Suggested Answers To Exercise, Reading To Learn and Cross-Topic Exercise

New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)
Book 4
Suggested answers to Exercise,

Reading to learn and Cross-topic
exercise
MS Word file is available in Teaching Resource Centre:
https://trc.oupchina.com.hk/biology
The overseas examination boards bear no responsibility for the suggested answers contained in
this publication. Answers for HKDSE, HKCEE and HKALE questions are not available due to
copyright restrictions.
Ch 25 Basic genetics
Exercise
Section 25.1
Level 1 (p. 25-50)
1 C 2 B
3 a Their son has cystic fibrosis. He must have two alleles for cystic fibrosis 1
that are inherited from his parents. 1
Being normal, both Mr and Mrs Chan must have at least one normal allele. 1
They are heterozygous. 1
b Let N be the normal allele and n be the allele for cystic fibrosis. 1
2
Possible genotypes: NN, Nn and nn.
Possible phenotypes: normal and diseased. 1
c 1/4 1
-1- © Oxford University Press 2021

Book 4
Level 2 (p. 25-50)

4 a
b Phenotypic ratio:
normal : albinism = 3 : 1 1
The chance that this child is normal = 75% 1
Level 3 (p. 25-50)

5 a RrTt 1
b The two genes may be located on the same pair of homologous chromosomes. 1
The F1 plants are all heterozygous for both of the characteristics. They produce two
types of gametes, RT and rt. 1
Random fertilization of gametes produces two types of offspring: tall with red
flowers (type 1) and short with white flowers (type 4). 1
The occurrence of types 2 and 3 offspring is probably due to crossing over, 1
which results in new combinations of alleles (Rt and rT) in gametes. 1
6 DSE Bio 2012 IB Q8
Section 25.2
Level 1 (p. 25-52)
7 B 8 B 9 B
10 a Individual 5 has normal feet. He must have at least one allele for normal feet that is
inherited from his parents, either individual 1 or 2. 1
Both individuals 1 and 2 have a six-toed foot. Each of them must have at least one
allele for a six-toed foot. 1
Hence, at least one of individuals 1 and 2 is heterozygous, 1
with the dominant allele being expressed. 1
As both individuals 1 and 2 have a six-toed foot, the allele for a six-toed foot must be
dominant. 1

Book 4
b Individual 7 has normal feet. She must be homozygous recessive. 1

She must have inherited one recessive allele from each of her parents, individuals 3
and 4. 1
Individual 4 has a six-toed foot. She must have at least one allele for a six-toed foot. 1
Therefore, individual 4 is heterozygous. 1
11 a Individual 6 is a male. He has only one X chromosome. 1

Having haemophilia, he must have an allele for haemophilia on his X chromosome.
1
This X chromosome must come from his mother, individual 1. 1
Individual 1 is normal. She must have a normal allele on at least one of her X
chromosomes. 1
Therefore, individual 1 must be heterozygous. 1
b Individual 10 is a male. He has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. His X
chromosome must come from his mother and Y chromosome must come from his
father. 1
Therefore, he will not receive the X chromosome carrying the diseased allele from
his father. 1
Level 2 (p. 25-53)

12 B 13 D 14 B 15 D
16 B
Level 3 (p. 25-54)

19 C 20 A 21 A 22 D
Section 25.3
Level 1 (p. 25-56)
24 C 25 C
Level 2 (p. 25-56)

26 B 27 C

Book 4
Level 3 (p. 25-57)

29 C
Section 25.4
Level 1 (p. 25-58)
31 D 32 C
Level 2 (p. 25-58)

33 A
Level 3 (p. 25-58)

34 B
Reading to learn (p. 25-59)

1 Male cats have only one X chromosome. 1
They have only one of the two alleles controlling fur colour. 1
2 1/4 1
 Ch 26 Molecular genetics
Exercise
Section 26.1
Level 1 (p. 26-24)
1 C 2 A
3 a Process X: DNA replication 1

Process Y: transcription 1
b Process X produces double-stranded DNA molecules, while process Y produces
single-stranded RNA molecules. / 1
Process X is catalysed by DNA polymerase, while process Y is catalysed by RNA
polymerase. / 1
The new molecules produced in process X are made up of deoxyribonucleotides,
while the new molecules produced in process Y are made up of ribonucleotides. / 1
In process X, each of the DNA strands acts as a template for synthesizing a new DNA
strand, while in process Y, only one of the DNA strands acts as a template. (any 2)
1×2

