Suggested Answers To Exercise, Reading To Learn and Cross-Topic Exercise

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Book 3
Suggested answers to Exercise,

Reading to learn and Cross-topic
exercise
MS Word file is available in Teaching Resource Centre:
https://trc.oupchina.com.hk/biology
The overseas examination boards bear no responsibility for the suggested answers contained in
this publication. Answers for HKDSE, HKCEE and HKALE questions are not available due to
copyright restrictions.
Ch 19 Ecosystems
Exercise
Section 19.1
Level 1 (p. 19-63)
1 A
Section 19.2
Level 2 (p. 19-63)
2 C
Section 19.3
Level 1 (p. 19-63)
3 B 4 B
Level 2 (p. 19-64)

5 D
6 DSE Bio 2014 IB Q5
Level 3 (p. 19-64)

7 a Barren areas often have a high light intensity due to the absence of vegetation. 1
Species W has the highest net uptake of carbon dioxide at high light intensities. 1
Therefore, species W can grow faster than other species and colonizes the barren
area. 1
b Species Y may form shade in the area. 1
-1- © Oxford University Press 2020

Book 3
The rate of carbon dioxide uptake of species W decreases significantly at low light
intensity. Therefore, the growth rate of species W will decrease. 1
Section 19.4
Level 1 (p. 19-65)
9 A
Level 2 (p. 19-66)

11 A 12 B 13 A 14 C
15 D
16 a Q 1
Because radioactivity appears in Q first. 1
b P should be the secondary consumer which feeds on Q in this area. 1
As P feeds on a large number of Q, the concentration of radioactive nitrogen in P is
higher than that of Q. 1
c Egestion of undigested materials 1
Excretion of urea 1
Level 3 (p. 19-67)

17 D
Section 19.5
Level 1 (p. 19-67)
19 D
20 a Root nodules 1
b The relationship is mutualism. 1
The bacteria convert nitrogen gas into ammonium compounds, which can be taken up
by the plants for growth. 1
The plant provides shelter and food to the bacteria. 1
c Lightning 1
Lightning turns nitrogen in the atmosphere into nitrogen oxides, which then dissolve
in rainwater to form nitrate ions. 1

Book 3
Free-living nitrogen fixing bacteria in the soil convert nitrogen gas to ammonium
compounds. 1
When nitrogen fixing bacteria die, they are decomposed by decomposers. As a result,
the ammonium compounds are released into the soil. 1
(or other reasonable answers)
Level 2 (p. 19-68)

21 B 22 C 23 B 24 B
25 D 26 C 27 B 28 C
29 D
30 a The level of ammonium compounds in the aquarium increased during the first 15
days 1
because the wastes produced by the fish were decomposed by bacteria. 1
The level of ammonium compounds decreased from day 15 to day 25 1
because the nitrifying bacteria converted the ammonium compounds into nitrites. 1
b The level of nitrites decreased while the level of nitrates increased from day 25 to day
45. 1
The nitrifying bacteria converted nitrites into nitrates. 1
c The amount of nitrates in the aquarium decreased after day 45. This indicates that the
plants absorbed nitrates in the water. 1
Level 3 (p. 19-69)

Section 19.6
Level 1 (p. 19-70)
33 D
Section 19.7
Level 1 (p. 19-70)
34 A
Level 2 (p. 19-70)

Reading to learn (p. 19-71)

Book 3
1 Mutualism 1
The maize plant is supplying a source of organic food (sugar) for the bacteria, 1
while the bacteria fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonium compounds for the maize plant
to absorb for growth. 1
2 Leguminous plants 1
3 a Nitrogen gas 1
b Proteins 1
Nucleic acids 1
 Ch 20 Photosynthesis
Exercise
Section 20.1
Level 1 (p. 20-40)
1 B 2 D
Level 2 (p. 20-40)

3 A
Section 20.2
Level 1 (p. 20-40)
4 B 5 D
Level 2 (p. 20-41)

6 A 7 C
8 a Destarching removes all the starch in the leaves. This makes sure that the starch
detected at the end of the experiment is made during the experiment. 1
b Potassium hydroxide removes carbon dioxide from the air inside the test tube. 1
c
Green part Non-green part
Leaf X Brown Brown
Leaf Y Blue-black Brown
2
d No conclusion can be drawn 1
because two different variables were compared at the same time. 1
Section 20.3
Level 1 (p. 20-41)

Book 3
9 C
Level 2 (p. 20-42)

