“What is the Correlation between Increasing Potassium Concentration (grams) to the Dissolved

Oxygen Production (% Saturation) in ​Hygrophila polysperma o​ ver a Period of 25 Minutes?”

1. Introduction
Living in the Philippines, I have always been exposed to a diverse ecosystem where there is a
great amount of flora and fauna at play. Because of this, the news that fish kill is prevalent in my country
is not new to me. Upon investigating the problem, I learned that fish kills are largely due to the depletion
of dissolved oxygen in the water caused by an excessive population of fish. This is evident in the fish kills
that are happening in Lake Sebu for many years (Tacio, n.d.). Because of this, I want to solve this
problem in order to help my countrymen.
Hygrophila polysperma ​is a fast-growing plant which can reproduce easily. Through my lessons
in biology, I learned that introducing potassium compounds to a plant has the capacity to increase its
oxygen production. Because of this, I came up with the idea of how can increasing the potassium
concentration increase the production of dissolved oxygen in ​Hygrophila polysperma. ​This is something
worth investigating because increasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water also increases the
chances of survival of the fishes. Furthermore, ​Hygrophila polysperma ​is considered an aquatic weed in
the Philippines since it is reproducing at a fast pace. Hence, utilizing this plant will give it practical use.
This IA is close to my heart because, at a young age, I am already involved with a lot of
humanitarian organization to help solve modern problems which are prevalent in my society. I am just
treating this IA as an additional project for me to help solve fish kill, which is also a problem found in my
country.
2. Background Information
Potassium is considered as one of the most important macronutrients in plants because plants
utilize a huge amount of Potassium in their lifespan. The induction of Potassium in plants can help
increase its oxygen because the function of Potassium in plants is to regulate the opening and closing of
its stomata. Stomata are openings found on plants where oxygen is being released as a by-product in
photosynthesis or the intake of carbon dioxide as a raw material for photosynthesis. If a plant has a low
supply of Potassium, the stomata wouldn’t be able to react as quickly as what is expected; hence,
lowering the intake of carbon dioxide in plants, which in turn could affect the rate of photosynthesis.
Therefore, by increasing the potassium content of a plant, its stomata would be able to react quicker;
hence, there will be more oxygen production in plants (Tajer, 2016). Through this principle, it is just
accurate to note that inducing potassium content in the water will increase the oxygen production of
Hygrophila polysperma.
3. Research Question
The research question is, “What is the Correlation between Increasing Potassium Concentration (grams)
to the Dissolved Oxygen Production (% Saturation) in ​Hygrophila polysperma ​over a Period of 25
Minutes?”
4. Hypothesis
Null hypothesis: ​There is No Correlation between Increasing Potassium Concentration (grams) to the
Dissolved Oxygen Production (% Saturation) in ​Hygrophila polysperma ​over a Period of 25 Minutes?
Alternate Hypothesis: ​There is A Correlation between Increasing Potassium Concentration (grams) to the
Dissolved Oxygen Production (% Saturation) in ​Hygrophila polysperma ​over a Period of 25 Minutes?
5. Variables
Independent Variable
Amount of Potassium Concentration in grams
Dependent Variable
Amount of oxygen production (% saturation)
Controlled Variables
1. Atmospheric pressure in the
water in all samples
2. The temperature of the water
in all samples
3. The salinity of the water in all
water samples
How it was measured
Set-up 1 (control): No amount of potassium
concentration
Set-up 2: 1 gram of potassium concentration
Set-up 3: 2 grams of potassium concentration
Set-up 4: 3 grams of potassium concentration
Set-up 5: 4 grams of potassium concentration
How was it measured
Using a dissolved oxygen sensor, the amount of
dissolved oxygen was measured in % saturation
unit
Why it was Controlled How it was Controlled
The atmospheric pressure can Since the atmospheric pressure
influence the amount of measurement is also included in
dissolved oxygen in the water. the DO meter, the researcher
The number of dissolved oxygen makes sure that in every set-up,
increases, as pressure increases the atmospheric pressure is
(“Dissolved Oxygen​,” n​ .d.). 101.325 kPa.
Because of this, the atmospheric
pressure is controlled in all of
the set-ups to ensure that the
dissolved oxygen being
measured arises from the
potassium concentration.
Like atmospheric pressure, the A temperature sensor is used to
temperature can also affect the measure the temperature in all of
amount of dissolved oxygen in the water in all samples. The
the water. As temperature water is kept in 24.7 degrees
increases, the amount of Celsius.
dissolved oxygen in water
decreases (“Dissolved Oxygen,​”
n.d.). Because of this, the
temperature of the water in all
samples are controlled at the
same temperature.
Aside from the atmospheric In order to ensure that the water
pressure and temperature, the in all set-ups has uniform
salinity of water can also affect salinity, the same brand and type
 the amount of dissolved oxygen of water (Absolute distilled
in the water. The higher the water) is utilized in all set-ups.
salinity, the less dissolved
oxygen in the water (“Dissolved
Oxygen, n.d.). Because of this,
the salinity level was maintained
uniform in all set-ups.

