be used directly in cooking stoves or for burning lamps for illumination.
✓ It can replace firewood, oil, gas etc.
✓ The material from which biogas is produced retain its value as a fertilizer
✓ Conservation of biogas as electricity is possible
✓ The production of biogas creates improved sanitation, etc.
✓ It creates improved environment.
Implementation by TEDA:
TEDA is implementing the installation of Institutional and Night soil based
biogas plants through the Government approved agencies under KVIC models. This
programme has been transferred from Central Government to State Government and
hence there is no subsidy from Central Government. State Government had provided
subsidy at 1/3rd cost of limited quantities for installation of Toilet linked (night soil
based) biogas plants in the State for 2003-04 and 2004-05.
Cost : Rs. 5.5 lakhs (approx) for 25 cum capacity.
Eligibility:
Institutions of Government, Private, Society, Trust, School, Hostel, etc.
b)Biomass Based Power Projects
Biomass is stored energy of solar. Biomass based power generation is being
accorded importance all over the world. It is possible to generate power from biomass.
As this is an agricultural based country, the availability of biomass will not be a problem
normally. Hence with surplus biomass available, power can be generated and thereby
reducing our requirement of power. The present Biomass generation potential is 17,000
MW in India.
Fuel used:
The required biomass can be obtained from energy plantations grown on waste
lands. Further various type of agricultural wastes viz., rice husk, coconut shells,
briquettes of various agricultural residues, maize cobs, branches and twigs of plants,
etc, can be used as fuel for the biomass based power generation.
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Technologies:
The regular combustion based technologies used for steam generation in a
thermal plant are used in the biomass power plant as well.
Biomass potential - assessment studies:
To help the entrepreneurs, TEDA has completed Biomass Resource Assessment
Studies in 49 taluks which assessed the potential of surplus biomass waste/materials to
serve as a guide to private entrepreneurs willing to set up biomass based power projects,
biomass gasifiers etc. Proposals were sent to MNRE, Government of India for sanction
of financial assistance to conduct Biomass assessment studies in all the Districts of
Tamil Nadu. The MNRE had entrusted District Level biomass study to the Institute of
Energy Studies, Anna University, Chennai who have completed the study and
submitted the draft report. As per draft report the surplus biomass potential in all
districts is estimated as 487 MW. The draft report after finalisation by IISC, Bangalore
has been sent to MNRE.
Further to assist the entrepreneurs, TEDA forwards their application received
after necessary scrutiny to MNRE, Government of India for the sanction and release of
Government of India’s financial assistance. The present installed Capacity of Biomass
based Power Projects (8 Nos.) in Tamil Nadu is 99 MW.
Eligible Beneficiaries:
Individuals / Institutions / Business developers / NGO’s Co-operative bodies
etc.
Government Assistance:
Fiscal incentive in terms of excise duty concession and 80% accelerated
depreciation for income - tax purposes in the first year of installation are provided to
industries. Capital subsidy @ Rs.20.00 lakhs / MW would be provided to promoters
subject to a maximum capacity of 5 MW by MNRE, Government of India.
TNEB buys surplus power at the rate of Rs.3.15 per unit concessional wheeling
charges of 3% for distance upto 25 km and 6% for distance beyond 25 Km for captive
use of power.
c) Bagasse Based Co-Generation Projects
Generation of steam at high pressure and its use for generation of power and
subsequent use of same steam at lower pressure for process applications in industries is
called ‘co-generation’. Co-generation in sugar mills was started in Tamil Nadu in 1997.
10
In a co-generation plant, the bagasse produced from the sugar mill is used as a fuel for
the boilers during crushing season and coal or other biomass is used during non-
crushing season. A co-generation plant of 15 MW can be set up in a sugar mill of 2500
TCD capacity. 3 Nos. co-operative sugar mills and 16 private sugar mills in Tamil Nadu
have set up co-generation plants with total exportable capacity of 213 MW.
Application / Use:
The surplus power after meeting in house consumption is exported to TNEB
which brings additional income for the sugar mills.
TNEB buys surplus power at the rate of Rs.3.15 per unit concessional wheeling
charges of 3% for distance upto 25 Km and 6% for distance beyond 25 Km.