Book 4
c Process X produces identical new DNA molecules. 1

This allows the same genetic information to be passed on from generation to
generation. 1
Process Y produces mRNA molecules complementary to the template strand of the
DNA molecule, which are then transported to the cytoplasm for translation. 1
This allows proteins to be synthesized according to the genetic information in the
DNA molecules. 1
Level 2 (p. 26-24)

4 C 5 C 6 A 7 C
Level 3 (p. 26-26)

9 C
10 a DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded. /

DNA contains deoxyribose, while RNA contains ribose. / DNA is composed of
deoxyribonucleotides, while RNA is composed of ribonucleotides. /
DNA contains bases A, T, C and G, while RNA contains bases A, U, C and G. (any 2)
1×2
c i Production of RNA of the new viruses. 1
ii The RNA of the virus attaches to a ribosome. 1
The tRNA molecule with an anticodon complementary to the first codon on the
RNA carries a specific amino acid and binds to the RNA. 1
Another tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid binds to the next codon. The
two amino acids are then joined by a peptide bond. 1
The ribosome moves along the RNA to add amino acids to the growing
polypeptide chain, one at a time. 1
When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the polypeptide formed is released. 1
iii Virus does not possess organelles and tRNA for protein synthesis. 1
Proteins that are required for producing new viruses can only be synthesized
using mechanisms of living cells. 1
Section 26.2
Level 1 (p. 26-26)
11 D 12 C 13 A 14 C
15 DSE IS 2016 I Q9a, b

Book 4
Level 2 (p. 26-28)

16 B 17 D 18 B
19 a Mutations in these genes may lead to uncontrolled cell division, causing cancer. 1
b Mutations occurred in the gametes of the parents. 1
These mutations passed on to their children through the zygote. They are found in
every somatic cell of these children. 1
Carrying the mutated form of the genes, these children have a higher risk of
developing cancers. 1
20 a CUU UUU CGA AUC GAU CUG 1
b The mRNA attaches to a ribosome. 1
The tRNA molecule with an anticodon complementary to the first codon on them
RNA carries a specific amino acid and binds to the mRNA. 1
Another tRNA molecule carrying an amino acid binds to the next codon. The two
amino acids are then joined by a peptide bond. 1
The ribosome moves along the mRNA to add amino acids to the growing polypeptide
chain, one at a time. 1
When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the polypeptide formed is released. 1
c Mutation I 1
Mutation I causes an amino acid Leu being replaced with a Phe. 1
A protein which is different from enzyme X is produced. 1
As both CTT and CTG code for Leu, 1
Mutation II has no effect on the production of enzyme X. 1
Level 3 (p. 26-29)

22 B
23 a During meiotic cell division, the two homologous X chromosomes or sister

chromatids of the X chromosomes fail to separate and enter the same daughter cell.
1
As a result, some of the gametes have an extra copy of X chromosome and some have
an X chromosome missing. 1
If an abnormal gamete with an X chromosome missing fuses with a normal gamete, a
zygote with one X chromosome missing is formed. 1
b i There are different genes located on different parts of the chromosome. 1
The symptoms depend on the genes affected. 1
ii Some genes on the missing part of X chromosome may be essential for life. 1
Males have only one X chromosome. 1
Therefore, males having this mutation may die before birth. 1

Book 4
24 a There are 46 chromosomes in the karyotype of this person, while there are 47
chromosomes in the karyotype of a person having the common type of Down
syndrome. 1
There are two chromosomes 21 in the karyotype of this person, while there are three
in the karyotype of a person having the common type of Down syndrome. 1
The two chromosomes 15 are different in size in the karyotype of this person, while
those in the karyotype of a person having the common type of Down syndrome are
same in size. 1
b Translocation occurs during meiosis / gamete formation in one of the parents. 1
Segments of chromosomes are exchanged between a chromatid of chromosome 15
and a chromatid of chromosome 21. 1
A normal chromosome 21 and a chromosome 15 with an additional piece of
chromosome 21 attached go to the same gamete. 1
The gamete fuses with a normal gamete, resulting in a zygote with such an
abnormality. 1
c i Down syndrome develops when a person has an extra copy of chromosome 21.
1
As the male has a normal chromosome 21 and a piece of chromosome 21
attached to chromosome 15, he has only two copies of chromosome 21. 1
ii (1) a sperm with normal chromosomes 15 and 21 1
(2) a sperm with a chromosome 15/21 and a normal chromosome 21 1
(3) a sperm with a chromosome 15/21 1

