WCD010 AE2 - PAST EXAM QUESTIONS

QUESTION ONE
SHIP CONSTRUCTION

Example 1

a) State what is meant by the following terms for structural loads; (3)
i) Panting
ii) Pounding
iii) Racking

b) Explain what is meant by a stress concentration point, and give an (2)

example of a stress concentration point on a ship.

c) Illustrate how waves and cargo loading can induce hogging and sagging of (3)
a ship structure.

Example 2

With regard to standard steel ship construction;

a) Describe a transverse framing system. (1)

b) State what size vessels are typically transversely framed (small, medium or (3)
large); and explain why said vessels are typically transversely framed.

c) Describe a longitudinal framing system. (1)

d) State what size vessels are typically longitudinally framed (small, medium (3)
or large); and explain why said vessels are typically longitudinally framed.

Example 3

a) Define ‘stress’ in a material. (1)

b) State how stress in a ship’s structure may be reduced by the crew, and the (7)
corresponding implications.

Example 4

With regard to local and global loading of a ships structure in a seaway;

a) Explain the proportional effects of waves. (3)

b) Explain why large ships are typically longitudinally framed and small ships (5)
are typically transversely framed.
Example 5

a) Label the following cross sectional sketch of a fine bow; note some (5)
components have been omitted for clarity.

b) State THREE types of loads that the bow structure must resist. (3)

Example 6

a) Ships are required to operate in “six degrees of freedom”, label the (3)
following sketch with the “six degrees of freedom”.

b) List five ‘types’ of local load on a ship’s structure. (5)

Example 7

a) Shell plate must resist hydrostatic pressure and keep the inside of the vessel (3)
dry, explain with reason how this is typically achieved.

b) The following figure illustrates the typical structural arrangement of a small (5)
merchant vessel; some components have been omitted for clarity. Label the
figure.

Example 8

a) What is a duct keel, and what is its purpose? (2)

b) Explain why the corners of hatch openings are rounded. (2)

c) What is a torsion box, and what is its purpose? (2)

d) Explain what is meant by a combination framing system. (2)

Example 9

a) The following figure illustrates a typical stern structural arrangement of a (4)

small merchant vessel; some components have been omitted for clarity.
Label the figure.

ii

iv iii

b) Using a simple sketch show hull sagging and the resultant direct stress (4)
experienced by the deck and keel structure from worse case combined wave
loading and cargo loading.

Example 10

a) Container ships often have additional longitudinal structure in way of the (3)
deck stringers and shear strakes. State the purpose of this structure.

b) State three ship structural stress raisers. (3)

c) State two structural design features intended to reduce stress concentration (2)
in way of hatch openings.

Example 11

a) Steel ships commonly have a mix of ‘solid floors’ and ‘plate floors’; state (5)
where solid floors are used and explain why.

b) The keel girder is the backbone of the vessel. The arrangement of the keel (3)
structure varies with ship type and size. List the three types of keel
arrangement.
Example 12

Correctly complete parts ‘a’ through to ‘d’ by ticking the appropriate box(s).

a) Hogging due to waves creates…

 Compression in the keel structure and tension in the deck structure.

 Tension in the keel structure and compression in the deck structure.
 Torsional loads in the bulkheads.
 Transverse shifting of cargo.
(2)
b) Racking forces can cause structural distortion, these forces are absorbed by…

 Transverse frames which loop around the inside of the vessel, and also by
transverse bulkheads.
 Longitudinal girders along the deck and keel, and also by longitudinal
bulkheads.
 Intermediate frames and increased plate thickness forward of the collision
bulkhead.
 A torsion box, which on some vessels also doubles as a walkway to give safe
access forward in rough weather.
(2)
c) A VLCC tanker will have a…

 Combination framing system, where longitudinal structure is concentrated

along the base of the hull and the underside of the deck, but the vessel still
has a transverse system around the hull.
 Longitudinal framing system, with large longitudinal girders running fore and
aft in the base of the hull, and a greater spacing of transverse frames, with
larger transverse frames, known as web frames, positioned intermediately.
 Transverse framing system, where the keel is connected to transverse
frames, which run around the inside of the vessel, these are sometimes
known as “ribs”.
 Hybrid framing system, where longitudinal structure is concentrated along
the base of the hull, and accordingly, transverse frames are spaced further
apart.
(2)
d) Which of the following is categorised as a local load;

 Grounding and Dry Docking

 Hogging or sagging due to waves and/ or cargo distribution
 Tank fluid pressure
 Torsion from quartering waves
 Load around the base of cranes
 Panting
 Pounding
 Racking
 Vibration
 Hydrostatic Pressure
(2)
QUESTION TWO
SMALL ANGLE STABILITY – EFFECTIVE METACENTRIC HEIGHT, LIST & LOLL

Example 13

MV Warsash is alongside a salt water berth, the vessel’s particulars are detailed
below;

 Mass displacement 4800t

 KGsolid 6.55m
 TCG 0.000m
 Free surface correction 0.25m

The OOW then carries out the following operations;

 Load 1500t of cargo, kg 7.35m, tcg 0.000m

 Load 132m3 of fuel oil, relative density 0.96, overall kg 6.10m, overall tcg
0.000m and overall free surface moment 165m4.