10 B
11 a The density of thylakoid in chloroplast X is higher than that in chloroplast Y. 1

Chloroplast X has more grana than chloroplast Y. 1
Chloroplast Y has more starch grains than chloroplast X. 1
b i Chloroplast Y 1
Chloroplast Y contains more starch grains. This indicates chloroplast Y
produces more carbohydrates than chloroplast X. 1
ii Chloroplast X 1
It contains more grana than chloroplast Y. This provides a large surface area to
pack more chlorophyll for absorbing light. 1
Level 3 (p. 20-42)

12 AL Bio 2012 I Q6
Section 20.4
Level 1 (p. 20-42)
13 C 14 B 15 D 16 B
Level 2 (p. 20-43)

18 C 19 D
20 AL Bio 2011 I Q5
21 a Compare the results of X and Y, when the duration of dark period increases and the
duration of light period remains unchanged, 1
the amount of photosynthetic products increases from 2 to 5 arbitrary units. 1
b The products in the light reaction are used up. Therefore, the amount of products
produced in sample Z remains unchanged. 1
c The amount of photosynthetic products would remain the same. 1
The rate of photosynthesis in sample X is limited by the dark reaction. Increasing the
light intensity would not affect the rate of dark reaction. 1
Level 3 (p. 20-44)

Book 3
22 B
23 AL Bio 2009 I Q9
Section 20.5
Level 1 (p. 20-46)
24 A
Level 2 (p. 20-46)

25 D
Section 20.6
Level 1 (p. 20-46)
26 A 27 C
Level 2 (p. 20-46)


1 The sun leaf has more layers of palisade mesophyll cells than a shade leaf. 1
This allows the sun leaf to absorb more sunlight. 1
The sun leaf has a thicker spongy mesophyll with more air spaces. 1
This allows the sun leaf to exchange gases more efficiently. 1
2
Correct shape of both curves 2

Compensation point of shade leaf lower than sun leaf 1
Higher rate of photosynthesis of shade leaf at lower light intensities 1

Book 3
Higher rate of photosynthesis of sun leaf at higher light intensities 1
 Ch 21 Respiration
Exercise
Section 21.1
Level 1 (p. 21-43)
1 A
Section 21.2
Level 1 (p. 21-43)
2 B 3 D
Level 2 (p. 21-43)

4 AL Bio 2009 I Q8
5 a X: crista 1
Y: outer membrane 1
b A smaller diameter decreases the diffusion distance. This allows molecules to diffuse
rapidly into the centre of mitochondria. 1
c Mouse Q 1
The ratio of the surface area of structure X to the surface area of structure Y in mouse
Q is higher. This indicates that the mitochondria in mouse Q contains more structure
X. 1
Structure X is packed with enzymes involved in the reactions of respiration. 1
Mitochondria with more structure X can produce more ATP for muscle contraction
during physical exercise. 1
Section 21.3
Level 1 (p. 21-44)
6 A 7 B 8 D
Level 2 (p. 21-44)

9 C 10 A 11 D
12 a From pyruvate to acetyl-CoA 1

From 6-C compound to 4-C compound 1
b From glucose to triose phosphate 1
ATP is used to activate glucose by phosphorylation. 1

Book 3
c NADH / FADH 1
d Oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. 1
13 a The seeds are sterilized to prevent the microorganisms present on the seeds from
affecting the results. 1
b The vacuum flasks are inverted to trap the warm air and minimize heat loss 1
because warm air is less dense than cold air. 1
Level 3 (p. 21-45)

14 B 15 D
16 a
Correct title 1
Correct axes with units 1
Correct plotting of curves identified with different symbols 1
Correct key 1
b The rate of production of ATP
= (8.2 – 4.7) / (25 – 15) units
= 0.35 units 1
The rate of consumption of substrate
= (2.8 – 1.6) / (25 – 15) units
= 0.12 units 1

Book 3
The ratio of the rate of production of ATP to the rate of consumption of the substrate
is 3 : 1. Therefore, three arbitrary units of ATP will be produced from the respiration
of one arbitrary unit of the substrate. 1
c Mitochondria may be damaged during the extraction process. 1
d No ATP would be produced 1
because mitochondria cannot use glucose as the substrate directly. 1
17 Similarities:
In both organelles, ATP is produced from the electron transport chain. 1
In both organelles, the electron transport chain is embedded in membranes. 1
Differences:
In chloroplasts, light energy is captured to form ATP. In mitochondria, chemical energy
stored in the food is released to form ATP. 1
In chloroplasts, ATP is formed from photophosphorylation. In mitochondria, ATP is
formed from Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. 1
In chloroplasts, chlorophyll donates electrons to the electron transport chain. In
mitochondria, the electrons are donated by NADH and FADH. 1
In chloroplasts, NADP is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. In
mitochondria, oxygen is the final electron acceptor. 1
Chloroplasts cannot produce ATP in the dark. Therefore, plants need mitochondria to
provide a steady supply of ATP in the dark. 1
Some plant cells do not have chloroplasts and ATP cannot be transported from cell to cell.
Therefore, these plant cells cannot survive without mitochondria. 1
Communication 3
Section 21.4
Level 1 (p. 21-46)
18 A
Level 2 (p. 21-46)