1 If DNA in the cell extract was not broken down, transcription may occur in the cell extract.
1
mRNA other than the synthetic mRNA may be present in the cell extract. 1
This may affect the result of the experiment. 1
2 tRNA 1
3 Valine and Cysteine 2
Ch 27 Biotechnology
Exercise
Section 27.1
Level 1 (p. 27-28)
1 B

Book 4
2 D 1
C 1
B 1
A 1
Level 2 (p. 27-28)

3 A
4 a Type 1 diabetes 1
Insulin 1
b i Restriction enzyme 1
DNA ligase 1
ii Restriction enzyme is used to cut the DNA fragment containing the gene
encoding human protein and cut open the plasmid. 1
DNA ligase is used to catalyse the joining of the DNA fragment and the plasmid.
1
c The plasmid acts as a vector 1
to transfer the gene encoding the human protein into the bacterium. 1
d Human proteins can be produced in a shorter time and the extraction cost is lower. /
The production yield is much higher. /
The human proteins produced by recombinant DNA technology are structurally the
same as the proteins produced by human body. They are not rejected by the immune
system. /
The human proteins produced are pure. The risk of causing infections is lower.
(or other reasonable answers) 1
5 Major steps in recombinant DNA technology:

DNA fragments containing the gene of interest are obtained from donor cells. 1
Suitable plasmids are obtained from bacteria. 1
The DNA fragments containing the gene of interest are cut using a restriction enzyme. The
same restriction enzyme is also used to cut open the plasmids. 1
Each DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is inserted into an open plasmid using
a DNA ligase, forming a recombinant plasmid. 1
The advantages of using recombinant DNA technology in agriculture:
The recombinant plasmids can be introduced into plant cells or animal cells to produce
genetically modified crops or farm animals that possess new characteristics. 1
Some crops and farm animals can be genetically modified using recombinant DNA
technology to increase their productivity. 1
Some crops or farm animals can be genetically modified to increase their nutritional value.
1
Communication 3

Book 4
Level 3 (p. 27-29)

6 a Enzyme X: restriction enzyme 1
Enzyme Y: DNA ligase 1
b The plasmid acts as a vector 1
to transfer the gene coding for GFP into the zygote. 1
c The genetic code is universal. 1
The same code codes for the same amino acid in both fish and jellyfish. 1
d To ensure every cell of the fish carries the gene coding for GFP. 1
Section 27.2
Level 1 (p. 27-29)
7 a The show-dog is not the biological father of the puppy. 1
Some of the bands in the puppy’s DNA fingerprint resemble the pattern of his
mother’s DNA fingerprint, while the other bands cannot be found in the show-dog’s
DNA fingerprint. 1
b The genetic evidence is more valid than the breeder’s evidence. 1
The genetic evidence is more valid because the DNA fingerprints were produced
experimentally under controlled conditions. 1
The breeder’s claim is less valid because the mother might have mated with other
male and fertilized before mating with the show-dog. / the mother might never have
mated with the show-dog. 1
Level 2 (p. 27-29)

8 D 9 B 10 B
11 a i
1
ii DNA fragments of different sizes move across the gel slab at different speeds. 1
Longer DNA fragments move slower whereas shorter ones move faster. 1
b i Brands X and Z. 1
All the bands in the DNA fingerprint of the pork can be found in the DNA
fingerprint of these two meat analogues. 1
ii Besides those bands in common with soya beans, the DNA fingerprint of Y has
other bands as well. 1
The origin of the extra bands should be investigated before drawing any
conclusion. 1

Book 4
Level 3 (p. 27-31)

12 C
13 a By comparing the positions of the bands of the DNA samples with those of the DNA
marker, 1
the sizes of the DNA fragments in the DNA samples can be deduced. 1
b Y 1
In W’s DNA fingerprint, the band that travelled a shorter distance contains the longer
DNA fragment. 1
The DNA fragment in this band has a larger number of CAG repeats. 1
One band in Y’s DNA fingerprint is the same as this band. 1
c The two alleles of X contain the same numbers of CAG repeats. 1
Section 27.3
Level 2 (p. 27-31)
14 a White blood cells 1
b The genetic composition of identical twins is exactly the same. 1
c Sickle-cell anaemia is caused by a single mutation in a certain gene, 1
while cancer is caused by accumulated mutations in different genes. 1
d Half of the bands in the child’s DNA fingerprint resemble the pattern of his mother’s
DNA fingerprint, 1
while the other bands are found in the father’s DNA fingerprint. 1

