Suggested Answers To Exercise, Reading To Learn and Cross-Topic Exercise

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Book 1B
Suggested answers to Exercise,

Reading to learn and Cross-topic
exercise
MS Word file is available in Teaching Resource Centre:
https://trc.oupchina.com.hk/biology
The overseas examination boards bear no responsibility for the suggested answers contained in
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Ch 7 Gas exchange in humans

Exercise
Section 7.1
Level 1 (p. 7-33)
1 C 2 C
Level 2 (p. 7-33)

3 a Cartilage 1
b Layer X contains mucus-secreting cells. 1
These cells secrete mucus to trap dust particles and microorganisms in the inhaled air.
1
Layer X also contains ciliated epithelial cells. 1
The cilia beat to sweep the mucus towards the pharynx. 1
c When the smooth muscles relax, the diameter of the lumen of the bronchus increases.
1
More air can enter the lungs for gas exchange 1
so that more oxygen can be transported to muscle cells for respiration / more carbon
dioxide can be removed during exercise. 1
Section 7.2
Level 1 (p. 7-33)
4 D 5 D
Level 2 (p. 7-34)

6 C 7 B 8 A 9 D
-1- © Oxford University Press 2020

Book 1B
10 CE Bio 2008 I Q3
11 DSE CS Practice Paper IB Q4
Level 3 (p. 7-35)

12 B 13 B
Section 7.3
Level 1 (p. 7-36)
14 A
15 a high 1
b diffusion 1
c haemoglobin 1
d oxyhaemoglobin 1
e oxygenated 1
16 a The level of oxygen in the air at high altitude was lower than that at sea level. 1
The concentration gradient of oxygen between the air in the air sacs and the blood in
the capillaries was less steep at high altitude. 1
Therefore, oxygen diffused across the walls of air sacs and capillaries into the blood
more slowly. 1
As a result, less oxygen was transported by the red blood cells to the body cells for
respiration. Hence, the person felt tired. 1
b A higher rate of breathing increases the volume of air inhaled per unit time 1
so that the concentration gradient of oxygen between the air sacs and the capillaries
can be maintained / more oxygen is available for gas exchange. 1
c The production of more red blood cells increases the oxygen-carrying capacity of
blood. 1
Level 2 (p. 7-36)

17 CE Bio 2005 I Q4
Section 7.4
Level 1 (p. 7-37)
18 A
Level 2 (p. 7-37)

19 B 20 B 21 D 22 C

Book 1B
Level 3 (p. 7-38)

23 C
24 DSE Bio 2017 IB Q5
Reading to learn (p. 7-39)

1 Since inhalation involves contraction of the breathing muscles, 1
patients who have lost control of their breathing muscles cannot inhale on their own. 1
Exhalation does not involve contraction of the breathing muscles / is a passive process in a
person at rest. 1
The recoiling of the stretched elastic fibres of the lungs after assisted inhalation also helps
force air out of the lungs. 1
2 Iron lung 1
3 Movement of the patient is restricted. 1
(or other reasonable answers)
4 To prevent the moist respiratory surface (air sacs) from drying out. 1
Ch 8 Transport in humans
Exercise
Section 8.2
Level 1 (p. 8-40)
1 D 2 B 3 C 4 B
5 B
7 a X: plasma Y: blood cells 2

b i Water / carbon dioxide / nutrients / urea / hormones / antibodies / fibrinogen
(any 2) 2
ii As medium for transporting substances 1
c Y contains red blood cells, 1
which are red in colour due to the presence of haemoglobin. 1
Level 2 (p. 8-41)

8 A 9 D 10 A 11 D

Book 1B
12 C 13 C
14 a The wall of blood vessel X (capillary) is made up of one-cell thick endothelium, 1

which provides a short distance for rapid diffusion of materials. 1
Blood vessel Y (artery) has a thick wall 1
to withstand a high blood pressure. 1
b Cell P has a biconcave disc shape, 1
which provides a higher surface area to volume ratio 1
to facilitate the diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide. 1
c The blood supply to the cardiac muscles decreases. 1
Therefore, the amount of nutrients and oxygen delivered to the cardiac muscles
reduces. 1
The heart fails to pump blood properly. This can lead to coronary heart diseases. 1
15 CE Bio 2010 I Q3
16 a The blood pressure at X is much higher than that at Y. 1