4. Brand of distilled water is
uniform in all trials
Utilizing distilled water is The brand of distilled water that
essential to make sure that no I used is Absolute.
impurities are added to the
experiment which may influence
the results of the experiment.
Since different water companies
have different distillation
method, some impurities may
still be present in one water from
another. Because of this, it is
important to have a uniform
distilled water in all trials

5. The sample of all ​Hygrophila
Polysperma
Hygrophila Polysperma ​might
contain slight variations in their
physical properties when
sourced from different locations.
Hence, their oxygen production
might be different when
different samples of ​Hygrophila
Polysperma ​were used in the
experiment.
In order to ensure that the
Hygrophila Polysperma w ​ ill
have uniform properties, the
sample of ​Hygrophila
Polysperma ​were all sourced
from a single shop (Fishy
Habits, Recto, Metro Manila,
Philippines).

6. The volume of water in each
sample.
As mentioned a while ago, water All of the water level in all
samples naturally have dissolved samples were maintained at 300
oxygen in them. Therefore, ml.
increasing the water sample in
one container as compared to
another will result in the
inaccuracies of the data.
Therefore, it is important to
maintain a constant water level
in all set-ups.

7. The time when recordings
were made
To ensure that the effect of
potassium on the dissolved
oxygen production of
Hygrophila Polysperma ​is being
analyzed on regular intervals,
The recordings were made 5
minutes after each recording to
have a fair analysis of the
research question.
 the time where the recordings
were made is constant in all
set-ups

8. The source of potassium
concentration is from potassium
chloride in all set-ups
Different potassium compound Potassium Chloride is the source
will yield a different amount of of potassium concentration in all
potassium concentration when it set-ups
is dissolved in water. Therefore,
it is important for the researcher
to use one kind of potassium
compound only in all set-ups

9. The number of stirs to
dissolved the potassium
concentration.
Mixing water or any solution, in The number of stirs is limited to
general, has a risk of aeration, or 20 stirs only per set-up and trial.
mixing the atmospheric oxygen
with the water. Hence, the
number of oxygen will increase
as the number of stirs increase
too. Because of this, it is
important to maintain the
number of stirs in dissolving the
potassium chloride in the water
in all set-ups.

6. Methodology
6.1 Materials Needed
Materials Needed Quantity Absolute Percentage Why Needed
Measured Uncertainty Uncertainty

400 ml beaker NA ±5% NA This will be the

storage of the
plant when mixed
with the
potassium
concentration

Dissolved oxygen NA ±1.0% NA This will ensure

sensor the amount of
dissolved oxygen
in the water

Ruler NA ±1.0 cm NA This will be used

to measure 3
inches of the
Hygrophila
polysperma
 Scissor NA NA NA This will be used
to cut the
Hygrophila
polysperma

Digital balance NA ±1.0 gram NA This will be used

scale to measure the
amount of
potassium
chloride needed
per set-up

Distilled water NA ±5% NA Distilled water

will be utilized to
prevent impurities
in water to alter
the result of the
experiment

Hygrophila NA ±1.0 cm NA Test subject

polysperma

Stirrer NA NA NA Used to mix the

potassium
chloride in water

Potassium Set-up 1 ±1.0 gram NA Will be used to

Chloride (Control): 0 gram increase the
Set-up 2: 1 gram oxygen
Set-up 3: 2 grams production of
Hygrophila
Set-up 4: 3 grams
polysperma
Set-up 5: 4 grams