Preparation of DPR:
A Detailed Project Report (DPR) is required for availing loan from financial
institutions, for obtaining statutory clearances and for claiming incentives from MNRE,
Government of India.
d) Biomass Gasifiers
Biomass gasification is basically conversion of solid biomass such as wood,
wood waste, agricultural residues, etc, into a combustible gas mixture normally called
producer gas. Gasification can be utilised for thermal and electrical purposes.
Fuel:
The required biomass yield can be obtained from energy plantations grown on
wastelands. Further all types of agricultural wastes viz., Rice Husk, Coconut shells,
Briquettes of various agricultural residues, maze cobs branches and twigs of plants, can
be possible feed stocks for the gasifier.
Applications:
o Thermal / Mechanical / Electrical
o Village electrification
Technologies:
Indigenous as well as foreign collaboration based technologies through manufacturers
in India are available.
Advantages:
✓ High efficiency
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✓ Fuel flexibility
✓ Low maintenance
✓ It can be utilised for cooking purposes as well as generation of electricity
✓ Low cost comparing with other technologies
✓ Less space utilisation
Implementation by TEDA:
TEDA is implementing the installation of gasifier system and arranging for the
Government grants for the systems installed.
Eligible beneficiaries:
Institutions, school hostels, wedding halls, Hotels, Canteens, Industrial units,
etc.
Assistance from Government of India:
Government of India is giving subsidy to a tune of Rs.2.00 lakhs / 300 KWe
thermal applications, Rs.2.5 lakhs / 100 KWe for electrical applications dual fuel
engines, as Rs.10.00 lakhs / 100 KWe for 100% producer gas engines with gasifier
systems Rs.8.00 lakhs / 100 KWe for 100% producers gas engine alone for private
entrepreneurs and Rs.15.00 lakhs / 100 KWe for 100% producer gas engine coupled
with gasifier system, and Rs.10.00 lakhs / 100 KWe for 100% producer gas engine
alone for institutions, charitable institutions working purely on non-profit basis. The
cost of thermal gasifier system is Rs.10.00 lakhs / 100 KWe and for electrical system it
will be Rs,45.00 lakhs / KW (compulsory / optional add on will be extra).
Solar Collector
It is basically a device which converts the cold water into hot water by absorbing
the heat from solar energy. The solar collector with copper riser, header tubes along
with copper absorber sheet gains more heat from the sun and converts cold water into
hot water.
Cost
The cost of one 100 LPD system will be around Rs.20,000/- and the cost varies
depending upon the additional features like space heaters, puf coating models, etc. The
cost of one 1000 LPD also works out to about Rs.2.00 lakhs.
Incentives and Subsidies:
Profit making companies can avail depreciation at the rate notified by the
Government of India for installation of SWHS in the first year itself.
Soft loan @ 2% to domestic users, 3% to institutions not availing accelerated
depreciation through IREDA and Public / Private sector banks etc. Capital subsidy
equivalent to upfront interest subsidy @ Rs.1100/- per Sq. m. Collector area to
registered institutions and RS.825/- per Sq.m Collector area to registered commercial
establishments not availing soft loan is also available on reimbursement basis.
Mandatory provisions:
Government of Tamil Nadu has issued the following G.O’s amending the building
Rules to make the use of Solar Water Heating Systems mandatory in new buildings.
(a) G.O. Ms.No.112, Municipal Administration and Water Supply (MAI) Department,
dt.16.8.2002
(b) G.O. Ms. No. 277, Housing and Urban Development (UDI) Dept,dt.14.11.2002
Categories of Buildings Covered
Chennai Metropolitan areas:
i. Nursing Home / Hospitals exceeding 500 sq.m in floor area
ii. Hotels, lodges exceeding 500 sq.m in floor area
iii. Hostels exceeding 50 rooms
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The cost of SAHS is approximately Rs.8000/- per sq.m. area which includes
cost of Aluminium extrusion, Glass and absorber materials, Insulation, Blower and
other accessories including labour charges. MNRE subsidy will be paid at50% of the
cost of the system subject to a maximum of Rs.2500/- per sq.m. of collector area for
non profit making institutions / organisation and 35% of the cost subject to a maximum
of Rs.1750/- per sq.m. of collector area of commercial and industrial users.
c) Solar Cooker
Solar Cooker is similar to conventional cooker used in a kitchen to cook food,
but the former does not require any cooking gas or kerosene, neither any coal nor any
wood as fuel. There is no need for electricity to run it. Solar Cooker works only on solar
energy. It gives no smoke. No soot spoils the cooking utensils. It keeps the environment
clean and causes no health or fire hazards to the personnel who do the cooking.