The blood at X is under the pumping action of the heart whereas the blood at Y is not.
/
The blood at Y has overcome great resistance of the blood vessel walls after
travelling a long distance away from the heart. /
Some fluid is lost from the blood during the formation of tissue fluid.
(any 2) 1×2
b The rate of blood flow drops to nearly zero in the capillaries. 1
This provides more time 1
for the exchange of materials between the blood and body cells. 1
c The rate of blood flow is maintained by the contraction of skeletal muscles lying next
to the veins. 1
The total cross-sectional area of the veins is smaller than that of the capillaries. 1
Since the volume of blood passing through each section of the blood vessel per unit
time is the same, the rate of blood flow increases. 1
Level 3 (p. 8-43)

17 D 18 C 19 B 20 C
21 a i Heart tendon 1
ii P (tricuspid valves) separate the right atrium from the right ventricle. 1
Q holds P in place to prevent P from turning inside out when the ventricle
contracts. 1

Book 1B
b i chamber X (right ventricle) → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins

→ left atrium → chamber Y (left ventricle) 2
ii The wall of chamber Y is thicker than that of chamber X 1
because chamber Y has to provide a greater force to pump blood to all parts of
the body except the lungs, 1
whereas chamber X pumps blood for only a short distance to the lungs. 1
c i Chamber X contains deoxygenated blood. 1
Chamber Y contains oxygenated blood. 1
ii If there is a hole in structure T, oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood in the
two sides of the heart will mix together. The oxygen content in the blood
pumped out of the heart will decrease. 1
The heart has to pump harder to meet the oxygen demand of body cells. 1
Section 8.3
Level 1 (p. 8-44)
23 C 24 D 25 D 26 B
27 CE Bio 2008 I Q9b
28 a i Proteins are found in plasma but not in tissue fluid. 1

This is because proteins are too large in size. 1
They cannot pass through the capillary wall. 1
ii The concentrations of sodium ions in plasma and tissue fluid are the same. 1
Sodium ions are very small. They are being forced out of the capillary wall into
the tissue fluid. 1
b Tissue fluid provides a constant environment for body cells. /
Tissue fluid serves as an important link for the exchange of materials between
capillaries and body cells. 1
Level 2 (p. 8-45)

29 B 30 C 31 C
32 a i The blood at P has a higher protein concentration than the tissue fluid at R. 1
Plasma proteins in blood are too large to pass through the capillary walls. They
cannot enter the tissue fluid. 1
ii The blood at Q has a higher protein concentration than the blood at P. 1
It is because at Q, some water in the blood is forced out of the capillary walls but
plasma proteins remain in the capillary. 1

Book 1B
b The presence of plasma proteins lowers the water potential of the blood in the
capillary at the venule end. 1
There is a net movement of water from the tissue fluid into the blood 1
by osmosis. 1
c Starvation leads to a low protein concentration in the blood. 1
Water potential of the blood is higher than normal, and thus less water in the tissue
fluid is drawn into the capillary. 1
Level 3 (p. 8-46)

33 A 34 C
Section 8.4
Level 1 (p. 8-47)
35 A 36 C
37 B 1
A 1
38 a i Lymph node 1
ii White blood cells in X kill germs that enter the lymphatic system. 1
Germs are filtered out from the lymph before the lymph is returned to the blood.
1
b Lymph is kept flowing very slowly by the contraction of skeletal muscles which
surround vessel Y. 1
Valves are present in vessel Y to prevent the backflow of lymph. 1
Level 2 (p. 8-47)

39 Tissue fluid forms continuously as blood flows along capillaries. 1
If lymph vessels are blocked, tissue fluid in surrounding tissues cannot be transported
away. 1
The accumulation of tissue fluid results in swelling of legs. 1
Level 3 (p. 8-47)


1 Plasma 1
2 The nitrogen forms bubbles that may expand. 1
The bubbles injure tissues and block blood vessels in the joints, causing severe pain. 1