6.2 Procedure
I drafted this procedure on my own for my IA.
1. Fill the beaker with distilled water up to the 300 ml line.
2. Get a piece of ​Hygrophila polysperma. ​Using a ruler, measure 3 inches of the plant and place it inside
the 300 ml beaker filled with water. As much as possible, utilize the leafy portion of the plant to
maximize oxygen production.
3. For all set-ups, using a dissolved oxygen meter, measure first the preliminary amount of dissolved
oxygen before potassium chloride will be added to each set-up (except for set-up 1).
4. Using a digital scale, measure the amount of potassium chloride needed per set-up. Repeat the
experiment five times per set-up.
● Set-up 1(control): 0 grams of potassium chloride
● Set-up 2: 1 gram of potassium chloride
 ● Set-up 3: 2 grams of potassium chloride
● Set-up 4: 3 grams of potassium chloride
● Set-up 5:4 grams of potassium chloride
5. Mix the respective amount of potassium chloride to the beaker together with the ​Hygrophila
polysperma ​and stir 20 times only.
6. Record the amount of dissolved oxygen in each trial after 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 minutes.
7. Repeat this procedure 5 times per set-up.
6.3 Picture of the Set-up

Figure 1: Picture of the set-up from my methodology

6.4 Risk-Assessment
Chemicals Used Why is it Harmful Safety Measures Observed

Potassium Chloride
Even though Potassium Chloride Gloves and masks were used
in a minute amount is pretty safe when measuring and handling
to human contact; however, potassium chloride throughout
contact with a large amount of the experiment proper.
Potassium Chloride might cause
complications such as nasal and
skin irritation (“POTASSIUM
CHLORIDE,”​ n​ .d.)

Disposal Method All distilled water infected with Potassium

Chloride is placed in a bottle after each
experiment and discarded properly in accordance
with Manila’s environmental law.

Ethical Consideration There are no animals harmed in this IA.

Therefore, there are no ethical considerations for
 this IA.

7. Data Gathering and Processing

7.1 Raw Data
(Please see appendix for the full list of raw data gathered)
7.2 Processed Data
7.2.1 Calculating the Average Amount of Dissolved Oxygen per Trial
Table 7.2.1.1. Processed Data of the Average Amount of Dissolved Oxygen ​ (±1.0%) ​through Different
Time Intervals
Amount of Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved
Potassium Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen
Chloride Production Production Production Production Production Production
(grams) (% (% (% (% (% (%
Saturation) Saturation) Saturation) Saturation) Saturation) Saturation)
(±1.0%)​ and (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%)
Hygrophila after 5 after 10 after 15 after 20 after 25
polysperma minutes minutes minutes minutes minutes
(​±1.0 cm)

0 gram 18.58% 18.85% 18.90% 18.89% 18.93% 18.90%

1 gram 18.90% 18.95% 18.95% 18.94% 18.93% 18.91%

2 grams 18.90% 18.97% 19.01% 19.03% 19.04% 19.03%

3 grams 18.60% 18.92% 18.98% 19.02% 19.03% 19.06%

4 grams 19.02% 19.58% 19.66% 19.73% 19.78% 19.82%

The formula for calculation of each average =​ T rial 1 + T rial 2 + T rial

5
3 + T rial 4 + T rial 5

For example, calculating the initial average amount of dissolved oxygen in set-up 1:
The formula for calculation of each average =​ T rial 1 + T rial 2 + T rial
5
3 + T rial 4 + T rial 5