There are different types of solar cookers according to the no. of persons for
whom the cooking is required to be done.
Central Subsidy for rural areas : 50% of actual cost or Rs.2500 for
Model-1 andRs.4800 for Model 2 to
whichever is less.
Eligible beneficiaries : Individuals, Non-profit institutions,
Organisations. No individual would be
given more than one system.
To install these Home Lights, same procedure as applicable for the Streetlights
may be followed:
• IREDA will provide loan upto 90% of cost to the eligible users and
intermediaries / manufacturers at the rate of 5% per annum and 2.5% per annum
respectively Rs.30 / Wp of P.V. array used in the SPV Water Pumping system
subject to a maximum of Rs.50, 000/- per system is being provided as CFA by
MNRE, Government of India.
Installation of SPV Water Pump
As per existing guidelines of MNRE, Government of India, for installing a SPV
pump, beneficiary can contact any of the empanelled list of suppliers of SPV Pump who
will inspect the site for site for suitability of the well and arrange to send their
application to IREDA. Further details may be obtained from TEDA.
vi) SPV (Solar Photovoltaic) Power Plants - Standalone
Working mechanism of SPV power plants – standalone
A small SPV Power Plant consists of SPV modules (total wattage being1 KW
or more) Re-chargeable battery bank. Power conditioning unit (Inverter and charge
controller)etc.
When sun’s rays fall on the SPV module. DC electricity is produced. This DC
Electricity is stored in the battery and the power conditioning unit converts the DC
electricity from the battery into AC electricity. This AC electricity is used to energize
the load, viz., lights, fans, etc. in a building.
Salient features:
▪ The Power Plant is normally designed for providing emergency supply for 4
hours per day (Higher operational hours are also possible)
▪ It has no moving parts.
Cost:
The approximate cost of the SPV Power Plant will be Rs.3.5 lakhs / Kwp
Subsidy / Incentives:
• MNRE Government of India subsidy is 50% of the actual cost or Rs.1.25 lakhs
/ KWp for upto 10 KWp plant and Rs.1.50 lakhs / KWp for more than 10 KWp
plant with distribution line or 50% of the actual Cost whichever less is. Subsidy
is available to non profit organisations and non commercial organisations in
rural areas only. For availing MNRE, subsidy each proposal is to be sent to
MNRE and specific sanction should be obtained.
Installation of power plant:
21
People interested in installing SPV Power Plant can consult anyone of the power
plant manufactures approved by TEDA and assess the suitability of the site and then
apply to TEDA through manufacturers.
III) Wind Energy Related Schemes
a) Wind Electric Generators:
A Wind Electric Generator is a mini power plant which generates electricity
from wind energy. It consists of a 30 M high tall steel tower with the wind turbine
mounted on top. The wind turbine has 3 main components.(i) rotor blades (ii) gear box
and (iii) generator. The wind force striking on the blades is initially converted into
mechanical energy and this mechanical energy operates the Wind Electric Generator to
produce AC electricity. The Wind Electric Generator has no battery bank and the power
produced is directly fed into the grid of Electricity Board. The entire operation of power
generation is controlled automatically by means of electronic control system mounted
at the bottom of the tower.
Special features:
▪ Wind Electric Generators can be installed only at specific locations with
adequate wind potential as notified by the Government based on studies. The
list of locations is available in TEDA website.
▪ Available in various capacity ranges from 225 KW to 750 KW (now upto 2.0
MW).
▪ Tower height can be in the range of 30M to 50 M to tap wind energy more
effectively.
▪ Wind Electric Generator of 250 KW can generate 4 lakhs to 6 lakhs units of
electricity per annum depending upon the wind potential of the area.
3. Apply for consent letter for wind power generation with the following details to
the TNEB directly or through TEDA.
a) Topo sketch of the land marking the proposed location of Wind Electric
Generator (taking into consideration of the nearby WEG area i.e. leave
reasonable space from the border area for your neighbour).
b) Village Map.
c) Ownership records for the land.
4. Apply for tie up arrangement with TNEB grid and execute the interfacing work
as per TNEB norms. 11% charges towards supervision of the interfacing line
works has to be paid to TNEB before taking up the interfacing work.
5. Arrange for erection of Wind Electric Generators from approved manufacturers
6. Remit the prescribed development charges towards infrastructural facilities for
evacuation of wind power to TNEB.
