JURNAL I JURNAL II JURNAL III

A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF THE CRITICAL DISCOURSE A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA’S HILLARY CLINTON’S
ANALYSIS OF
TITTLE / JUDUL PRESIDENTIAL SPEECH “AMERICAN FOR MARRIAGE
SUSILO BAMBANG
DEBATES 2012 EQUALITY”
YUDHOYONO'S SPEECH

The selection of title is based on the awareness to
the importance of understanding the use and
interpretation of language by government officers
and any other persons who are living in politics.
Political world, indeed, has certain language which
RATIONALE
if we can not understand correctly, it will cause
wrong meaning. That is why an example of political
communication has been chosen to be analyzed that
is political debates.
1. What features do words of both candidates have?
2. What features do grammatical features of both
candidates have?
PROBLEM (PENELITIAN) 3. What are the interpretations of both candidates’
words and grammatical
features?
The rationale of this journal are elucidate
not only the language, power, and
ideology of the speech itself but also
from the speaker, the President himself.
Thus, language, power and ideology can
be seen from its use to the social problem
which is going on at thattime and to the
social power which is trying to influence
the ideology of the community to become
closer to something that is desired by the
speaker.
The problem statements from in this 1. How are the structures of text “American for
journal: Marriage Equality”
1. What language is used by SBY in his the speech of Hillary Clinton at Human Right
speech about the Jakarta Bombings? Campaign (HRC)
2. What power is used by SBY in his website?
speech about the Jakarta Bombings? 2. How is the ideology represented in Hillary
3. What ideology is used by SBY in his Clinton Speech
speech about the Jakarta Bombings? “American for Marriage Equality”?
 The theoritical framework in this journal are,
including ICT, social media, social change and
revolution, and social change processes, as well as
the relationship between these constructs and their
relevance to the study. Prior to understanding how 9
information and communication technologies
(ICTs) and social media are analyzed in relation to
social change and its processes, it is useful to
THEORITICAL
elucidate these concepts and how they relate. The
FRAMEWORK
conceptual framework is articulated within the field
(BACKGROUND)
of discourse analysis of media texts based on the
approach to, and the objective of, this journal. The
typical terminology involves such key concepts as
discourse and episteme, discursive practice, media
texts and truth claims,the theotu that used in this
journal is Critical Discourse Analysis developed by
Norman Fairclough.
The method being used in this research is
quallitative-descriptive analysis
because the data are qualitative. This writer uses the systematically the fact and characteristics
first approach for it is the
most suitable one for this kind of research.
RANCANGAN
Interpretivism says that human discourse
PENELITIAN)
and action could not be analyzed with the methods
of natural and physical science.
Interpretivists of all types also insist that
researchers have their own understandings,
their own convictions, and their own conceptual
orientations.
The theoritical framework in this journal
is a review of main theories including the
general concept of discourse and
discourse analysis, critical discourse
analysis along with the methods of
critical discourse analysis and language,
power, ideology as well. In general
discourse is the study of the use of
language and in particular it is an
application the use of language (in
practice) which agrees with the
discussion in this research that is speech.
While the CDA is a method used to
analyze it. In the following discussion of
the theory, researcher looked at ‘who the
speaker is' so it is necessary to include
the theory of power. While the theory of
ideology relates to what the speaker is
actually trying to convey
The researcher chooses qualitative
research because it can describe
of the data. Besides that, qualitative
research methods were developed in the
social sciences to enable researchers to
study social and cultural phenomena like
case study and ethnography. In this
Journal , the data is speech of the
President of our country, Indonesia,
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY).
The theoritical framework in this journal is Teun
Van Dijk Discourse Theory This model is the
one of many theories that used to analyze a
discourse, the point of this theory connects three
core dimensios of discourse, unity in one analysis.
The dimensions of discourse are: text structure,
social cognition, and social context. According to
Van Dijk discourse has various parts of level, and
each of these levels is interrelated.
This research is conducted by using qualitative
method. This method focused on the significance
of observations made in a study rather
than the raw number. Besides, this research also
applies Van Dijk Critical Discourse Analysis
method to gain scientific findings without any
statistical equipment. analyzing Hillary Clinton
speech by analyzing the text structure;
macrostructure, superstructure, microstructure,
social cognition and social context.
 VARIABEL
(INDEPENDENT
/DEPENDENT )
The data of the analysis are collected from the three
presidential debates between President Barack
Obama and Governor Mitt Romney. The three
transcripts are available on the internet. The data
can only be caught by intensively reading the three
presidential debates between Presidential Barack
DATA COLLECTION
Obama and Governor Mitt Romney. Some
important additions will be taken from contexts that
are related to the discourse. This context is the real
condition including present situation and history
that are known by people.