19.20 + 19.20 + 18.30 + 18.15 + 18.06

= 5
= 18.58
7.2.2. Presentation of the Average Amount of Dissolved Oxygen per Trial in a Graph
Table 6: Processed Data of the Average Amount of Dissolved Oxygen (% Saturation) ​ (±1.0%) ​through
Different Time Intervals (min)
 Different Time Intervals (min)
(The treadline and data value of each point weren’t stated because it is overlapping)
As we can see from the graph, the greatest effect of inducing potassium chloride on the system is from 0
minutes to 5 minutes. After this, the effect of potassium chloride is still visible, but with minimal effect on
dissolved oxygen already. Furthermore, it is evident that on some periods, the effect of potassium chloride
is decreasing (1 gram). This is suggestive that potassium chloride is being taken and used up by
Hygrophila polysperma ​in manufacturing its dissolved oxygen. The greatest increase of dissolved oxygen
is greatest on the 4 grams, from 0 to 5 minutes.
7.2.3 One-way ANOVA Test Run
One way ANOVA (analysis of variance) test will be performed in order if there is a relation
between the dissolved oxygen production of ​Hygrophila polysperma​ with the increasing amount of
potassium chloride.
H O (Null hypothesis) = There is no significant difference with increasing potassium chloride
concentration to the oxygen production of ​Hygrophila polysperma
H 1 (Alternate Hypothesis) = There is a significant difference with increasing potassium chloride
concentration with the oxygen production of ​Hygrophila polysperma
Table 7: Processed Data of the result of the one way ANOVA test in Microsoft excel
 One way of measuring the relation of oxygen production and increasing potassium concentration
in ANOVA is the p-value test. If the p-value is less than the alpha level selected which is 0.05, then the
null hypothesis can be rejected because it means that the two variables are different (Singh, 2018). The
p-value of the data presented above is 1.4 x 10 −7 . Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.
One-way ANOVA test is useful only in determining that two variables are different. However,
this test wouldn’t be able to determine which variation (interval level) of the dependent variable is
different through its means (Singh, 2018). Because of this, a further test is still needed to be performed.
In order to determine which group has the highest effect on the amount of oxygen production, the
Bonferroni approach test was performed.
7.2.4 Bonferroni Approach Test
(Please see appendix for the full list of the Bonferroni Approach Test)
The p-value of a test is less than the alpha level selected (0.05), this means that the independent variable is
effective (Singh, 2018). Since the Bonferroni test of 0 gram vs 4 grams has the least value of p-value
(0.000191), it means that 4 grams are the most effective way of increasing the amount of dissolved
oxygen production of ​Hygrophila polysperma.
Analyzing this data further, the p-value of each independent variable will be averaged.
Table 7.2.3.6: Average of each p-test
Grams Average

0 gram 0.117415

1 gram 0.27397275

2 grams 0.11503325
 3 grams 0.419502

4 grams 0.001866
For example, calculating the average of 0 gram:
0.133326 + 0.022811 + 0.313332 +0.000191
4 = 0.117415
Based on this calculation, the p-value of 4 grams has the least amount of value. Therefore, it is the
most effective way of increasing the amount of dissolved oxygen in the production of ​Hygrophila
polysperma.
7.2.5 Line of Best Fit and Linear Regression
In order to show that there is a strong relationship between the independent (potassium chloride
concentration) and the dependent (dissolved oxygen production) variable, the graph of the average
amount of dissolved oxygen production (% saturation) will be graphed against the amount of potassium
chloride concentration (gram).
For example, solving for the average amount of dissolved oxygen in 0 gram in all time intervals:
18.58 + 18.85 +18.90 + 18.89 + 18.93 + 18.90
6 = 18.84

The Pearson correlation index of 0.641 shows a positive and strong relationship between
dissolved oxygen production and the increasing potassium chloride concentration. Therefore,
there increasing the concentration of potassium chloride in the water where ​Hygrophila
polysperma ​is located will increase its dissolved oxygen production.
7.2.6 Calculation for Maximum Percent Error
U ncertainty of Apparatus U sed to M easure the Dependent V ariable
Maximum = Lowest Dependent V ariable V alue x 100
 0.01
= 18.06 x 100
= 0.06%
8. Conclusion
Through the one-way ANOVA test, I was able to show that there is a significant difference
between dissolved oxygen production of ​Hygrophila polysperma​ and inducing potassium compound​.
Through the ​Bonferroni approach, I was able to show that 4 grams would best increase the amount of
potassium in ​Hygrophila polysperma w ​ ould be able to increase its dissolved oxygen production.
Therefore, going back to my research question, I was able to show that inducing potassium compound can
increase the production of dissolved oxygen in ​Hygrophila polysperma
9. Evaluation
9.1 Strength of Methodology
Strength Justification

The amount of dissolved oxygen was measured
first before adding the potassium chloride to the
set-up
In this manner, the increase in the amount of
dissolved oxygen which was measured can be
accurately attributed to the induction of potassium
chloride in the system. Therefore, the amount of
dissolved oxygen increase caused by the induction
of potassium chloride in the system can also be
calculated using this formula:
Amount of Dissolved Oxygen Caused by the
introduction of Potassium Chloride = Recordings
after 5 minutes - initial recording

A dissolved oxygen meter, with low uncertainty, The traditional method of determining the amount
was used in order to measure the amount of of dissolved oxygen which is the Winkler Method.
dissolved oxygen per trial and set-up However, this method has high uncertainty.
Therefore, using a DO meter is a strength.