1 The disease may be controlled by more than one gene. 1
Environmental factors may also contribute to the development of the disease. 1
2 Half of the genetic material of an individual is inherited form his/her parents. 1
Cross-topic exercise 9
Multiple-choice questions (p. 27-34)
1 A 2 C 3 B 4 B
5 C 6 D 7 A 8 B
9 B
Short questions (p. 27-36)

- 10 - © Oxford University Press 2021

Book 4
Structured questions (p. 27-37)

12 a i Meiotic cell division 1
The homologous pair of chromosomes line up along the equator. 1
ii During anaphase I, the two members of each homologous pair separate and
move to the opposite poles. 1
Each daughter cell receives only one member of the homologous pair. 1
iii Yes.
The cell is a gamete-producing cell. 1
If the gamete carrying the mutation takes part in fertilization, the mutation will
become part of the genetic make-up of the offspring. 1
b Males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. 1
The X chromosome must come from the mother and the Y chromosome must come
from the father. 1
Therefore, Andrew’s sons will not receive the X chromosome carrying the diseased
allele from Andrew. 1
c No. 1
Amy’s mother, Anne, has the disease. Both of her X chromosomes carry a diseased
allele. She must have passed an X chromosome carrying a diseased allele on to Amy.
1
Amy is heterozygous. She may pass an X chromosome carrying the diseased allele on
to her next child. 1
If this child receives a Y chromosome from Joe, the child will have the disease. 1
13 a Glucose molecules are polar. 1

They are repelled by the phospholipid bilayer and cannot move through it. They must
be transported across the membrane by membrane proteins. 1
b i There is insufficient amount of chlorophyll in the yellowed leaves. 1
The efficiency of photosynthesis is reduced. Less food is produced. 1
The plant may not have enough materials for growth and repair. 1
ii Nitrogen / magnesium deficiency 1
c Since the chemical secreted by the bacteria cannot stimulate the expression of the
SWEET genes, there is no increase in the production of SWEET sugar transporters in
the resistant plants. 1
There is no increased movement of sugars out of the cells into the intercellular
spaces. 1
Without an increased sugar supply, X. oryzae multiplies less rapidly and may not
cause the disease. 1

Book 4
15 DSE Bio Sample Paper IB Q7
16 a tRNA molecules carry amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosomes for
assembling polypeptides. 1
Mutation in a gene coding for a Trna molecule may lead to the production of
non-functional tRNA. 1
The structure or the amount of the proteins synthesized may be affected. This may
cause a disease. 1
b i MIDD is only inherited from mother. 1
ii During fertilization, only the head of the sperm, which contains nucleus, enters
the ovum. 1
Other parts of the sperm, including the midpiece containing the mitochondria,
do not enter the ovum. 1
As a result, no paternal mitochondrion is present in the zygote. 1
Therefore, any mutations in the gene in the mtDNA of the father are not
inherited.
iii MIDD is inherited through the passing on of a diseased allele in mtDNA,
whereas haemophilia is inherited through the passing on of a diseased allele on
X chromosome. 1
Males with MIDD never pass on his diseased allele to his offspring, whereas
males having haemophilia may pass on the diseased allele to his daughters,
resulting in female carriers. 1
Females with MIDD always give birth to affected child, whereas females having
haemophilia may give birth to female carriers who are phenotypically
unaffected. 1
17 a If the allele for the disease is recessive, 1

parents who are both heterozygous normal can give birth to a homozygous recessive
child having the disease. 1
b Under deficiency of galactosylceramidase, galactocerebroside is not broken down
and accumulates, causing degeneration of myelin sheath. 1
The nerve fibres are not insulated. Nerve impulses may be transmitted to the
surroundings. 1
The transmission of nerve impulse may be slowed down. 1
c Mutation 2. 1
Mutation 1 causes a change in one amino acid in the resulting polypeptide, whereas
mutation 2 leads to the formation of a shorter polypeptide. 1
Mutation 2 has a greater effect on the structure of the resulting protein. The resulting
protein is more likely to be non-functional. 1

