Professional Documents
Culture Documents
it is a semi-permeable membrane it allows water and certain substances to move in and out of the cell.
cells obtain nutrients and gases cells excrete metabolic wastes cells can maintain pH for enzyme activity cells can maintain ionic concentration of the cells for enzyme activity control the types and the amount of substances allow useful substance (hormones/enzymes) to secrete from cells protect cells a boundary between the inside and outside of cell.
Phospholipid molecule: Head hydrophilic: a polar phosphate molecule (philic~loves water / attracted to water) Tail hydrophobic: two non-polar fatty acids (phobic~hates water / repelled to water)
carrier for some molecules (glucose, amino acids, proteins and nucleic acids) controls the movement of ions and particles (Na+, Ca2+ and K+) Glycoprotein
Glycolipid
Impermeable (not allowed to pass through but with help of carrier protein and cellular energy, it is allowed to pass through)
large polar molecules (glucose, amino acids, nucleic acids and polysaccharides) charged ions (H+, Na+, K+, Cl- and Ca2+)
Materials must be able to move through the plasma membrane in order for the cell cytoplasm to interact with the external environment. Therefore, the movement of soluble substances can occur in several mechanisms: A. Process of Passive Transport
not selective: lipid-soluble molecules, gases and water. not control by cell.
3
movement of the molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Factors affecting the rate of diffusion are temperature, size of molecules/ions, diffusion gradient, surface area and diffusion medium. example: diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide at the alveolus.
ii) Osmosis:
only water molecules. not control by cell. movement of water from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration and often occurs across a semi permeable membrane. strong sucrose solution = less water molecule = low water potential. weak sucrose solution = more water molecule = high water potential. example: absorption of water by root hairs.
very specific: glucose, nucleic acids, amino acids, protein and mineral ions. control by cell.
4
transport of molecules (only certain molecules) across the outer membrane of living cell by a process of carrier protein (hydrophilic group) / channel protein (Ions: Na+, Ca2+, K+) within the cell membrane. normally take place from a region with higher concentration of molecules to a region of lower concentration. example: absorption of digested food in the villus.
very specific: minerals ions and amino acids. controlled by cell. This process needs carrier proteins and energy (due to against concentration gradient) from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration). Cell must expend energy that derived from ATP (adenosine triphosphate) example: human nerve cells (sodium ions are constantly transport out of the cell) / ions intake by root hairs of a plant.
Solute concentration in the external solution is lesser than solute concentration inside the cell. Water concentration outside the cell is higher than the water concentration inside the cell.
2) Isotonic
Solute concentration in the external solution is equal to the solute concentration inside the cell. Water concentration inside and outside of the cell is the same.
3) Hypertonic
Solute concentration in the external solution is greater than solute concentration inside the cell. Water concentration outside the cell is lower than the water concentration inside the cell.
Types of solutions:
Type of Solution
Hypotonic
Isotonic
Hypertonic
6
Animal Cell
The cell inflates due to No change in the The cell shrinks and the water molecules enter size of cell. Net becomes soft and the cell. Eventually it movement of dehydrated due to the bursts (thin plasma water is water molecule leave the membrane). Example: red zero. Example: cell. Example: red blood blood cell in distilled red blood cell in cell in 5% sodium water. 0.85% sucrose chloride solution. solution. Plant Cell The cell expands and No change in the The cell becomes flaccid becomes firm / turgid due size of cell. Net (plasmolysis occurs), to the water molecules movement of vacuole and cytoplasm enter the cell. The rigid water is shrink due to the water cellulose cell wall zero. Example: molecules leave the expands slightly and strip of potato in cell. Example: strip of prevents cell from 5% sucrose potato in 30% sucrose bursting. Example: strip solution. solution. of potato in distilled water. Application 1. Food is soaked in a concentrated salt solution to prevent bacteria and fungus to survive. 2. Chemical fertilizer (dissolved ions) increases solute concentration (decrease water molecules) in soil. Therefore, water leaves from the cell sap of the plant which result the plant wither.