9.2 Weakness of Methodology

Weakness Justification Recommendation for Future
Researchers

Beaker is used instead of Using beaker, instead of DO I recommend if someone wants

Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Bottle
Bottle, in an experiment where to repeat this experiment, use
dissolved oxygen is being DO Bottle to reduce the
measured can cause a lot of uncertainty in the data.
percent error. Furthermore, in
my methodology there is a lot of
mixing and stirring involved,
this has the potential to cause the
atmospheric oxygen to be
dissolved in the water being
tested in a process called
 aeration.

The portion of the stem cut has
an unequal distribution of leaves
The plant organ involved with
photosynthesis is leaves.
Therefore, this unequal
distribution of leaves in the test
sample has the potential to cause
uncertainties because the higher
the leaf content of a sample, the
higher the amount of dissolved
oxygen because there will be
more organ performing
photosynthesis.
For future researcher, I suggest
counting the number of leaves
that he/she will be placed in
each test. This is to ensure that
all test will have an equal
amount of leaves; hence, the
uncertainty of the data will be
reduced.

Only one compound of
potassium is tested.
The research question and the For future researchers, I suggest
background information states testing other potassium
that it is the potassium compounds such as Potassium
compound which is inducing the Nitrate and Potassium Iodide.
amount of dissolved oxygen in
plants. However, since 1
potassium compound is tested
only, there is a chance that it is
not the potassium compound
who is increasing the DO level,
but instead, it is the chloride
concentration.

10. Appendices
Table 7.1.1. Dissolved Oxygen Production ​(% saturation)​ (±1.0%) of ​Hygrophila polysperma ​(​±1.0 cm)
over 25 minutes with 0.00 grams of Potassium Concentration (​±1.0 gram)
Set-up 1 Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved
(control) Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen
Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati
on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water
(% (% (% (% (% (%
saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation)
(​±1.0%​) and (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%)
Hygrophila after 5 after 10 after 15 after 20 after 25
polysperma Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes
(​±1.0 cm)

Trial 1 19.20% 19.32% 19.32% 19.36% 19.38% 19.33%

Trial 2 19.20% 19.33% 19.32% 19.33% 19.39% 19.41%

Trial 3 18.30% 18.63% 18.78% 18.82% 18.80% 18.78%

Trial 4 18.15% 18.51% 18.55% 18.57% 18.50% 18.44%

Trial 5 18.06% 18.45% 18.55% 18.39% 18.57% 18.54%

Table 7.1.2.: Dissolved Oxygen Production ​(% saturation)​ (±1.0%) of ​Hygrophila polysperma (​ ​±1.0 cm)
over 25 minutes with 1.00 grams of Potassium Concentration (​±1.0 gram)
Set-up 2 Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved
Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen
Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati
on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water
(% (% (% (% (% (%
saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation)
(±1.0%)​ and (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%)
Hygrophila after 5 after 10 after 15 after 20 after 25
polysperma Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes
(​±1.0 cm)

Trial 1 19.09% 19.12% 19.12% 19.10% 19.10% 19.07%

Trial 2 19.04% 19.10% 19.06% 19.06% 19.06% 19.04%

Trial 3 18.78% 18.83% 18.86% 18.88% 18.84% 18.82%

Trial 4 18.64% 18.69% 18.71% 18.68% 18.68% 18.64%

Trial 5 18.97% 18.99% 19.00% 18.98% 18.98% 18.97%

Table 7.1.3. Dissolved Oxygen Production ​(% saturation)​ (±1.0%) of ​Hygrophila polysperma ​(​±1.0 cm)
over 25 minutes with 2.00 grams of Potassium Concentration (​±1.0 gram)
Set-up 3 Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved
Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen
Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati
on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water
(% (% (% (% (% (%
saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation)
(±1.0%)​ and (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%)
Hygrophila after 5 after 10 after 15 after 20 after 25
polysperma Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes
(​±1.0 cm)