Book 4
18 a i The percentage of cells in interphase is greatly reduced after colchicine

treatment. /
The percentage of cells in mitotic cell division is greatly increased after
colchicine treatment. 1
ii Since the formation of spindle fibre is inhibited, the sister chromatids cannot be
separated. 1
This stops the cell division at metaphase. 1
Thus, the numbers of cells in mitotic cell division increases. 1
b i Down syndrome 1
ii During meiotic cell division, two members of homologous chromosome 21 or
the sister chromatids of chromosome 21 failed to separate and they went to the
same daughter cell. 1
As a result, some gametes had an extra chromosome 21. 1
If the gamete fused with a normal gamete, a zygote would have one
chromosome more than usual. All the cells in the individual developed would
have 47 chromosomes. The individual would have Down syndrome. 1
c No.
Based on karyotypes, we can only identify diseases caused by chromosome
mutations. 1
Genetic diseases caused by gene mutations cannot be identified as gene mutations
cannot be observed in karyotypes. 1
Essay (p.27-40)
Ch 28 Biodiversity
Exercise
Section 28.2
Level 1 (p. 28-38)
1 A 2 B
Level 2 (p. 28-38)

3 a The species names should begin with a small letter. 1
The scientific names should be printed in italics. 1
b Yes, I agree. 1
Species X and Y have a common genus name Bauhinia and thus belong to same
genus. 1
Species X is more closely related to species Y than species Z, which belongs to
another genus Ficus. 1

Book 4
Section 28.3
Level 1 (p. 28-38)
4 a Kingdom / phylum / class / order 1
b Three 1
c Stenella clymene and Stenella coeruleoalba belong to the same genus. 1
They are more closely related with each other than with Delphinus delphis, which
belongs to another genus. 1
Section 28.4
Level 1 (p. 28-38)
5 B 6 C
7 C 1
D 1
B 1
A 1
8 DSE Bio Sample Paper IB Q3a, c
Level 2 (p. 28-39)

9 D 10 D 11 C
12 a Kingdom X: Plantae 1
Group Y: Flowering plants 1
Group Z: Dicotyledonous plants / dicots 1
b They all have chlorophyll. 1
Their cells have a cell wall composed of cellulose. 1
c Mosses do not have vascular tissues. 1
Mosses do not have true roots. 1
d Similarity:
Conifers and group Y produce seeds. 1
Difference:
Conifers produce naked seeds while the seeds of group Y are protected inside fruits.
1
e i The cells of mushrooms have a cell wall. 1
ii Mushrooms do not have chlorophyll. 1

Book 4
13 a i Both flowers of plant P and plant R have five petals / have large and brightly
coloured petals. 1
ii Dicotyledonous plants / dicots 1
b Plant S is a monocotyledonous plant /monocot. 1
Its flower has six petals (a multiple of three). 1
Its leaves have parallel venation. 1
c Plant Q produces spores for reproduction. 1
14 Similarities:
Both are bounded by a cell membrane. /
The cell membrane is made up of phospholipids and proteins. /
Their genetic material is DNA. /
Both have a cell wall. (any 3) 1×3
Differences:
Yeast cells have a true nucleus but bacterial cells do not. /
Yeast cells have membrane-bound organelles but bacterial cells do not. /
Some bacterial cells have a capsule but yeast cells do not. /
Some bacterial cells have a flagellum for locomotion but yeast cells do not. /
The DNA in bacterial cells lies free in the cytoplasm while the DNA in yeast cells is
enclosed in the nucleus. /
The cell wall of yeast cells is made of cellulose while the cell wall of bacterial cells is
made up of peptidoglycan. (any 4) 1×4
Communication 3
Level 3 (p. 28-40)

15 a i It has a flagellum for swimming 1
and thus can move freely. This is a characteristic of animals. 1
ii It has chlorophyll 1
and thus can carry out photosynthesis. This is a characteristic of plants. 1
b Bacteria are very small in size. 1
Their circular naked DNA cannot be observed under the light microscope. 1
c i Chloroplast / mitochondrion 1
ii These organelles are not present in prokaryotes. /
These organelles are similar in sizes comparing with prokaryotes. /
These organelles are bounded by an outer membrane which might have been
evolved from prokaryotic cell membrane. (any 2) 1×2

Book 4
Section 28.5
Level 1 (p. 28-41)
16 C
Level 2 (p. 28-41)