19 A 20 A
21 a During running, skeletal muscles also respire anaerobically to provide additional

energy for muscle contraction. 1
Pyruvate formed in glycolysis is reduced to lactic acid by NADH. Therefore, the
lactic acid concentration in the blood increases. 1
b Individual Y 1
The change in lactic acid concentration in the blood of individual Y is smaller than
that of individual X. 1

Book 3
This indicates that individual Y can remove lactic acid more efficiently. 1
c
Level 3 (p. 21-47)

Section 21.5
Level 2 (p. 21-47)
23 B

1 Aerobic respiration in skeletal muscles:
glucose + oxygen → energy + carbon dioxide + water 2
Anaerobic respiration in skeletal muscles:
glucose → energy + lactic acid 2
2 During a 100-m sprint, most of the energy is produced through the anaerobic pathway. 1
During a marathon, most of the energy is produced through the aerobic pathway. 1
3 The high intake of carbohydrates increases muscle glycogen level above normal. 1
This helps delay the time for depletion of muscle glycogen during the race. 1
Cross-topic exercise 7
Multiple-choice questions (p. 21-50)
1 D 2 C 3 D 4 C
5 A 6 C 7 C 8 A
9 D 10 B 11 C
Short questions (p. 21-52)
- 10 - © Oxford University Press 2020

Book 3
13 DSE IS 2018 I Q2
Structured questions (p. 21-52)

14 a Due to the inhibition of electron transport chain by cyanide, oxygen cannot act as the
final electron acceptor. As a result, no ATP can be produced from oxidative
phosphorylation. 1
The lack of ATP hinders the metabolism in the cells. The animals and plants may die
eventually. 1
b Cyanide is more likely to be released from the organelle at low temperatures due to
the formation of ice crystals at low temperatures. 1
Therefore, plants that cannot produce cyanide are more likely to survive at low
temperatures. / Plants that can produce cyanide are less likely to survive due to the
toxicity of cyanide. 1
When the temperature increases, herbivores become more active. 1
Therefore, plants that can produce cyanide are more likely to survive as they are less
likely to be eaten by herbivores. 1
c The percentage of clover plants that can produce cyanide in regions 2, 3 and 4 will
increase while the percentage of clover plants that cannot produce cyanide will
decrease. 1
A warmer climate is more favourable to clover plants that can produce cyanide. 1
15 a i The trees cannot tolerate high salt content 1

because water will leave the root cells by osmosis. 1
ii Barnacles feed on the plankton in the seawater. 1
They cannot obtain sufficient food if they live higher up the cliff. 1
b Chlorophyll absorbs light of wavelengths ranging from 400 to 470 nm and 650 to 680
nm. 1
These wavelengths of light cannot penetrate deep into the water. Therefore, green
seaweeds cannot carry out photosynthesis effectively in deep water. 1
Phycoerythrin absorbs light of wavelengths ranging from 500 to 600 nm. 1
These wavelengths of light can penetrate deeper into the water and can be absorbed
by phycoerythrin. As a result, red seaweeds can carry out photosynthesis effectively
in deep water. 1
16 AL Bio 2006 I Q11
17 AL Bio 2009 II Q2

Book 3
Essay (p. 21-56)

20 DSE Bio Sample Paper IB Q12
 Ch 22 Non-infectious diseases
Exercise
Section 22.1
Level 1 (p. 22-21)
1 D 2 B 3 C
Level 2 (p. 22-21)

4 a From 1900 to 2019, the number of deaths due to infectious diseases decreased 1
while the number of deaths due to non-infectious diseases increased. 1
b Better personal hygienic conditions reduced the spread of infectious diseases
between people. /
Better environmental hygiene reduced the chance of survival of pathogens in the
environment. /
People had adopted unhealthy lifestyles, such as the consumption of fast food and
being less physically active. Therefore, the risk of non-infectious diseases had
increased.
(any 2 or other reasonable answers) 1×2
5 a The patient has not obtained enough energy to meet her body’s requirement for a long
period of time. 1
Since the carbohydrates and lipids stored in her body have been used up for energy
release, 1
proteins in her muscles have been broken down to release energy. 1
b i The patient feels stressed about eating. 1
This affects her emotional health. 1
ii The patient does not obtain enough nutrients and develops various deficiency
diseases. 1
This affects her physical health. 1
Section 22.2
Level 1 (p. 22-22)
6 A 7 A 8 C 9 C