Using the MV WARSASH upright hydrostatic extracts;

a) Calculate the loaded vessel’s effective metacentric height. (5)

b) Calculate the maximum cargo kg given a minimum effective metacentric (3)

height of 20cm.

Example 14

MV Warsash is alongside a salt water berth; presently the vessel has a mass
displacement of 7056t, an effective GM of 0.16m, and 2.5 degrees of list to port.

a) The OOW propose to correct the vessel’s present list by shifting a 20t crate (3)
across the weather deck. Calculate how far the crate should be shifted
across the weather deck to correct the present list.

b) Currently ballast water FSM totals 1800t.m. Calculate the impact of FSM on (2)
the vessel’s KG.

c) Explain why it is important that free surface effects are minimised before (3)
commencement of heavy lift operations.
Example 15

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water and is nearly ready to sail. The vessel’s present
particulars are detailed below;

 Mass displacement 7192t

 KGsolid 6.14m
 Free surface moment 1510t.m
 List 2.5 degrees to port

The OOW have been tasked with correcting the vessel’s list by shifting ballast
between the port and starboard Number 3 and Number 4 double bottom tanks. All
four tanks are nearly full.

 Number 3 double bottom tanks each have a nominal TCG of 4.00m and 15t extra
capacity each.
 Number 4 double bottom tanks each have a nominal TCG of 3.50m, and 30t extra
capacity each.

Calculate the how much ballast should be shifted awarthships between sister tanks to
correct the vessel’s list using the above data and provided hydrostatic extracts.
Note, there are countless possible permutations, however ideally FSM should be
reduced by pressing one of the tanks in the process of correcting the vessel’s list.

(8)

Example 16

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water in a ballasted condition. The vessel’s present

particulars are detailed below;

 Mass displacement 4680t

 KGsolid 6.12m
 Free surface moment (FSM) 2621t.m
 List 0.0 degrees

The following cargo operations are then carried out;

 Discharge 1850t of ballast, kg 1.15m, tcg 0.000m, FSM 2320t.m

 Load 125t of fuel oil, kg 6.84m, tcg 0.000m, FSM 18t.m
 Load 18t of fresh water, kg 2.56m, tcg 0.000m, FSM 22t.m
 Load 1500t of cargo, kg 3.75m, tcg 5.000m port of centreline
 Load 2100t of cargo, kg 5.20m, tcg 3.500m stb’d of centreline
 Shit fuel from a slack bunker to a slack ready use tank, mass 6t, vertical shift
upward 4m, transverse shift 0.000m.

Calculate the loaded vessel’s final angle of list.

(8)
Example 17

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water discharging break-bulk cargo using the ship’s
own crane. The vessel’s present particulars are detailed below;

 Mass displacement 5390t

 KGsolid 6.05m
 Free surface moment (FSM) 1600t.m
 TCG 0.015m to starboard of centreline

The next item of cargo to be unloaded is exceptionally heavy; the lifting operation
particulars are detailed below;

 The ship is port side to

 The cargo has a mass of 28t, a kg of 2.55m, and a tcg of 2m to port of centreline
 The crane head is 35m above the keel
 The cargo is to be loaded onto a trailer on the quay, the trailer is 15m from the
ship’s centreline.

Calculate the vessel’s maximum list angle during the lifting operation.
(8)

Example 18

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water, the vessel’s present particulars are detailed
below;

 Mass displacement 5150t

 KGsolid 6.05m
 Free surface correction (FSC) 0.16m
 TCG 0.009m starboard of the centreline

The following loading operations are outstanding;

 Load 220t of cargo, kg 4.85m, tcg 2.540m port of centreline

 Load 85t of cargo, kg 8.00m, tcg 0.150m to starboard of the centreline
 Load 62t of fuel, kg 5.49m, tcg 0.000m, Free Surface Moment (FSM) 15t.m
 Load 185t of salt water ballast, kg 0.55m, tcg 0.000m, FSM 482t.m

Calculate the vessel’s final angle of list post loading of outstanding cargo, fuel and
ballast.
(8)
Example 19

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water, the vessel’s present particulars are detailed
below;

 Mass displacement 6210t

 KGsolid 6.74m
 Free surface moment 585t.m
 List 1¼ degrees to port

The vessel must be made upright prior to sailing. Calculate the mass of ballast to
load into the number 3 starboard double bottom ballast tank, the tank has a TCG of
4.00m.
(8)

