The CELL

Nucleus
 Often near center of the cell
 Contains genetic material of cell (DNA) and nucleoli; site of ribosome and messenger RNA synthesis

Nucleolus
 In the nucleus
 Site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)

 In cytoplasm
 Many ribosomes attached to rough ER; site of protein synthesis

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (smooth ER)

 In cytoplasm
 Site of lipid synthesis; detoxification

Golgi apparatus
 In cytoplasm
 Modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles Contains materials produced in
the cell; formed by the Golgi apparatus; secreted by exocytosis

Secretory vesicle
 In cytoplasm
 Contains materials produced in the cell; formed by the Golgi apparatus; secreted by exocytosis

Lysosome
 In cytoplasm
 Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell

Mitochondrion
 In cytoplasm
 Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis

Microtubule
 In cytoplasm
 Supports cytoplasm; assists in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella

Cilia
 On cell surface with many on each cell
 Cilia move substances over surfaces of certain cells

Flagella
 On sperm cell surface with one per cell
 Propels sperm cells

Microvilli
 Extensions of cell surface with many on each cell
 Increase surface area of certain cells
TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF MOVEMENT ACROSS MEMBRANE:
Diffusion
 With the concentration gradient through the lipid portion of the cell membrane or through membrane
channels
 Example: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, chloride ions, and urea
 No ATP

Osmosis
 With the concentration gradient (for water) through the lipid portion of the cell membrane or through
membrane channels
 Example: water
 No ATP

Filtration
 Movement of liquid and substances by pressure through a partition containing holes
 Example: In the kidneys, filtration of everything in blood smaller than proteins and blood cells
 No ATP

Facilitated diffusion
 With the concentration gradient by carrier molecules Against the concentration gradient" by carrier
molecules
 Example: Glucose in most cells
 No ATP

Active transport
 Against the concentration gradient by carrier molecules; the energy for secondary active transport of one
substance comes from the concentration gradient of another
 Example: Na, K, Ca, and H*; amino acids
 Yes, to ATP

Secondary active transport

 Against the concentration gradient by carrier molecules; the energy for secondary active transport of one
substance comes from the concentration gradient of another
 Example: Glucose, amino acids
 Yes, to ATP

Endocytosis
 Movement into cells by vesicles
 Example: Ingestion of particles by phagocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis and liquids by
pinocytosis
 Yes, to ATP

Exocytosis
 Movement out of cells by vesicles
 Example: Secretion of proteins
 Yes, to ATP
Because the tube contains salt ions (green and red spheres) as well as water molecules (blue spheres), the tube
has proportionately less water than is in the beaker, which contains only water. The water molecules diffuse
with their concentration gradient into the tube (blue arrows). Because the salt ions cannot leave the tube, the
total fluid volume inside the tube increases, and fluid moves up the glass tube (black arrow) as a result of
osmosis.
1. The end of a tube containing a 3% salt solution (green) is closed at one end with a selectively permeable
membrane, which allows water molecules to pass through it but retains the salt ions within the tube.
2. The tube is immersed in distilled water. Water moves into the tube by osmosis (see inset above"). The
concentration of salt in the tube decreases as water rises in the tube (lighter green color).
3. Water moves by osmosis into the tube until the weight of the column of water in the tube (hydrostatic
pressure) prevents further movement of water into the tube. The hydrostatic pressure that prevents net
movement of water into the tube is equal to the osmotic pressure of the solution in the tube.

1. The carrier molecule binds with a molecule, such as glucose, on the outside of the cell membrane.
2. The carrier molecule changes shape and releases the moleculectivate Windows on the inside of the cell
membrane.

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (OUTSIDE):

1. A sodium-potassium (Na+-K*) pump maintains a concentration of Na* that is higher outside the cell than
inside.
2. Nat move back into the cell by a carrier molecule that also moves glucose. The concentration gradient for
Na+ provides the energy required to move glucose against its concentration gradient.

1. Receptor molecules on the cell surface bind to molecules to be taken into the cell.
2. The receptors and the bound molecules are taken into the cell as a vesicle is formed.
3. The vesicle membrane fuses and the vesicle separates from the cell. membrane.

1. A secretory vesicle moves toward the cell membrane.

2. The secretory vesicle membrane fuses with the cell membrane.
3. The secretory vesicle's contents are released into the extracellular

1. A vesicle forms around material outside the cell.

2. The vesicle is pinched off from the cell membrane and becomes a separate vesicle inside the cell.
3. A lysosome is pinched off the Golgi apparatus.
4. The lysosome fuses with the vesicle.
5. The enzymes from the lysosome mix with the material in the vesicle, and the enzymes digest the material.

MITOTIC PHASE:

1. Interphase is the time between cell divisions. DNA is found as thin threads of chromatin in the nucleus. DNA
replication occurs during interphase.

2. In prophase, the chromatin condenses into chromosomes. Each chromosome consists of two chromatids
joined at the centromere. The centrioles move to the opposite ends of the cell, and the nucleolus and the nuclear
envelope disappear.

3. In metaphase, the chromosomes align in the center of the cell in association with the spindle fibers. S Office
4. In anaphase, the chromatids separate to form two sets of identical chromosomes. The chromosomes, assisted
by the spindle fibers, move toward the centrioles at each end of the cell.

5. In telophase, the chromosomes disperse, the nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli form, and the cytoplasm
begins to divide to form two cells. Office

6. Mitosis is complete, and a new interphase begins. The chromosomes have unraveled to become chromatin.
Cell division has produced two daughter cells, each with DNA that is identical to the DNA of the parent cell.