Book 3
11 a The region that is not invaded by cancer cells has cilia on its surface, while the region
invaded by cancer cells does not have cilia. 1
b Since cancer cells lack cilia, mucus cannot be swept towards the pharynx. 1
Hence, the dust particles and microorganisms trapped in the mucus cannot be
removed. 1
c More carcinogens (e.g. tar) from cigarette smoke deposit in this site. 1
d Cancer cells divide uncontrollably, forming a tumour. As the tumour grows larger, it
narrows the lumen of the bronchus. 1
This reduces the amount of air flowing into or out of the lungs. The oxygen content in
blood decreases / carbon dioxide content increases. 1
e Surgery / radiotherapy / chemotherapy (or other reasonable answers) 1
Level 2 (p. 22-23)

12 C 13 D 14 B
16 DSE IS 2013 II Q2a
17 a Positive correlation 1
b No 1
It might be just that men in the study who had lung cancer and smoked heavily were
more stressed / drank more alcohol / had a prolonged exposure to other carcinogens
(e.g. asbestos). 1
(or other reasonable answer)
c Number / occupation / any family history of lung cancer / diet / daily habits of the
men included in the study
Level 3 (p. 22-25)

20 B
21 a Saturated fats / cholesterol 1

Book 3
Fast food is usually high in saturated fats and cholesterol. Thus, eating too much fast
food can lead to high blood cholesterol levels. 1
When these fatty substances in blood are in excess, some of them deposits within the
wall of the coronary artery. This results in the formation of plaque. 1
b During exercise, the workload of the heart increases as skeletal muscles require more
oxygen and glucose for respiration. 1
Since the lumen of the coronary artery is narrowed, less blood flows to the cardiac
muscles, thus reducing the supply of oxygen and glucose to cardiac muscle cells. 1
Some cardiac muscle cells may die. This causes intense chest pain, the symptom of a
heart attack. 1
c i The inner lining of blood vessels can be damaged by high blood pressure. 1
Blood clots form in the narrowed lumen when damages occur, and further
reduce blood flow. 1
ii A high level of salt in the blood lowers the water potential of blood. 1
More water in the tissue fluid is drawn into the capillaries by osmosis. This
increases blood volume, resulting in high blood pressure. 1
23 a In both pregnant and non-pregnant women, increases in blood glucose levels

stimulate the secretion of insulin. 1
However, pregnant women always secrete more insulin than non-pregnant women 1
and the difference in the amount of insulin secreted becomes larger as the blood
glucose level increases. 1
b The mother’s body cells take in less glucose and her blood glucose level is higher. 1
Therefore, more glucose diffuses to the foetus across the placenta and available for
the growth of the foetus. 1
c Similarity:
In both types of diabetes, body cells are less sensitive to insulin. 1
Difference:
Non-insulin-dependent diabetes is related to ageing / genetic factors / obesity /
physical inactivity while gestational diabetes is caused by hormonal changes during
pregnancy. 1
d When gestational diabetes is not well controlled, more glucose diffuses into the
bloodstream of the foetus. As the foetus receives more glucose than necessary, excess
sugar is converted into fats and the foetus grows to a larger size. 1
24 Obesity is one of the risk factors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes. 1

Drinking bubble tea frequently increases the intake of sugar. Excess sugar is converted
into fats in the body. 1

Book 3
Therefore, drinking bubble tea frequently may lead to obesity, which increases the risk of
non-insulin-dependent diabetes. 1
Drinking bubble tea frequently will not cause insulin-dependent diabetes 1
because this form of diabetes is caused by the inability of the pancreas to produce enough
insulin. 1
Since excess sugar is converted to fats, the fat content in the blood will increase. 1
Excess fats in blood may deposit within the wall of the coronary arteries as plaques. 1
Over time, the plaques harden and become larger, resulting in coronary heart disease. 1
Communication 3

1 Excess LDL deposits within arterial walls as plaques. 1
The plaques formed in a coronary artery narrows its lumen. 1
This reduces blood flow and the supply of oxygen and nutrients to cardiac muscles. 1
When some cardiac muscles cannot receive enough oxygen and nutrients, these cardiac
muscles die, and a heart attack results. 1
2 Quitting smoking reduces the amount of carbon monoxide inhaled. This helps restore the
oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and increases the oxygen supply to the cardiac
muscles. 1
Being physically active helps strengthen the cardiac muscles / reduce the resting heart rate
and blood pressure / increase the number of red blood cells / weight control to lower the
risks of obesity and diabetes mellitus, two risk factors for coronary heart disease. 1
Ch 23 Infectious diseases and disease prevention

Exercise
Section 23.1
Level 1 (p. 23-30)
1 A 2 B
Section 23.2
Level 1 (p. 23-30)
3 C 4 C
Level 2 (p. 23-30)