In analyzing the data in this journal, the analysis
will be done to several subjects. They are
vocabulary, grammatical features and also other
aspects of political language. Just like what the
aforementioned definition about CDA has
informed, it is a multidiscipline analysis which we
can not limited by one particular subject. It is built
ANALYSIS
of several subjects. But to make the analysis focus
to the problem, there are only two major themes
which are political science and linguistics that will
be analyzed deeply. That is why other disciplines
such as psychology, economy and etc. will be
considered as contexts that help to understand the
whole discourse. The analysis will be done in three
stages. They are description, interpretation and
Techniques of Data Collection, the data
which is used in this journal comes from
SBY’s speech as The President of
Indonesia. In the way of collecting the
data, researcher uses some step
1. Searching for the video.
2. Searching the script.
3. Downloading the video and the
script.
In analyzing the data, the researcher uses
some steps according to Huckin’s
theory which are described in short,
dense, and in sequence from beginning to
the
end so it will be understood easily by the
readers
These steps are as follows:
1. Reading the SBY’s speech in The
Jakarta Globe about the bombings that
occurred in the capital city, Jakarta
2. Classifying the data indicating three
CDA methods of Huckin:
3. Analyzing the text with the features
associated with the text in sentencelevel
Bibliography technique is used to find discourse
elements in Hillary Clinton‟s speech text. This
technique is using written source to gain the data,
then the data which contain discourse are collected
into data card. To analyze sentences patterns of
the corpus, data card is used as instrument of
research in order to write, to identify and to
classify the data which are needed from that
speech transcription. Then, the identified and
classified data are examined through the
application of Van Dijk Critical Discourse
Analysis.
.
The process of data analysis will be carried out in
several steps:
a. choose an speech text from HRC (Human
Rights Campaign) Website;
b. read the speech text;
c. mark the sentences which containing discourse
element;
d. classify it by Van Dijk Critical Discourse
Analysis theory;
e. write the data finding into data card.
After that, those specific numbers of data is
analyzed. To
continue that analysis the writer run steps as
follows:
a. exposure the discourse elements
 explanation. These are the stages of Critical
Discourse Analysis developed by Norman
Fairclough. The description, interpretation and
explanation will be applied to the words and
grammatical features of both candidates in those
three debates.
From the result of the analysis, it is found that both
candidates used linguistic features of political
language that are stated by Norman Fairclough.
Those features are divided into three parts which
are Vocabulary, Grammar and Textual Structure.
In Vocabulary level, Rewording and Overwording;
Synonymy, Hyponymy and Antonymy;
Euphemism; Formality and Metaphors are found. In
Grammatical level, Agency; Active and Passive
Sentences; Positive and Negative Sentences;
HASIL
Modes; Pronoun (we) are found. Then in the
Textual Structure, Formulation and Interruption
are found.
Politics is one of the interesting world to explore.
The language of politics is a rich source that has
REFLEKSI
many aspects to study. That is why political
/REKOMENDASI
occasions such as speeches, political
/IMPLIKASI
advertisements, political news, and of course
political debates
and word-level
4. Making a conclusion of the analysis
The result shows that CDA can explore
the relationships among language,
power, and ideology. Through the
language used, it can be known the
strength of power and the purpose of the
speaker, which the power is strongly felt
and the ideology is clearly seen as well as
understandable. Those are each
explanation about language, power, and
ideology used by SBY in his speech.
Since those three aspects are closely
related to each other in CDA, especially
in analyzing public addresses, it can be
summarized that in the use of llanguage it
also contains certain ideology and power.
It means that from the language used, it
can be known the strength of power and
the purpose of the speaker.
The implication for this journal are:
1. It is worth for us to pay more attention
and it is needed for us to know because
CDA analysis is closely related with the
problems that occur in the environment
around us.
(macrostructure, superstructure
and microstructure) referring Van Dijk Critical
discourse analysis
theory.
b. applying Van Dijk CDA theory into data.
c. make report and conclusion of the research.
1. Hillary tried to create the impression, that she is
the part of LGBT (Lesbian, Gay. Bisexual and
Trans-gender) which get discriminations. It can be
analyzed from syntactic element. Hillary mostly
used pronoun “our” to limit the distance between
herself and the audience.
2. Hillary also tries to attract the audiences support
by mentioning the acts that she is ever done to
protect LGBT. It can be observed by analyzing
semantic element analysis. She mentioned in
detail the acts that she ever did for
protecting LGBT.
3. She is very careful in presenting his speech. She
uses mild words. In stylistic analysis mild word
usage aims to get good response and also to make
public receives the message well.
4. Liberalism ideology is drawn from the
utterances in Hillary’s speech text. In the analysis
of ideology, many sentences in the speech text are
supporting freedom, in this case, the freedom of
human rights..
 have often been the object of study by many
scholars and experts from different approaches. It is
interesting to know someone’s personality and
ability just from the language they use.
Comment on:
2. As it is known that this thesis talks
about the criticism which shows
weaknesses. But it is not the only
criticism, but it is also discussed about
how it should be better. So the reader of
this thesis is suggested to be a good
reader, inthis case is becoming neutral
because researcher does not have a
purpose tocriticize or satirize certain
parties.