Book 1B
3 For people having a hole in the septum, some of the oxygenated blood becomes mixed
with the deoxygenated blood through the hole in the septum. 1
The oxygen content in the blood flowing to body cells becomes lower than normal. 1
When there are air bubbles in the blood, it further reduces the oxygen content in the blood,
leading to more severe symptoms. 1
Cross-topic exercise 3
Multiple-choice questions (p. 8-50)
1 B 2 A 3 C 4 D
5 B 6 A 7 D 8 C
9 B 10 C 11 A 12 A
13 B
Short questions (p. 8-52)

14 Rate of oxygen diffusion would be lower in the abnormal heart. 1
Blood entering the lungs from an abnormal heart has a higher oxygen concentration (8
kPa) than blood entering the lungs from a normal heart (5 kPa). 1
Therefore, the concentration difference between the alveoli/air sacs and the blood is
smaller in the case of abnormal heart. 1
The rate of diffusion is higher when the concentration gradient is steeper. 1
Since the surface area of the alveoli/air sacs and the distance for diffusion are not affected,
1
a smaller concentration difference of oxygen between the alveoli/air sacs and the blood
results in a lower rate of oxygen diffusion. 1
15 a The water potential difference between the blood at the venule end of the capillaries
and the tissue fluid becomes smaller. 1
Less tissue fluid returns to the blood at the venule end of the capillaries by osmosis.
1
Hence, tissue fluid accumulates. 1
b Meat / fish / eggs / milk 1
16 a i P: vein 1
Q: artery 1
ii Aorta / pulmonary artery / hepatic artery / renal artery / coronary artery 1
b Q has a thick wall 1
which allows Q to withstand high blood pressure. 1
c P 1
Hydrogencarbonate ions 1

Book 1B
17 a Blood pressure in the artery is very high. 1

b When water is added to the donated blood, the water potential of the blood becomes
higher than that of the blood cells. 1
Water enters the blood cells 1
by osmosis. 1
The cells will burst eventually as they do not have cell walls. 1
18 a Blood clotting 1
b Serum 1
c Temperature, pH, presence of inhibitors 3
d Antibodies / hormones 1
Structured questions (p. 8-54)

19 CE Bio 2004 I Q3c
20 a i A: transports oxygen 1
B: platelet 1
C: plasma, medium for transporting substance 2
ii Red blood cell does not have a nucleus while white blood cell has a nucleus. /
Red blood cell has a biconcave disc shape while white blood cell has an irregular
shape. /
The size of a red blood cell is smaller than that of a white blood cell. /
The number of red blood cells is higher than that of white blood cells.
(any 2) 1×2
b The abnormal cell carries less oxygen compared to a normal cell. 1
Less oxygen is available for body cells to carry out respiration. Therefore, patients
with this disease lack energy and become tired easily. 1
c Only one red blood cell can pass through the capillary at a time. 1
The slow movement of red blood cells in the capillary allows more time for the
exchange of gases 1
by diffusion. 1
21 a A: artery 1
B: capillary 1
b The wall of vessel B is one-cell thick. 1
This provides a short distance for rapid diffusion of materials. 1
c Concentration gradient, temperature and surface area. 3
d i There will be a net movement of water from the solution into the red blood cells
by osmosis. 1
The red blood cells will swell and finally burst. 1

Book 1B
ii There will be a net movement of water from red blood cells into the solution by
osmosis. 1
The red blood cells will shrink. 1
22 CE Human Bio 2005 I Q4c
23 a
Correct title 1
Correct axes with units 1
Correct plotting of curve 1
b The percentage of carboxyhaemoglobin increases with carbon monoxide
concentration. 1
The increase is steady. 1
c 8.4–9% 1
d When we inhale, the carbon monoxide in the air flows into air sacs through the
respiratory tract. 1
Carbon monoxide in inhaled air dissolves in the water film lining the air sacs. 1
Since the concentration of carbon monoxide in the water film is higher than that of
the blood, 1

Book 1B
dissolved carbon monoxide in the water film diffuses across the walls of the air sacs
and the capillaries into the blood. 1
Carbon monoxide then diffuses into the red blood cells, where it combines with the
haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin. 1
e High carbon monoxide concentration in the inhaled air leads to high percentage of
carboxyhaemoglobin in blood. 1
Therefore, the amount of oxygen that can be carried by red blood cells decreases. 1
Body cells cannot obtain sufficient amount of oxygen to carry out respiration. 1
Body cells may die eventually due to the lack of energy. 1
24 a (7.13 –5.42) / 5.42 × 100% 1