Book 3
6 B
7 a When a flea bit an infected rat, the pathogen was transmitted to the flea. 1
When this flea bit a healthy rat, the pathogen was transmitted to the healthy rat.
Therefore, all the healthy rats in experiment I were infected with plague and died. 1
b There were no fleas to transmit the pathogen from the infected rats to the healthy rats.
Therefore, the healthy rats remained alive. 1
c Fleas are required for the transmission of plague. 1
Plague cannot be transmitted through physical contact. 1
8 a The number of reported cases of HFMD varies over a one-year period / seasonally. 1
Peaks were observed from May to July and September to December in both 2017 and
2018. 1
b The immune system of children is not well developed yet. 1
Children have less awareness of personal hygiene. 1
c Parents:
Keep the child at home when he/she is diagnosed with HFMD. 1
Seek medical advices if the child shows symptoms of HFMD. 1
Schools:
Screen for students showing the symptoms of HFMD before they enter schools. 1
Maintain a clean and hygienic environment. 1
Level 3 (p. 23-31)

9 a Rainfall 1
Higher rainfall forms more stagnant water pools, providing more breeding places for
mosquitoes. 1
b More people work and live on a piece of farmland. This provides more hosts for the
pathogen of malaria. 1
There are fewer predators that prey on mosquitoes and their larvae in farmland. 1
c Scrubs and swamps have a relatively high biodiversity. It will take a long time to
transform farmlands into scrubs or swamps. 1
Replacing farmland will affect the livelihood of the local community (e.g. loss of job
opportunities). 1

Book 3
Section 23.3
Level 1 (p. 23-31)
10 A 11 B
Level 2 (p. 23-32)

12 DSE Bio Practice Paper IB Q6
13 a The percentage of infections caused by the antibiotic-resistant bacteria increased with

the usage of the antibiotic. 1
The change in percentage of infections lags behind the change in the usage of the
antibiotic. 1
b Variations exist among bacteria in their resistance to the antibiotic. 1
In the presence of the antibiotic, the non-resistant bacteria are killed 1
while the antibiotic-resistant bacteria survive and reproduce. 1
The proportion of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the bacterial population increases.
Therefore, people have a higher chance of being infected by the antibiotic-resistant
bacteria. 1
c When the usage of the antibiotic decreases, more non-resistant bacteria survive and
reproduce, thus the proportion of non-resistant bacteria in the bacterial population
increases. 1
d Prescribe antibiotics only when necessary. 1
Remind patients to complete the whole course of antibiotics. 1
Level 3 (p. 23-33)

14 A
15 a Column 9 shows whether the bacteria can grow properly in the culture medium. 1
Column 10 shows whether the culture medium is contaminated with bacteria. 1
b Antibiotic Z 1
Antibiotic Z inhibits the growth of bacteria at a lower concentration compared to
antibiotic Y. 1
The result from antibiotic X is invalid because there is bacterial growth in column 10.
1
Section 23.4
Level 2 (p. 23-33)
16 a There was an increasing trend of number of deaths due to viral hepatitis from 2005 to
2015. 1
b

Book 3
Culturing the pathogen Taking chest X-ray

photographs
Advantage More specific Fast
Disadvantage Time-consuming Less specific
1×4
c i Receive vaccines for hepatitis B. 1
ii Set up a screening programme for hepatitis B. 1
17 DSE IS 2015 IIB Q2b
Level 3 (p. 23-34)

18 Example of disease treatment:
Drugs such as antibiotics can kill pathogens quickly and effectively. 1
This reduces the number of infected individuals in the community and thus the chance of
transmission of the disease becomes lower. 1
Example of disease prevention:
Vaccination induces the development of immunity against certain diseases. 1
When the majority of people in a community are immunized, the chain of infection can be
broken. / Non-immunized individuals are also protected because the chance of infection
becomes very low. 1
Maintain good environmental hygiene, such as clearing stagnant water where mosquitoes
tend to breed. 1
This controls the growth of the vectors, thereby preventing the transmission of disease
from vectors to humans. 1
Monitor the spread of diseases through disease surveillance system. 1
This allows the health authority to carry out timely investigations and develop effective
disease-control strategies. 1
Communication 3

1 In a population of S. aureus, some of the bacteria are resistant to methicillin. 1
When methicillin is used, the resistant bacteria have a higher chance of survival. 1
The resistant bacteria continue to reproduce and produce resistant offspring. 1
Thus, the proportion of the resistant bacteria increases in subsequent generations. 1
2 Antibiotics are used frequently in hospitals. This exerts a strong selection pressure,
speeding up the development of antibiotic resistance. 1