17 D
18 a Organisms other than those in groups Plantae and Animalia are too small to be
observed with naked eyes. 1
They had not been discovered until the advancement of microscopes. 1
b
2a With cell wall ............................. 3
2b Without cell wall ............................. Animalia
3a With chlorophyll ............................. Plantae
3b Without chlorophyll ............................. Fungi
4
c The kingdom Prokaryota in the five-kingdom system is divided into two kingdoms,
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. 1
This was because, in late 1970s, scientists found that bacteria living in extreme
environments were distinct from other bacteria in terms of the nucleotide sequence of
rRNA. 1
d Through studying at a molecular level, scientist found that all four eukaryote
kingdoms are more similar to each other than to the two prokaryote kingdoms. 1
The two prokaryote kingdoms are also different from each other in significant ways.
1
Level 3 (p. 28-42)


1 Dicotyledonous plant / dicot 1
It produces flowers with five petals. 1
2 Cross-pollination 1
randomly occurs between two distinct but closely related species. 1
3 Knowledge on genetics was limited. 1
Genetic technology and techniques had not yet been invented. 1
4 Yes. 1
Science is a process of ongoing inquiry. /
Scientific knowledge is tentative and subject to change. 1

Book 4
Ch 29 Evolution I
Exercise
Section 29.1
Level 1 (p. 29-22)
1 A
Level 2 (p. 29-22)

2 a There were no organic molecules on the early earth. /
The atmosphere of the early earth consisted of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and
water vapour. /
Lightning occurred frequently on the early earth. (any 2) 1×2
b No. The investigation did not give evidence to support the idea that organic
molecules could join to form organisms. 1
c i
Nature of science
Scientific knowledge is tentative and subject to change.
Scientists build on the work of other scientists. ✓ 1
Science advances through reasonable skepticism. ✓ 1
ii The investigation was based on Oparin and Haldane’s hypothesis. 1
The investigation was carried out to test Oparin and Haldane’s hypothesis. 1
Level 3 (p. 29-22)

3 a They provide elements such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and nitrogen, 1
which are essential for the formation of organic molecules. 1
b Enzymes are proteins. 1
They catalyse metabolic reactions to a speed fast enough to support life. 1
(or other reasonable answers)
c Without oxygen, ozone layer could not be formed in the atmosphere. 1
Plenty of ultraviolet radiation could reach the earth’s surface, 1
providing sufficient energy for the chemical reactions that form organic molecules.
1
Section 29.2
Level 1 (p. 29-23)
4 B 5 A 6 C

Book 4
7 a An Archaeopteryx died and its soft parts decayed. 1

Its skeleton and feathers were buried in mud and sand. 1
After millions of years, the mud and sand became rock due to great pressure from the
upper layers of sediments. 1
Minerals deposited in the skeleton and feathers, and turned them into fossils. 1
b Archaeopteryx serves as a link between reptiles and birds, 1
as it shows characteristics which are present in reptiles and birds. 1
By comparing its fossil with older reptile fossils and younger bird fossils, scientists
determine how the characteristics of birds had developed over time. 1
c Soft-bodied organisms cannot be fossilized. 1
8 a The soft parts of the horseshoe crab decomposed readily after the organism had died.
1
The skeleton lasted for a longer time, 1
thus minerals could deposit in it and turn it into a fossil. 1
b The horseshoe crab was covered by sediments. 1
The sediments became rock due to great pressure from the upper layers of sediments.
1
Minerals deposited in the hard body parts of the horseshoe crab and turned them into
fossils. 1
c No. The similarities shown in the fossil record only support the idea that existing life
forms arose from pre-existing life forms. 1
Both the fossilized and modern horseshoe crabs might have evolved from a common
ancestor. More evidence is needed to support the phylogenetic relationship proposed
by the student. 1
Level 2 (p. 29-24)

9 B 10 B 11 B 12 B
13 B 14 A
15 a A true nucleus is present in Paramecium, 1

but is absent in bacteria. 1
b i P. caudatum and P. multimicronucleatum, 1
because they share a more recent common ancestor. 1
ii Their phylogenetic relationships can be established by comparing the base
sequences of their DNA. 1
The species with more similarities in the base sequences of DNA have a closer
phylogenetic relationship. (or other acceptable answers) 1
16 AL Bio 2007 II Q2a–c

Book 4
17 a Chimpanzee and human 1

b The species have the same number of digits in the feet. /
the same number of bones in the digits. /
the same arrangement of bones in the feet. (any 2) 1×2
c i Compared to humans, chimpanzees have a smaller / shorter thumb, 1
which is similar to that of gorillas. 1
ii By comparing the amino acid sequences of haemoglobin (or other essential
proteins) / the base sequences of DNA. 1
iii Scientific knowledge is tentative and subject to change. /
Science is a process of ongoing inquiries. /
Science is affected by the technology and the types of equipment available at the
time. (any 2) 1×2
Level 3 (p. 29-26)