= 31.5% 1
b The average number of red blood cells is larger in people living at a high altitude. 1
As the air pressure at a high altitude is lower, the larger number of red blood cells
allows the blood to pick up oxygen more efficiently. 1
The blood can pick up more oxygen 1
and so more oxygen can be carried to body cells for respiration 1
to release energy for supporting physical activities. 1
This helps improve a person’s physical performance.
25 CE Bio 2001 I Q3b i-iii
Essays (p. 8-58)

26 AL Bio 2012 II Q5a, b
27 Protein is digested in the stomach by the action of pepsin / protease into peptides. 1
Pancreatic juice produced by the pancreas is secreted to the duodenum through the
pancreatic duct. 1
Pancreatic juice contains proteases which catalyse the breakdown of proteins into peptides
and peptides into amino acids. 1
The epithelium of the small intestine has specialized cells with proteases on their cell
membrane. 1
The proteases catalyse the breakdown of peptides into amino acids. 1
Amino acids are absorbed into the capillaries in the villi by diffusion and active transport
in the small intestine. 1
The amino acids absorbed are transported to the liver by hepatic portal vein. 1
The blood then flows through the hepatic vein and the posterior vena cava to the heart. 1
After passing through the pulmonary circulation, the blood with amino acids is pumped to
different parts of the body through the aorta by the heart. 1
Communication 3
- 10 - © Oxford University Press 2020

Book 1B
Ch 9 Nutrition and gas exchange in plants

Exercise
Section 9.1
Level 1 (p. 9-22)
1 C
2 a autotrophs 1
b carbon dioxide 1
c light 1
d oxygen 1
e minerals 1
Level 2 (p. 9-22)

3 D 4 D 5 D 6 C
7 C
8 a Field Z 1
In field Z, the crop yield in both field parts was high. 1
Applying extra nitrate to field Z did not improve the crop yield. 1
b Field Y has the lowest crop yield among the three fields. 1
Applying extra nitrate to field Y did not improve the crop yield. 1
This indicates that the growth of crops in field Y is not limited by the amount of
nitrate in the field. 1
c Part of the nitrate in the fields was absorbed by the crops to synthesize useful
materials such as proteins and nucleic acids. 1
Section 9.2
Level 1 (p. 9-23)
9 C
10 B 1
D 1
C 1
11 a A test tube containing hydrogencarbonate indicator only. 1

b This prevents the outside air from entering the test tubes and reacting with the
hydrogencarbonate indicator. 1

Book 1B
c i The hydrogencarbonate indicator turned yellow. 1

The leaf in test tube Y was in complete darkness. Only respiration and no
photosynthesis occurred. 1
As a result, the carbon dioxide concentration in the test tube increased and the
hydrogencarbonate indicator turned yellow. 1
ii The hydrogencarbonate indicator remained red. 1
The leaf in test tube Z was under dim light conditions. The rate of
photosynthesis of the leaf was similar to that of respiration. 1
As a result, the carbon dioxide concentration in the test tube remained fairly
stable and the hydrogencarbonate indicator remained red. 1
Level 2 (p. 9-24)

12 A 13 A 14 B 15 D
16 C 17 D
18 a The actual rate of oxygen release of plant P

= 4 + 2 units
= 6 units 1
Assumption: the rate of respiration of the plant is constant throughout the experiment.
1
b 1 unit of light intensity 1
At this level of light intensity, the rate of oxygen release is 0. 1
This indicates that the rate of photosynthesis of the plant is equal to its rate of
respiration. 1
c At 5 units of light intensity, the rate of oxygen release of plant Q is lower than that of
plant P. 1
Magnesium is essential for the synthesis of chlorophyll. 1
Without magnesium, plant Q cannot produce enough chlorophyll for photosynthesis
and hence the rate of oxygen released by photosynthesis is lowered. 1
19 a Tissue P: palisade mesophyll 1

Tissue Q: spongy mesophyll 1
b Carbon dioxide from the environment diffuses into the air space in the leaf through
the stomata. 1
The carbon dioxide dissolves in the water film on the surfaces of the cells of tissue Q.
1
Dissolved carbon dioxide then diffuses to the neighbouring cells until it reaches the
cells of tissue P. 1
c The cells of tissue Q are loosely packed. This provides a larger surface area for
exchange of gases between air and cells. 1