Book 3
Patients in hospitals often have a weaker immune system. They are therefore more
vulnerable to infections. 1
3 MRSA could spread from patients in the hospital to visitors through skin-to-skin contact.
The visitors could become infected and carry MRSA into the community. 1
4 The government can carry out timely control measures when a sudden increase in the
number of MRSA cases is observed. 1
 Ch 24 Body defence mechanisms

Exercise
Section 24.1
Level 1 (p. 24-27)
1 A 2 B
3 a Cell Q 1
Cell Q is a phagocyte. A significant increase in its number can help remove
pathogens from the body quickly. 1
b Blood platelet 1
It helps in the formation of blood clot which seals the wound and prevents the entry of
pathogens. 1
Level 2 (p. 24-27)

4 D 5 B
Section 24.2
Level 1 (p. 24-28)
7 C 8 B 9 A 10 A
12 The plasma cell contains more mitochondria than the B cell 1

to provide enough energy for the synthesis of antibodies. 1
The plasma cell contains more rough endoplasmic reticulum than the B cell 1
to synthesize a large amount of antibodies. 1
The plasma cell is larger than the B cell 1

Book 3
to accommodate more organelles in the cell. 1
13 a Person Y 1
because there is a latent period before a rise in the antibody level of person Y. 1
b The antibody is broken down by the body. 1
c Immunity given by the injection of antibody lasts a shorter period of time, as
compared with the immunity given by the injection of vaccine. 1
Immunity given by the injection of antibody starts faster than the immunity given by
the injection of vaccine. 1
d Antibodies are protein molecules, composed of amino acids. 1
People with malnutrition cannot obtain enough amino acids from their diet.
Therefore, they cannot produce enough antibodies. 1
Level 2 (p. 24-29)

14 A 15 D 16 A 17 B
18 B 19 C
21 a In both countries A and B, varicella vaccine and hepatitis B vaccine are provided to
children. However, Japanese encephalitis vaccine is provided to children in country
B only. 1
The incidence of Japanese encephalitis may be low in country A. 1
Country A may not have the vector (e.g. certain mosquito species) that transmits
Japanese encephalitis. 1
b The antigens in varicella vaccines stimulate the production of memory cells. 1
The memory cells can only recognize the antigens of varicella virus but not hepatitis
B virus. 1
c Advantage:
The live attenuated virus in the vaccine may trigger a better or a more complete
immune response in the body. 1
Disadvantage:
The live attenuated virus in the vaccine may be able to cause disease. 1
22 a Snakes of the same species may produce venom with slightly different composition
due to genetic variations. 1
b In the first injection, a small dose of venom is used to prevent the animals from being
killed. 1
Some activated lymphocytes differentiated into memory cells when they encounter
the toxins / antigens. 1

Book 3
In the second injection, these memory cells encountered the same toxins / antigens
again. 1
These cells divided and differentiated into a large number of plasma cells, 1
resulting in production of a large amount of antibodies within a shorter time. A higher
yield of antibodies can be obtained. 1
c The antibodies in the antivenom binds with the venom before the immune system is
stimulated. Therefore, no memory cells are produced. 1
Moreover, the antibodies in the antivenom are broken down by the body over time. 1
d The antibodies produced by the animals may cause allergic reaction. / Unknown
pathogens may be transmitted to humans.
(or other reasonable answer) 1
24 a When the bacteria infected the person for the first time, some T cells and B cells
differentiated into memory cells. 1
When the bacteria infected the person for the second time, the memory cells divided
and differentiated into a larger number of plasma cells and killer T cells within a
shorter time. 1
Therefore, many bacteria were killed before they could reproduce and the number of
bacteria in the blood was smaller. 1
b The number of bacteria in the blood was higher and the bacteria remained in the
blood for a longer time during the first infection. 1
This allowed bacteria to cause damage to body tissues. Hence, the person developed
symptoms. 1
c
A longer latent period and a lower antibody level in the primary response 1
A shorter latent period and higher antibody level in the secondary response 1
25 CE Bio 2003 I Q4c

Book 3
Level 3 (p. 24-32)

26 AL Bio 2011 IA Q2
27 Body defence mechanisms involved:

Mucus secreted by the mucus-secreting cells traps the pathogens in the inhaled air. /
Cilia of the ciliated epithelial cells beat to sweep the mucus with trapped pathogens
towards the pharynx for removal. /
Cells on the inner wall of the respiratory tract are closely packed to form a physical barrier.
/
Phagocytes engulf the pathogens that enter the lungs. /
Activated B cells differentiate into plasma cells. Plasma cells release antibodies to act
against the pathogens. /
Activated T cells differentiate into killer T cells. Killer T cells bind to infected cells and
kill them directly by making holes in their cell membranes.
Limitations of the body defence mechanisms:
Cilia and mucus cannot remove all the pathogens in the inhaled air. /
Some pathogens (e.g. influenza viruses) mutate rapidly to form new strains. As a result,
active immunity developed from previous infection becomes ineffective against these new
strains. /
Some memory cells have a short life span. Therefore, their protective effect will decrease
over time. /
The responses of T cells and B cells are slow. As a result, some pathogens may be able to
reproduce and cause damages to body tissues.
Communication 3
Section 24.3
Level 1 (p. 24-33)
28 C
Level 2 (p. 24-33)