7. Arrange for inspection by Chief Electrical Inspector to Government and obtain
Safety Certificate simultaneously from the Chief Electrical Inspector of
Government of Tamil Nadu.
8. Commission the Wind Electric Generator and get it tied up with the Board’s
grid.
9. Arrange to commission the Wind Electric Generator before 30th September 31st
or March to avail depreciation allowance and other tax benefits.
(iii) The height of structure can be increased at the time of erection based on site
requirements and There are only a few moving parts which if maintained
properly will render long service.
Table 1.5Main types of windmills and structure
Gear type AV 55 Type
Tower : 30’ height Tower : 13.5 to 19.5 metre height
10’ Dia 18 blades 5.5 M Dia 24 blades
Pump : 2” to 4” Pump : 3” to 5”
The applicant has to hand over the application format given in the TEDA
website duly filled in and signed to TEDA along with Demand Draft for Rs.5000/- in
favour of TEDA towards Caution Deposit. The list of approved manufacturers by
MNRE is furnished in TEDA website. The applicant may choose one of the
manufacturers and indicate the name of the manufacturer in the application.
On receipt of the application, the manufacturer will inspect the site and give
suitability report to TEDA. Based on the suitability report, TEDA will forward the
application to MNRE, GOI for the sanction of subsidy. On receipt of sanction order,
the applicant will be informed of the allotment of windmill with a request to place
supply order on the manufacturer. Simultaneously the manufacturer will also be
directed by Tamil Nadu Energy Development Agency to install and commission the
windmill at the applicant’s site. On payment of balance cost of windmill to the supplier
by the applicant, the manufacturer will install and commission the wind mill at the
beneficiary site. Then the TEDA engineer will inspect the working of the windmill and
on satisfactory functioning of the windmill, TEDA will release Government of India
subsidy directly to the supplier.
❖ A steady increase in the number of enquiry calls once the database is rolled
out.
❖ Database development on info related to schemes of central and state
governments.
❖ More awareness on government schemes
1.3.2 Potential Obstacles
The following are the major obstacles/risks which can be faced in the implementation
of the project:
Voice, Data, USSD) and is integrated in the networks of all major Indian operators.
The Service Delivery Platform is entirely based on Open Source Technologies and
is represented by the short-code ‘537252’, corresponding to ‘KERALA’ in the non-
QWERTY mobile keypad.
2. Report on impact assessment of Janmitra samadhan kendras of Gwalior
District by Indian Institute o Information Technology and Management,
Gwalior
Delivering dedicated public services to citizens in rural areas in an effective
and responsive manner has always been a formidable challenge for the
administration. Janmitra, in its quintessence attempts at responding to this existential
challenge through three fold innovations that address substantive issues in effective
programme management and field level implementation. The essence of Janmitra
lies in an appropriate blending of technology with human skills to provide a basket
of G2 C services in a time bound, decentralized and citizen friendly manner and at
monitoring the on field presence of field level functionaries with a view to improving
public service delivery in crucial sectors of public importance. The success of this
experiment lies, not in its technological sophistication per se nor even in the novelty
of the idea, but essentially in an implementable, eminently practicable and intelligent
blending of contextually appropriate technology and human skills with exemplary
leadership. A total of 72 services are being currently provided through 47 Gram
panchayat offices refashioned as Janmitra centres as the field is abuzz with activity
of field level functionaries of 13 different departments in the district who are
regularly registering their on-field presence at the centres using biometric fingerprint
identification technology. Proportionate salary cuts are being affected in cases of
below the threshold level attendance. MIS data entry under the MNREGS has been
decentralized to the panchayat cluster level through these centres.
3. Draft consultation paper on Mobile Governance Framework – National e-
Governance division, Department of IT, Government of India
The limited reach of e‐Governance has made governments think of new
technologies, such as mobile phones, to reach the residents and deliver public
services. This phenomenon has been driven primarily by the rapid growth of mobile
phone subscribers in several developing countries. In view of the vast potential of
mobile platform for delivering public services in country, the Department of
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➢ This study will help to know the impact of promotions made by the
government and the awareness of the citizens about availing or getting the
schemes or services offered by the government offices.
➢ It will enable every citizen to reach out the appropriate schemes offered by
the both Central and State Government with ease of access.