Book 1B
There are numerous air spaces among the cells of tissue Q. This allows gases to
diffuse freely. 1
Level 3 (p. 9-26)


1 The plants on green walls absorb carbon dioxide (and some air pollutants) in the air and
release oxygen. 1
2 Nitrates and phosphates 2
(or other correct answers)
3 Possible method:
Install a water sensor at a certain level of the irrigation tank. 1
Connect the sensor to a buzzer and an electronic board (e.g. microbit or Arduino). 1
With proper setting in the electronic board, the buzzer sounds when the water level in the
tank falls below the sensor (i.e. the sensor becomes dry). 1
Ch 10 Transpiration, transport and support in plants

Exercise
Section 10.1
Level 1 (p. 10-44)
1 B 2 B 3 A 4 C
Level 2 (p. 10-44)

5 C 6 A 7 D 8 D
9 a The change in the reading of the measuring cylinder (i.e. water uptake) is larger than
that of the electronic balance (i.e. water loss). 1
This indicates that the plant has a net uptake of water. 1
The water retained in the plant is used for various processes, e.g. photosynthesis and
formation of new cells. 1
b The change in the readings of the electronic balance and the measuring cylinder
would become smaller. 1
As transpiration mainly takes place through the stomata in the leaves, removal of the
leaves greatly reduces the water loss of the plant by transpiration. 1

Book 1B
This, in turn, reduces the transpiration pull, which facilitates the uptake of water by
the roots. Therefore, water uptake of the plant is also reduced. 1
Level 3 (p. 10-46)

11 D
12 a The uneven thickness of the cell wall of guard cells is important in controlling the
opening and closing of stomata. 1
When the guard cells take up water from the surrounding cells, the guard cells
become turgid. 1
The thinner outer side of the cell wall expands more than the thicker inner side. 1
Therefore, the guard cells bend and the stoma opens. 1
b Direction X 1
The lines are closer in direction X. 1
This indicates that the concentration gradient of water vapour in direction X is
steeper. 1
13 DSE CS Sample Paper B Q9
Section 10.2
Level 1 (p. 10-47)
14 A
Level 2 (p. 10-47)

15 A
16 a In experiment I, the rate of absorption of phosphate ions by the roots increases as the
concentration of phosphate ions in the solution increases. 1
In experiment II, there is no absorption of phosphate ions by the roots. 1
b The root cells treated with cyanide cannot release energy by respiration. 1
When the concentration of phosphate ions in the solution is low (below 20 units), the
root cells cannot absorb phosphate ions from the solution against a concentration
gradient by active transport. 1
When the concentration of phosphate ions in the solution becomes higher than that of
the root cells (above 20 units), phosphate ions diffuse into the root cells down a
concentration gradient. 1
The diffusion rate increases as the concentration of phosphate ions in the solution
increases. 1

Book 1B
c In the cell membrane of the root cells, the number of carriers for transporting
phosphate ions is limited. 1
The curve levels off when all the carriers are occupied by phosphate ions. 1
Section 10.3
Level 1 (p. 10-47)
17 A 18 D
19 a Cell X: sieve tube 1

Cell Y: companion cell 1
A nucleus is present in cell Y but absent in cell X. 1
b Cell X is responsible for the transport of organic nutrients in the plant. 1
Cell Y supports the metabolism of cell X. 1
Level 2 (p. 10-48)

20 B 21 A 22 D
23 a Carbon dioxide containing radioactive carbon is converted to carbohydrates during

photosynthesis. 1
Then the carbohydrates are transported to different parts of the plant including the
shoot tips, fruits and roots by phloem. 1
b Radioactivity was detected above and below the leaf supplied with radioactive
carbon. 1
c The organic food transported to the fruit will be stored. 1
As the organic food transported to the shoot tip is used in respiration to release energy
for growth, radioactivity in the shoot tip is lower than that of the fruit. 1
Level 3 (p. 10-49)