29 Differences:
Non-specific defence mechanisms involve physical barriers / chemical barriers /
phagocytes / inflammatory responses, while specific defence mechanisms involve T cells /
B cells. /
The response of non-specific defence mechanisms is faster than specific defence
mechanisms. /
Non-specific defence mechanisms are inborn and always active, while specific defence
mechanisms are acquired when the immune system is stimulated by antigens. /

Book 3
Non-specific defence mechanisms are non-adaptive (do not improve with repeated
exposure), while specific defence mechanisms are adaptive. /
There is no memory of the type of pathogens in non-specific defence mechanisms, while
immunological memory is produced in specific defence mechanisms. /
Non-specific defence mechanisms cannot distinguish between ‘self’ and ‘foreign’ entities,
while specific defence mechanisms can. /
Non-specific defence mechanisms act against all pathogens in the same way, while
specific defence mechanisms only act against specific pathogens.
Relationship of these mechanisms:
Some phagocytes present the antigens on the pathogen to the helper T cells. 1
Activated T cells release lymphokines which activate phagocytes to carry out
phagocytosis. 1
Activated B (plasma cells) cells produce antibodies. Antibodies can agglutinate pathogens
to facilitate phagocytosis. 1
Communication 3

1 Influenza vaccines contain the antigens of certain influenza viral strains. 1
The antigens stimulate the immune system to produce memory cells for these particular
antigens. 1
If the body is invaded by one of those influenza viral strains, these memory cells recognize
the antigens, 1
divide and differentiate into a larger number of plasma cells / killer T cells within a shorter
time to act against the influenza viruses and infected cells. 1
2 This gives the body sufficient time to produce memory cells / antibodies / killer T cells for
an effective protection. 1
3 Influenza viruses mutate rapidly and their surface proteins change rapidly. 1
The most widespread viral strains vary in different influenza seasons. 1
4 The viral strains predicted by the WHO may not match those circulating in an influenza
season. 1
The vaccines fail to induce immunity in certain people such as those with a defective
immune system. 1
Cross-topic exercise 8
Multiple-choice questions (p. 24-36)
1 C 2 B 3 A 4 A
5 D 6 A

Book 3
Short questions (p. 24-37)

7 a Form I antibody acts as a receptor and binds to complementary antigens. 1
Form II antibody acts against pathogens having complementary antigens. 1
b The presence of hydrophobic amino acids in region X allows the antibody to be
embedded in the cell membrane. 1
8 a The number of cases of influenza B increased from January and reached a peak in
February 1
because most people had not been exposed to some new strains of influenza B virus
before and did not have immunity against them. 1
The number of cases of influenza B decreased from March to May 1
because many people had developed immunity against these viruses. It was more
difficult for these viruses to spread. 1
b The circulating strain is different in different periods of time. 1
c Smoking reduces the efficiency of removal of mucus from the respiratory tract due to
the inhibition of the movement of cilia. 1
Mucus trapped with influenza virus may stay longer in the respiratory tract.
Therefore, the chance of causing infection increases. 1
9 a From weeks 3 to 9, the above-ground dry mass was higher than the below-ground dry
mass. 1
New leaves, flowers and fruits were formed. Therefore, the above-ground dry mass
was higher during this period of time. 1
From weeks 9 to 11, the below-ground dry mass was higher than the above-ground
dry mass. 1
New tubers were formed during this period of time. The below-ground dry mass
became higher due to the accumulation of foods in these tubers. 1
b Heat the plant in an oven at slightly above 100 °C 1
until a constant mass is obtained. 1
Structured questions (p. 24-38)

10 a Coronary artery 1
b The results of the blood tests show that the content of fatty substances (cholesterol
and triglycerides) in the patient’s blood is higher than normal. 1
These fatty substances travel slowly in blood and deposit as plaques within the
arterial wall. 1
Over years, the plaques become larger and narrow the lumen of the artery. 1
c i LDH in H4 form catalyses the conversion of lactic acid to pyruvate. This
prevents the accumulation of lactic acid in the cardiac muscle cells. 1
The pyruvate produced can then be used in Krebs cycle. 1
This supplies energy for the continuous contraction of the heart. 1