32
Research type:
Descriptive research design is used in our study. In this study the perception
about government and awareness among the people. Descriptive research is also called
Statistical Research. The main goal of this type of research is to describe the data and
characteristics about what is being studied. The idea behind this type of research is to
study frequencies, averages, and other statistical calculations. Although this research is
highly accurate, it does not gather the causes behind a situation. The methods involved
range from the survey which describes the status quo, the correlation study which
investigates the relationship between variables, to developmental studies which seek to
determine changes over time.
1.7.2 Data Collection Method
To fulfil the objectives of the study, it has been taken both into considerations
viz primary and secondary data.
1.7.2.1 Primary Data
Primary data were collected through field surveys from the different taluks and
the respondents are selected from the different above mentioned taluks of nagapattinam
district in order to obtain to un-biased response from the target population selected for
the study.
1.7.2.2 Secondary Data
In this project, the secondary data were the details about taluks and blocks of
Nagapattinam district and the schemes offered under Ministry of new and renewable
energy.Those data are collected from the citizen charters, publications by government,
magazines, internet, text books published on schemes and through various government
and government related websites and from government offices.
1.7.2.3 Instrument Design
A structured Schedule was used. The Schedule contained close-ended questions
with 5-points Likert scale (1-strongly disagree to 5-strongly agree)
One-Way Anova
The One-Way ANOVA procedure produces a one-way analysis of variance for a
quantitative dependent variable by a single factor (independent) variable. Analysis of
variance is used to test the hypothesis that several means are equal. This technique is
an extension of the two-sample test.
Correlation
Correlation analysis is a family of statistical tests to determine mathematically whether
there are trends or relationships between two or more sets of data from the same list of
items or individuals. The tests provide a statistical yes or no as to whether a significant
relationship or correlation exists between the variables’
t - Test
A t-test is any statistical hypothesis test in which the test statistic follows a
Student's t distribution if the null hypothesis is supported. It is most commonly applied
when the test statistic would follow a normal distribution if the value of a scaling term
in the test statistic were known.
1.7.2.6 Limitations of the study
• Only 50 samples from each taluk are taken for the study.
• A majority of respondents show lack of cooperation and are biased towards
their own opinions. Chances of some bias could not be eliminated.
• Analysis is only a means and not an end in itself. We have to make interpretation
and draw own conclusion
• Different people may interpret the same analysis in different ways.
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CHAPTER 2
I) Percentage Distributions:
0-5000 56 22.4
5001-10000 87 34.8
10001-15000 44 17.6
15001-20000 31 12.4
0-5000
5001-10000
10001-15000
15001-20000
Above 20000
Gender N Percentage
Female 48 19.2
Male
Female
Interpretation
• From the above table it is interpreted that 80.8 percent of the respondents are
male
• 19.2 percent of the respondents are female. So the majority of the respondents
are male.
18-30 31 12.4
31-40 72 28.8
41-50 69 27.6
51-60 64 25.6
Above 60 14 5.6
38
18 - 30
31-40
41-50
51-60
Above 60
Interpretation
• As per the interpretation that 12.4 percent of the respondents have age ranges
between 18-30
• 28.8 percent of them have age ranges between 31-40
• 27.6 percent of them have age ranges between 41-50
• 25.6 percent of them have age ranges between 51-60
• 5.6 percent of them have age above 60.
Educational
N Percentage
Qualification
Illiterate 24 9.6
HSC/SSLC/ITI 61 24.4
DIPLOMA/UG 71 28.4
PG 27 10.8
39
Illiterate
Class 1-9
HSC/SSLC/ITI
DIPLOMA/UG
PG
Interpretation
• As per the figure that 9.6 percent of the respondents are illiterate
• 26.8 percent of them are studied between class 1 to 9
• 24.4 percent of them are studied HSC/ SSLC/ ITI
• 28.4 percent of them are undergraduates or diploma holders
• 10.8 percent of them are Post graduates.
Schemes N Percentage
Bio 25 10
Solar 17 6.8
Wind 10 4
Lack of Awareness 198 79.2
Total 250 100.0
40
Bio
Solar
Wind
Lack of Awareness
Interpretation
• As per the figure, that only 10 percent of the respondents know about Bio energy
related schemes
• 6.8 percent of people only know about solar energy related schemes
• 4 percent of people only know about schemes related to wind energy.
• Out of total respondents, 79.2 percent of people were unaware of the schemes
related to wind, solar and Bio energy.
