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8 Answers To End-Of-Chapter Questions
8 Answers To End-Of-Chapter Questions
Structured questions
11 a
Biology Unit 2 for CAPE® Examinations Original material © Cambridge University Press 2011 1
b
12 a • Medulla [1]
b I – Collecting duct
II – Thick segment of loop of Henlé
III – Thin limb of loop of Henlé Each point [1]
Biology Unit 2 for CAPE® Examinations Original material © Cambridge University Press 2011 2
c Drawing should show:
• Separate cells/cell membrane visible
• Large image
• Cuboidal/columnar cells
• Large lumen
I has a diameter of about 10 mm in the micrograph, so the
student drawing should have a diameter of about 20 mm.
Biology Unit 2 for CAPE® Examinations Original material © Cambridge University Press 2011 3
13 a
Biology Unit 2 for CAPE® Examinations Original material © Cambridge University Press 2011 4
Essay questions
c i • Water
• Glucose
• Ions – sodium, potassium, chloride
• Amino acids
• Small proteins < RMM 68 000
• Urea
• Creatinine
• Uric acid
• Hormones
• Water soluble vitamins
• Fatty acids Any point [1]
• Any correct answer Max [3]
Biology Unit 2 for CAPE® Examinations Original material © Cambridge University Press 2011 5
ii • Indication of damage to capillary/glomerulus
• Damage to basement membrane since proteins
over RMM 68 000 cannot pass through normally
• Indication of chronic high blood pressure causing
glomerular pressure to be very high, forcing
proteins out Any 2 points [2]
Biology Unit 2 for CAPE® Examinations Original material © Cambridge University Press 2011 6
iii • Special branches of peritubular capillaries of
juxtamedullary nephrons
• Runs parallel to loop of Henlé
• Has same counter current mechanisms as loop of
Henlé Any point from first 3 [1]
16 a
• Function is to make the interstitial/tissue fluid in
medulla hypertonic compared to the filtrate in the
nephron
• Purpose of ‘salt bath’ is to reabsorb water
• Loop of Henlé consists of ascending and descending
limbs
• Both limbs run parallel to each other
• Has a parallel blood capillary system known as vasa
recta
• Counter current multiplier system in both loop and
vasa recta for sodium and chloride ions
• See diagram for steps 1–5 4 points clearly explained [4]
Biology Unit 2 for CAPE® Examinations Original material © Cambridge University Press 2011 7
b • If water potential is low in blood
• Detected by receptors in hypothalamus
• Which sends impulses to posterior lobe of pituitary
gland
• ADH produced
• Travels to receptor sites in epithelial cells of distal
convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
• Causes more water channels to be added to
membranes of epithelial cells
• More water absorbed into blood by osmosis
• Water passes to vasa recta
• ADH also increases permeability of collecting ducts
to urea
• Making interstitial fluid more concentrated
• Small volume hypertonic urine formed [6]
Biology Unit 2 for CAPE® Examinations Original material © Cambridge University Press 2011 8