Book 3
ii Some of the cardiac muscle cells cannot obtain enough oxygen and nutrients
during a heart attack and die. 1
These dead cardiac muscle cells release LDH into the blood. 1
11 a In pneumonia, fluid accumulates in the air sacs. This increases the diffusion distance
of gases. 1
Therefore, the rate of diffusion of oxygen from the air sacs into the capillaries
decreases. 1
As a result, the oxygen content in the blood decreases. 1
b Little knowledge about the mode of transmission of the disease. 1
The majority of people do not have immunity against the disease. 1
c i When infected by MERS-CoV, some activated B cells differentiate into plasma
cells, which produce antibodies to fight against the virus. 1
As antibodies are specific, the presence of the antibodies against MERS-CoV
may indicate infection by the virus. 1
ii Method I 1
A positive result in method I indicates the presence of MERS-CoV inside the
person’s body. Therefore, the person is currently infected by or carries the virus.
1
A positive result in method II only indicates that the person was previously
infected with MERS-CoV. The person may not carry the virus and is not
infected by the virus at the moment. 1
12 DSE IS 2019 IIB Q2a
Essay (p.24-40)
14 Human activities destroy the natural habitats for resources or lands. The loss of habitats
reduces biodiversity. 1
Wild animals may invade human communities to find food and shelter. These animals
may spread unknown pathogens to humans. 1
Burning of fossil fuels releases large amounts of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.
This leads to global warming. 1
Warmer climate usually promotes the reproduction of certain vectors / bacteria. This
increases the incidence of vector-borne diseases / bacterial diseases. 1
Burning of fossil fuels produces large amounts of air pollutants. 1
Air pollutants increase the risk of cancer and respiratory diseases. 1

Book 3
Human or animal wastes may contain antibiotic-resistant bacteria / pathogens of

food-borne or water-borne diseases. The discharge of these wastes into water bodies
causes water pollution. 1
People may become infected if they drink the contaminated water or eat the contaminated
seafood. 1
Communication 3

Suggested Answers To Exercise, Reading To Learn and Cross-Topic Exercise

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Suggested Answers To Exercise, Reading To Learn and Cross-Topic Exercise

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)

Suggested answers to Exercise,

Level 2 (p. 19-64)

6 DSE Bio 2014 IB Q5

Level 3 (p. 19-64)

-1- © Oxford University Press 2020

8 DSE Bio 2017 IB Q8

10 DSE Bio 2015 IB Q3

Level 2 (p. 19-66)

Level 3 (p. 19-67)

18 DSE Bio 2019 IB Q9

-2- © Oxford University Press 2020

Level 2 (p. 19-68)

31 DSE Bio 2019 IB Q7

Level 3 (p. 19-69)

Level 2 (p. 19-70)

Reading to learn (p. 19-71)

-3- © Oxford University Press 2020

Level 2 (p. 20-40)

Level 2 (p. 20-41)

-4- © Oxford University Press 2020

Level 2 (p. 20-42)

11 a The density of thylakoid in chloroplast X is higher than that in chloroplast Y. 1

Level 3 (p. 20-42)

17 DSE Bio 2016 IB Q3

Level 2 (p. 20-43)

Level 3 (p. 20-44)

-5- © Oxford University Press 2020

Level 2 (p. 20-46)

Level 2 (p. 20-46)

Reading to learn (p. 20-47)

Correct shape of both curves 2

-6- © Oxford University Press 2020

Higher rate of photosynthesis of sun leaf at higher light intensities 1

Level 2 (p. 21-43)

Level 2 (p. 21-44)

12 a From pyruvate to acetyl-CoA 1

-7- © Oxford University Press 2020

Level 3 (p. 21-45)

-8- © Oxford University Press 2020

Level 2 (p. 21-46)

21 a During running, skeletal muscles also respire anaerobically to provide additional

-9- © Oxford University Press 2020

Level 3 (p. 21-47)

Reading to learn (p. 21-48)

Short questions (p. 21-52)

- 10 - © Oxford University Press 2020

12 DSE Bio 2014 IB Q1

Structured questions (p. 21-52)

15 a i The trees cannot tolerate high salt content 1

16 AL Bio 2006 I Q11

18 DSE Bio 2015 IB Q9

- 11 - © Oxford University Press 2020

19 DSE Bio 2018 IB Q3

Essay (p. 21-56)

Level 2 (p. 22-21)

- 12 - © Oxford University Press 2020

10 DSE Bio 2018 IB Q4

Level 2 (p. 22-23)

15 DSE Bio 2016 IB Q6

16 DSE IS 2013 II Q2a

18 DSE Bio 2014 IB Q9

19 DSE Bio 2015 IB Q8