Disagree 84 33.6
Neutral 21 8.4
41
Agree 18 7.2
Strongly Agree 0 0
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly Agree
Interpretation
• As per the figure that, 50.4 percent of the respondents strongly disagreed
• 33.6 percent of respondents disagreed
• 8.4 percent of the respondents answered neutrally
• Only 7.2 percent of people agreed that there is effectiveness in promotions made
by the government.
Strongly disagree 0 0
42
Disagree 1 4
Neutral 35 14.0
Strongly disagree
Disagree
Neutral
Agree
Strongly Agree
Interpretation
• As per the figure that, 24.0 percent of the respondents strongly agreed
• 61.6 percent of respondents agreed
• 14 percent of the respondents answered neutrally
• Only 4 percent of people disagreed regarding the scope for implementation of
M-Governance for delivery of information.
Objective
Hypothesis
43
Ho: There is no significant difference between the proximity to the government offices
among the taluks.
Ha: There is significant difference between the proximity to the government offices
among the taluks.
Table 2.8 ANOVA - Proximity to the government offices among the Taluks
Std.
Taluks Mean N F Sig
Deviation
Inference
The significance value for the proximity to the government offices is greater than .05.
And hence null hypothesis is accepted.
Objective
To find the pattern of spending time and work in the government offices among the
taluks.
44
Hypothesis
Ho: There is no significant difference between the way of spending time and work in
Government offices to render services based on Education
Ha : There is significant difference between the way of spending time and work in
Government offices render services based on Education.
Table 2.9 ANOVA – Pattern of spending time and work in the government offices
by Education
Educational
N Mean Std. Deviation F Sig
Qualification
PG 27 3.1605 .56516
Inference
The significance value for the way of spending time and work in government offices
by the respondents based on education is greater than .05. And hence null hypothesis is
accepted.
Objective
Hypothesis
45
Educational
N Mean Std. Deviation F Sig
Qualification
PG 27 2.2840 .80968
Inference
The significance value is lesser than .05. And hence alternate hypothesis is accepted.
Hence it is concluded that there is significant.
Objective
Hypothesis
46
Educational
N Mean Std. Deviation F Sig
Qualification
PG 27 2.5309 1.12948
Inference
The significance value for the the measure of transparency & accountability in
government offices based on Education is lesser than .05. And hence alternate
hypothesis is accepted.
Objective
Hypothesis
47
Inference
The significance value for the the measure of transparency & accountability in
government offices based on Taluksis greater than .05. And hence null hypothesis is
accepted.
Objective
Hypothesis
48
Ho: There is no significant difference between the satisfaction level of citizens based
on education qualification.
Educational Std.
N Mean F Sig
Qualification Deviation
PG 27 2.3951 .89173
Inference
The significance value for behaviour of officers, government officers response, ease of
access to information, satisfaction level of the interactions, timely service, is lesser than
.05. And hence alternate hypothesis is accepted.
Objective
Hypothesis
49
Std.
Age of Respondents N Mean F Sig
Deviation
18 – 30
31 2.6935 1.05418
30 – 40
72 2.3750 .96688
40 – 50
69 2.3913 .97343
1.099 .358
50 – 60
64 2.5938 .91233
>60
14 2.2857 .91387
Total
250 2.4700 .96427
Inference
The significance value for code of conduct of government officials based on age of
citizens is greater than .05. And hence null hypothesis is accepted.
Objective
Hypothesis
50
Std.
Age of Respondents N Mean F Sig
Deviation
18 – 30 31 4.1613 .61083
30 – 40 72 4.4236 .42509
40 – 50 69 4.2101 .48814
2.607 .036
50 – 60 64 4.3203 .44869
Inference
Objective
Hypothesis
51
Educational Std.
N Mean F Sig
Qualification Deviation
PG 27 4.2593 .42450
Inference
The significance value for the Use of M-Governance is greater than .05. And hence null
hypothesis is accepted.
Objective
Hypothesis
52
Inference
The significance value for the Use of M-Governance is greater than .05. And hence null
hypothesis is accepted.
Objective
Hypothesis
53
Ho: There is no significant difference between the satisfaction level of citizens based
on gender.