Trial 1 19.29% 19.39% 19.45% 19.48% 19.50% 19.47%

Trial 2 19.17% 19.25% 19.31% 19.35% 19.37% 19.36%

Trial 3 18.67% 18.74% 18.78% 18.76% 18.76% 18.78%

Trial 4 18.67% 18.71% 18.75% 18.77% 18.79% 18.79%

Trial 5 18.71% 18.76% 18.78% 18.80% 18.78% 18.75%
Table 7.1.4. Dissolved Oxygen Production ​(% saturation)​ (±1.0%) of ​Hygrophila polysperma (​ ​±1.0 cm)
over 25 minutes with 3.00 grams of Potassium Concentration (​±1.0 gram)
Set-up 4 Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved
Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen
Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati
on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water
(% (% (% (% (% (%
saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation)
(±1.0%)​ and (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%)
Hygrophila after 5 after 10 after 15 after 20 after 25
polysperma Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes
(​±1.0 cm)

Trial 1 18.67% 18.90% 18.98% 18.96% 18.93% 18.98%

Trial 2 18.62% 18.91% 19.05% 19.10% 19.07% 19.11%

Trial 3 18.60% 18.91% 18.93% 18.97% 18.97% 18.96%

Trial 4 18.57% 18.97% 18.98% 19.07% 19.11% 19.13%

Trial 5 18.54% 18.93% 18.94% 19.00% 19.06% 19.11%

Table 7.1.5. Dissolved Oxygen Production ​(% saturation)​ (±1.0%) of ​Hygrophila polysperma (​ ​±1.0 cm)
over 25 minutes with 3.00 grams of Potassium Concentration (​±1.0 gram)
Set-up 5 Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved Dissolved
Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen Oxygen
Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati Concentrati
on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water on of Water
(% (% (% (% (% (%
saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation) saturation)
(±1.0%)​ and (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%) (±1.0%)
Hygrophila after 5 after 10 after 15 after 20 after 25
polysperma Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes Minutes
(​±1.0 cm)

Trial 1 19.04% 19.57% 19.61% 19.70% 19.74% 19.81%

Trial 2 19.27% 19.63% 19.69% 19.76% 19.80% 19.83%

Trial 3 18.92% 19.45% 19.52% 19.57% 19.64% 19.71%

Trial 4 19.01% 19.69% 19.81% 19.84% 19.90% 19.93%

Trial 5 18.84% 19.57% 19.69% 19.76% 19.81% 19.84%

Table 7.2.3.1: Bonferroni Approach Test of 0 gram vs 1 gram

Table 7.2.3.2: Bonferroni Approach Test of 0 gram vs 2 grams

Table 7.2.3.3: Bonferroni Approach Test of 0 gram vs 3 grams

Table 7.2.3.4: Bonferroni Approach Test of 0 gram vs 4 grams

Table 7.2.3.5: Bonferroni Approach of 1 gram vs 2 grams

Table 7.2.3.5: Bonferroni Approach of 1 gram vs 3 grams

Table 7.2.3.5: Bonferroni Approach of 1 gram vs 4 grams

Table 7.2.3.5: Bonferroni Approach of 2 gram vs 3 grams

Table 7.2.3.5: Bonferroni Approach of 2 gram vs 4 grams

Table 7.2.3.5: Bonferroni Approach of 3 gram vs 4 grams

11. References

Dissolved Oxygen. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2019, from

https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/dissolved-oxy
gen

POTASSIUM CHLORIDE. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2019, from

http://terpconnect.umd.edu/~choi/MSDS/J.T.Baker/POTASSIUM CHLORIDE.htm

Singh, G. (2018, January 15). A Simple Introduction to ANOVA (with applications in Excel). Retrieved
February 16, 2019, from
https://www.analyticsvidhya.com/blog/2018/01/anova-analysis-of-variance/

Tacio, H. D. (n.d.). FISH KILL: Gasping for breath. Retrieved March 5, 2019, from
http://edgedavao.net/science/2018/03/13/fish-kill-gasping-breath/

Tajer, A. (2016, June 3). What's the function of Potassium in plants? Retrieved March 10, 2019, from
https://www.greenwaybiotech.com/blogs/news/179881351-whats-the-function-of-potassium-in-pl
ants