24 B 25 C
Section 10.4
Level 1 (p. 10-50)
27 D 28 C
Level 2 (p. 10-50)

29 C

Book 1B
31 a The herbaceous stem will bend downwards. 1

The woody stem will remain straight. 1
b The herbaceous stem is mainly supported by the turgidity of thin-walled cells in the
stem. 1
When the herbaceous stem is put in concentrated salt solution, the thin-walled cells in
the stem lose water by osmosis and become flaccid. 1
The flaccid cells cannot provide support to the stem to resist bending. 1
Cells in the woody stem have thick and lignified cell walls. 1
The rigidity of these cells provides strong support to the stem to resist bending. 1
c Both stems will remain straight. 1
As the water potential of distilled water is higher than that of the herbaceous stem,
water enters the thin-walled cells of the herbaceous stem by osmosis. 1
The cells become turgid and give support to the stem to resist bending. 1
Level 3 (p. 10-51)

33 a i The lignin makes cell type Q hard and rigid. 1
This provides mechanical support to the plant. 1
This also prevents xylem vessels from collapsing due to the tension of
transpiration pull. 1
ii The rings of lignin allow cell type Q to elongate as the young stem grows. 1
b The low water potential of cell type P allows the cell to draw water from the xylem
vessel by osmosis and become turgid. 1
The turgidity of cell type P provides support to the stem. 1
c Water cannot be transported to the leaves due to the blockage of cell type Q. 1
The water loss from the leaves due to transpiration becomes greater than the water
uptake. 1
The cells in the leaves become flaccid and can no longer support the leaves. 1
Blockage of cell type Q also reduces the amount of minerals transported to the leaves.
Therefore, the leaves become yellow due to mineral deficiencies. 1

1 Xylem 1
2 The vascular system runs through the whole plant body. 1
3 The conductive substance is poisonous to the plant. 1
The conductive substance blocks the vascular tissue. 1
(or other reasonable answers)

Book 1B
Cross-topic exercise 4
Multiple-choice questions (p. 10-54)
1 B 2 B 3 C 4 A
5 C 6 A 7 B 8 C
9 C 10 C
Short questions (p. 10-56)

11 Transport of oxygen by diffusion can satisfy the low oxygen demand of plant cells. 1
This is because:
In general, plant cells have a lower oxygen demand than animal cells because the
metabolic rate of plant cells is low. 1
Moreover, plant cells can produce oxygen during photosynthesis. The oxygen produced
can be provided to nearby respiring tissues. 1
Plants can obtain oxygen from the environment at different parts of the body such as
leaves (through stomata), stems (through stomata or lenticels) and roots (through root
surfaces). 1
The diffusion distance of gases between the plant surface and the underlying living cells is
relatively short. 1
14
12 a CO2 diffuses into the air spaces in leaf X through the stomata. 1
Then it dissolves in the moist surface of the mesophyll cells and diffuses into the
cells. 1
b i The measured value would have been lowered. 1
This was because no photosynthesis occurred in the dark and fewer organic
nutrients were transported to the roots. 1
ii The measured value would have been lowered. 1
This was because the organic nutrients synthesized in the leaf could not be
transported to the roots through the phloem. 1
13 a The rate of transpiration of plant B is higher than that of plant A 1

because plant B is below a light and the stomata in it open wider. 1
b Flask C is a control. It can be used to check if water is lost without a plant. 1
c The rate of evaporation of water and hence the rate of transpiration of the plant
increases when the temperature increases. 1
d i Plasmolysed 1
ii Air 1
Structured questions (p. 10-58)