Levene's
t-Test
Test for
Std for
Questions Gender N Mean Equality
Deviation Equality
of
of means
Variances
Got all info in M 202 2.3614 1.16461 .982 .769
few visits F 48 2.4167 1.19988 .774
Satisfied by M 202 2.3911 .93602 .576 .238
Government
F 48 2.2083 1.07106 .281
officers response
Services are M 202 1.8069 .85655 .719 .473
delivered within
F 48 1.7083 .84949 .473
time
Satisfaction level M 202 2.5792 .66629 .754 .462
of the
F 48 2.5000 .68417 .471
interactions
Behaviour of M 202 2.6386 1.04767 .008 .111
officers F 48 2.3542 1.32873 .171
Get response at M 202 2.2772 .79949 .720 .137
all the time F 48 2.0833 .84635 .154
Inference
The significance value for cost for reaching Government office, satisfaction level of the
interactions, timely service, government officers’ response, ease of access to
information are greater than .05. And hence null hypothesis is accepted. The
54
significance value for behaviour of officers is less than .05 and hence alternate
hypothesis is accepted.
Objective
Use of
Time Respo- Satisfa Code M-
Proxi- & nsivene Transp- -ction Of Gover-
mity Work s arency level conduct nance
Proxi Pearso
mity n
1 .469** -.169** -.072 -.194** -.251** .043
Correla
tion
Sig. (2-
.000 .008 .256 .002 .000 .500
tailed)
N 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Time Pearso
and n
.469** 1 -.038 -.068 -.058 -.072 -.007
Work Correla
tion
Sig. (2-
.000 .549 .284 .361 .254 .918
tailed)
N 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Respo Pearso
nsiv- n -
**
-.038 1 .752** .955** .807** -.088
eness Correla .169
tion
Sig. (2-
.008 .549 .000 .000 .000 .163
tailed)
N 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Use of
Time Satisfa- Code M-
Proxi- & Respo- Transp- ction Of Gover-
mity Work nsivenes arency level conduct nance
Trans Pearson
par- Correla -.072 -.068 .752** 1 .780** .717** -.083
ency tion
Sig. (2-
.256 .284 .000 .000 .000 .193
tailed)
N 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Satisfa Pearson
-ction Correla -.194** -.058 .955** .780** 1 .936** -.014
level tion
Sig. (2-
.002 .361 .000 .000 .000 .825
tailed)
N 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Code Pearson
of Correla -.251** -.072 .807** .717** .936** 1 .075
condu- tion
ct Sig. (2-
.000 .254 .000 .000 .000 .240
tailed)
N 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
Use of Pearson
M- Correla .043 -.007 -.088 -.083 -.014 .075 1
Gover tion
-nance Sig. (2-
.500 .918 .163 .193 .825 .240
tailed)
N 250 250 250 250 250 250 250
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
Inference
57
From the correlation table, it is found that the responsiveness and satisfaction level are
highly correlated having Pearson correlation as 0.955. After this pair the next highly
correlated pair is the Code of conduct of Government officials and satisfaction level.
The most negatively correlated pair is proximity towards the government offices and
the code of conduct of officials.
58
• It is observed that the majority of the respondents were unaware of the schemes
related to wind, solar and bio energy which is evident from the figure 2.6.
• It is found that most of the respondents were feeling that the promotions done
by the government on creating awareness about the schemes is ineffective
which is shown in figure 2.7
• There is a scope for implementation of M-governance which is found from the
figure 2.8 that majority if the respondents agreed as that M-governance will
improve the delivery of information.
• The Proximity to the government offices is measured in terms of closeness to
geographical location and cost for reaching Government office. That there is
no relation between the proximity to the government offices and taluks.
• The way of spending time and work in government offices is measured in terms
of closeness to geographical location, daily work get affected and cost for
reaching Government office. That there is no relation between the spending
pattern of time and work based on education.
• The received responsiveness from government officials based on Education is
measured in terms of quick gathering of information in few visits, timely
delivery of services and Prompt response given to the citizens every time by
the government officials. That there is relation between the received
responsiveness based on education.
• The transparency and accountability in government offices based on Education
is measured in terms of knowledge in approaching government offices, nature
of availing the services and awareness about citizen charter. That there is
relation between the transparency and accountability based on education.
• The transparency and accountability in government offices based on taluksis
measured in terms of knowledge in approaching government offices, nature of
availing the services and awareness about citizen charter. That there is no
relation between the transparency and accountability based on taluks.
• The satisfaction level of citizens does not vary on the basis of education
qualification with regard to behaviour of officers and their response, ease of
access to information, satisfaction level of the interactions, timely service.
59
CHAPTER 3
Conclusion