18 C 19 B

1 They could be used for grinding plant foods. 1
The diet of humans no longer consists of plant foods only and thus having wisdom teeth
provides little or no selection advantage. 1
2 They live in dark environments where vision is unnecessary. 1
3 The vestigial structure in one species can be compared with the functional counterpart in
another species. 1
The similarities between them suggest that the species evolved from a common ancestor.
1
 Ch 30 Evolution II
Exercise
Section 30.1
Level 1 (p. 30-20)
1 B 2 B
3 C 1
B 1
A 1

Book 4
Level 2 (p. 30-20)

4 A 5 C
7 a During the Industrial Revolution, tree trunks were darkened by smoke from factories.
The white peppered moths on the tree trunks became easier for birds to see and eat
them. 1
On the other hand, the black peppered moths were better camouflaged and continue
to survive. 1
They thus had a higher chance to reproduce, producing more offspring. As a result,
there was a large increase in the number of black peppered moths. 1
b As the concentration of suspended particulate matter decreased from 1970 to 2010,
the tree trunks were no longer darkened by smoke and became light-coloured again.
1
The white peppered moths on the tree trunks became better camouflaged than the
black peppered moths and continued to survive. 1
The white peppered moths thus had a higher chance to reproduce, producing more
offspring. 1
As a result, the percentage frequency of white peppered moths increased. 1
8 Causes of genetic variations:

Due to independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis, gametes with different
combinations of alleles are produced. 1
During meiosis (at prophase I), crossing over may occur, giving rise to new genetic
combinations in the gametes. 1
Random combination of gametes during fertilization produces different combinations of
alleles. 1
Mutation may lead to the formation of new characters. 1
Role in evolution:
Mutation provides the raw material on which natural selection can operate, i.e. new alleles
for new characters. 1
In a population, those individuals with more favourable characters are better adapted to the
environment and survive for a longer time. 1
They thus have a higher chance to reproduce and pass on the alleles for the favourable
characters to their offspring. As a result, the proportion of the better adapted individuals in
the population increases in subsequent generations. 1
The other sources of genetic variations (e.g. independent assortment of chromosomes)
play a less significant role in evolution as they usually do not give rise to new characters.
1
Communication 3

Book 4
Level 3 (p. 30-22)

9 D 10 B 11 C
Section 30.2
Level 1 (p. 30-23)
13 A 14 B 15 A
16 a Isolation 1
Natural selection 1
b Species Q and R could not interbreed to produce fertile offspring. 1
Hence, there was no gene flow between the two species. 1
c After migrating to island Y, the population of species Q became isolated from the
population on island X. 1
The population of species Q was subject to a different set of environmental
conditions on island Y. 1
As a result, different characters adapted for those particular environmental conditions
were selected by natural selection. 1
After many generations, their genetic composition became so different from the
population on island X that they could no longer interbreed to produce fertile
offspring even if they met again. They became a new species, S. 1
17 a Allow individuals from different populations of Island Foxes to interbreed. 1

If fertile offspring are produced, the populations belong to the same species. 1
b i After migrating to the island, the population of the Grey Foxes became isolated
from the population on the mainland. 1
The population of the Grey Foxes was subject to a different set of environmental
conditions on the island. 1
As a result, different characters adapted to those particular environmental
conditions were selected by natural selection. 1
After many generations, their genetic composition became so different from the
Grey Foxes on the mainland that they could no longer interbreed even if they
met again. They became a new species, the Island Foxes. 1

Book 4
ii There might be not enough genetic variations between different populations of

Island Foxes for natural selection to operate on. /
The environmental conditions might be similar on the six islands. Similar
characters adapted for those environmental conditions were selected by natural
selection. /
The populations on some of the islands might not be isolated (e.g. some foxes
may be capable to swim to a nearby island to search for food or to breed).
(any two) 1×2
Level 2 (p. 30-25)

18 D 19 D
20 a The large and long ears provide a larger surface area for dissipating body heat. 1
This helps rabbits keep their body temperature constant in the hot climate. 1
b One species 1
because they can interbreed to produce fertile offspring (i.e. all four populations are
of the same species). 1
c Three species may be formed. 1
Due to the physical barrier, there is no gene flow between populations W and Y, and
between populations Y and Z. 1
Each isolated population is subject to a different set of environmental conditions. 1
As a result, different characters adapted to those particular environmental conditions
are selected by natural selection. 1
After many generations, the genetic compositions of these populations become so
different that they cannot interbreed again. 1
Level 3 (p. 30-25)