14 CE Bio 2011 I Q10b

Book 1B
15 CE Bio 2010 I Q2
16 a A: guard cell 1
B: stoma 1
b i Water vapour and oxygen 2
ii Use sticky tape 1
to stick a piece of dry cobalt chloride paper to the leaf surface. 1
The dry cobalt chloride paper will change from blue to pink, indicating that
water vapour passes out of the leaf. 1
Essays (p.10-60)
17 Roles in absorption:
Roots in plants absorb water and minerals while the small intestine in humans absorbs
digested food such as amino acids and fatty acids. 1
Roots absorb water-soluble substances only while the small intestine absorbs both
water-soluble and lipid-soluble substances. 1
Similarities in adaptive features:
Roots are highly branched / have many root hairs to provide a large surface area for
absorption. 1
The inner wall of the small intestine is highly folded and there are many finger-like villi to
increase the surface area for absorption. 1
The epidermis of roots and the epithelium of villi are only one-cell thick. 1
This shortens the diffusion distance for absorption. 1
Differences in adaptive features:
In plants, root hairs are long and fine. This allow them to grow between soil particles
easily and facilitates absorption of water and minerals around the soil particles. 1
In humans, peristalsis occurs in the small intestine. This allows digested food to come into
contact with villi more closely and facilitates absorption of digested food. 1
Communication 3
18 Similarities in structure:
Both humans and flowering plants have two systems of vessels, i.e. blood vessels and
lymph vessels in humans, and xylem and phloem in plants. 1
Differences in structure:
The lymph vessels join the veins near the neck while xylem and phloem are completely
separated. 1
Vessels in humans consist of living cells but in plants, xylem consists of dead cells and
phloem consists of living cells. 1
Blood vessels are elastic while xylem vessels are relatively rigid. 1

Book 1B
Similarities in transport mechanism:

In both humans and plants, a driving force is provided to move substances along vessels.
1
Differences in transport mechanism:
In humans, the heart actively pumps blood around the body. /
The elastic walls of arteries recoil to help move blood forward. /
Valves are present in veins and lymph vessels to prevent backflow of blood and lymph. /
Contraction of skeletal muscles helps squeeze blood and lymph towards the heart.
(any 3) 1×3
In plants, the transport of water is driven by the transpiration pull. There is no special
structure to push fluid forward or prevent its backflow. 1
Communication 3

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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)

Suggested answers to Exercise,

Ch 7 Gas exchange in humans

Level 2 (p. 7-33)

Level 2 (p. 7-34)

-1- © Oxford University Press 2020

11 DSE CS Practice Paper IB Q4

Level 3 (p. 7-35)

Level 2 (p. 7-36)

Level 2 (p. 7-37)

-2- © Oxford University Press 2020

Level 3 (p. 7-38)

24 DSE Bio 2017 IB Q5

25 DSE Bio 2019 IB Q5

Reading to learn (p. 7-39)

6 DSE Bio 2012 IB Q1

7 a X: plasma Y: blood cells 2

Level 2 (p. 8-41)

-3- © Oxford University Press 2020

14 a The wall of blood vessel X (capillary) is made up of one-cell thick endothelium, 1

16 a The blood pressure at X is much higher than that at Y. 1

Level 3 (p. 8-43)

-4- © Oxford University Press 2020

b i chamber X (right ventricle) → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins

22 DSE Bio 2015 IB Q11

27 CE Bio 2008 I Q9b

28 a i Proteins are found in plasma but not in tissue fluid. 1

Level 2 (p. 8-45)

-5- © Oxford University Press 2020

Level 3 (p. 8-46)

Level 2 (p. 8-47)

Level 3 (p. 8-47)

Reading to learn (p. 8-48)

-6- © Oxford University Press 2020

Short questions (p. 8-52)

-7- © Oxford University Press 2020

17 a Blood pressure in the artery is very high. 1

Structured questions (p. 8-54)

-8- © Oxford University Press 2020

22 CE Human Bio 2005 I Q4c

-9- © Oxford University Press 2020

24 a (7.13 –5.42) / 5.42 × 100% 1

25 CE Bio 2001 I Q3b i-iii

Essays (p. 8-58)

- 10 - © Oxford University Press 2020

Ch 9 Nutrition and gas exchange in plants

Level 2 (p. 9-22)

11 a A test tube containing hydrogencarbonate indicator only. 1

- 11 - © Oxford University Press 2020

c i The hydrogencarbonate indicator turned yellow. 1

Level 2 (p. 9-24)

18 a The actual rate of oxygen release of plant P

19 a Tissue P: palisade mesophyll 1

- 12 - © Oxford University Press 2020

Level 3 (p. 9-26)

21 DSE Bio 2016 IB Q11

Reading to learn (p. 9-27)

Ch 10 Transpiration, transport and support in plants

Level 2 (p. 10-44)

- 13 - © Oxford University Press 2020

10 DSE Bio 2013 IB Q6

Level 3 (p. 10-46)

13 DSE CS Sample Paper B Q9