21 a The Qinling population was isolated from the Minshan population. 1
The Qinling population was subject to a different set of environmental conditions. 1
Smaller skulls and molars were favourable characters, and those individuals with
these characters were selected by natural selection. 1
Thus, the proportion of giant pandas having smaller skulls and molars in the Qinling
population increased in subsequent generations. 1
b When the populations of giant panda are small in size, the size of the gene pool is also
small. 1
There are fewer genetic variations among individual giant pandas. 1
When there are changes in the environment, the giant pandas are less likely to have
favourable characters adapting to these changes. 1

Book 4

1 The saddle-shaped shell allows the long neck to move upwards 1
so that the giant tortoise can reach and feed on higher vegetation. 1
2 Genetic variations in shell shape and neck length existed among individuals in a
population of giant tortoises. 1
On an island where there were only tall shrubs and bushes, individuals with a
saddle-shaped shell and a longer neck had a higher chance to survive because they could
feed on higher vegetation. 1
They had a higher chance to reproduce. 1
Thus, the proportion of individuals having a saddle-shaped shell and a longer neck in the
population increased in subsequent generations. 1
3 Allow the two forms of giant tortoises to interbreed. 1
If no fertile offspring are produced, they are two different species. 1
Cross-topic exercise 10
Multiple-choice questions (p. 30-28)
1 B 2 A 3 B 4 A
5 B 6 B 7 B 8 A
9 B
Short questions (p. 30-30)

Structured questions (p. 30-31)


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New Senior Secondary Mastering Biology (Third Edition)

Suggested answers to Exercise,

-1- © Oxford University Press 2021

Level 2 (p. 25-50)

Level 3 (p. 25-50)

6 DSE Bio 2012 IB Q8

-2- © Oxford University Press 2021

b Individual 7 has normal feet. She must be homozygous recessive. 1

11 a Individual 6 is a male. He has only one X chromosome. 1

Level 2 (p. 25-53)

17 DSE Bio 2016 IB Q10

18 DSE Bio 2013 IB Q4

Level 3 (p. 25-54)

23 DSE Bio 2015 IB Q4

Level 2 (p. 25-56)

28 DSE Bio 2017 IB Q10

-3- © Oxford University Press 2021

Level 3 (p. 25-57)

30 DSE Bio 2019 IB Q11

Level 2 (p. 25-58)

Level 3 (p. 25-58)

Reading to learn (p. 25-59)

3 a Process X: DNA replication 1

-4- © Oxford University Press 2021

c Process X produces identical new DNA molecules. 1

Level 2 (p. 26-24)

8 DSE Bio 2016 IB Q8

Level 3 (p. 26-26)

10 a DNA is double-stranded, while RNA is single-stranded. /

15 DSE IS 2016 I Q9a, b

-5- © Oxford University Press 2021

Level 2 (p. 26-28)

21 DSE Bio 2018 IB Q9

Level 3 (p. 26-29)

23 a During meiotic cell division, the two homologous X chromosomes or sister

-6- © Oxford University Press 2021

Reading to learn (p. 26-31)

-7- © Oxford University Press 2021

Level 2 (p. 27-28)

5 Major steps in recombinant DNA technology:

-8- © Oxford University Press 2021

Level 3 (p. 27-29)

Level 2 (p. 27-29)

-9- © Oxford University Press 2021

Level 3 (p. 27-31)

Reading to learn (p. 27-32)

Short questions (p. 27-36)

11 DSE Bio 2018 IB Q6

- 10 - © Oxford University Press 2021

Structured questions (p. 27-37)

13 a Glucose molecules are polar. 1

14 DSE Bio 2017 IB Q4

- 11 - © Oxford University Press 2021

15 DSE Bio Sample Paper IB Q7

17 a If the allele for the disease is recessive, 1

- 12 - © Oxford University Press 2021

18 a i The percentage of cells in interphase is greatly reduced after colchicine

Level 2 (p. 28-38)

- 13 - © Oxford University Press 2021

8 DSE Bio Sample Paper IB Q3a, c

Level 2 (p. 28-39)

- 14 - © Oxford University Press 2021

Level 3 (p. 28-40)