Example 20

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water. The vessel is fully loaded with the exception
of cargo, the vessel’s present particulars are detailed below;

 Mass displacement 3890t

 KGsolid 6.74m
 Free surface moment 1920t.m
 TCG 0.000m

The vessel is to be loaded to a maximum mass displacement of 7329t, with a

minimum GM of 0.20m. Determine the maximum mass of further cargo to be loaded,
and the maximum KG of further cargo.
(8)

Example 21

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water, portside to. The vessel’s present particulars
are detailed below;

 Mass displacement 6592t

 KGsolid 6.68m
 Free surface moment 945t.m
 TCG 0.008m to starboard of the centreline

A 19t container is to be discharged using the ships own heavy lift derrick, the head of
which is 20m above the keel. At present the container is stowed 2m to starboard of
the centreline at a kg of 10.50m. The container is to be landed on a trailer 12m from
the ship’s centreline.

Determine the maximum list angle during the discharge.

(8)
Example 22

MV Warsash is alongside a salt water berth; presently the vessel has a mass
displacement of 3780t, an effective GM of 0.25m, and 1.5 degrees of list to port.

The OOW prepare the ship to sail by carrying out the following operations;

 Load 584t at a kg of 0.65m, on the centreline, with a FSM of 1200t.m

 Discharge 12t at a kg of 10.50m, 4.00m to port of the centreline

Calculate the final angle and direction of list after operations are complete.
(8)

Example 23

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water. The vessel’s present particulars are detailed
below;

 Mass Displacement 6350t

 KGsolid 6.55m
 Free surface moment (FSM) 1150t.m
 TCG 0.012m to starboard of the centreline

The following operations are carried out;

 Load 195t at a kg of 4.85m, 2.05m to starboard

 Load 58t at a kg of 1.80m, 1.80m to port
 Discharge 140t from a kg of 1.80m, 0.50m to starboard
 Load 145t of fuel oil at a kg of 6.90m, on the centreline, causing a FSM of 25t.m

Determine the final effective metacentric height and angle of inclination.

(8)
Example 24

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water. The vessel’s present particulars are detailed
below;

 Mass displacement 6420t

 KGsolid 6.35m
 Free surface moment (FSM) 1670t.m
 List angle 2½ degrees to starboard

The vessel must be made upright prior to sailing. Determine the mass of ballast to
discharge from the number 3 starboard double bottom ballast tank, assuming the
ballast has a TCG of 3.85m to starboard of the centreline.

You may assume the change in mass displacement, KG and GM are negligible.
(8)
QUESTION THREE
LONGITUDINAL STABILITY - TRIM AND END DRAUGHTS

Example 25

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water; presently the vessel has a mass displacement
of 6654t and a draught aft of 7.30m.

The vessel’s condition must be altered to ensure an under keel clearance of 0.50m in
7.40m of salt water.

The OOW has been tasked with shifting ballast forward to increase the vessel’s under
keel clearance to 0.50m. The OOW intend on shifting ballast between No. 4 Double
bottom tanks (nominal lcg 31m FOAP) and No. 1 double bottom tanks (nominal lcg
84m FOAP).

There is currently a total of 200t of ballast in No. 4 Double bottom tanks, and a total
extra capacity of 25t in No. 1 double bottom tanks. Verify if the OOW plan is viable.

(8)

Example 26

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water. The vessel has an LBP of 100m, a mass
displacement of 5269t, and a draught aft of 6.22m.

The vessel must cross a sand bank, the water depth at the sand bank is 7.85m, and
the required under keel clearance is 2.00m.

Determine the mass of ballast to be transferred between number 3 (lcg 50m FOAP)
and number 4 (lcg 30m FOAP) double bottom ballast tanks.
(8)

Example 27

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water. The vessel has an LBP of 100m, a mass
displacement of 6008t, and a draught aft of 6.90m.

The maximum allowable draught aft is 6.40m.

Determine;

a) The mass of ballast to be transferred between the forepeak tank (lcg 98m (7)
FOAP) and the aft peak tank (lcg 3m FOAP) so that the vessels’ draught aft
is 6.40m.

b) The final draught forward. (1)

Example 28

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water. The vessel has a mass displacement of 6654t,
and a present trim of 0.45m by the stern.

The vessel is only permitted to sail if the trim is between 0.90m and 1.20m by the
stern, and the draught aft is no greater than 7.00m.

The officer of the watch proposes to make the following adjustments to the ship;

 Shift 55t of cargo from hold 6 (lcg 45m FOAP) to hold 7 (lcg 28m FOAP)
 Shift 86m3 of salt water ballast from Double bottom tanks 2 (lcg 76m FOAP) to
double bottom tanks 6 (lcg 39m FOAP)

Verify that the vessel will be permitted to sail post proposed changes have been
actioned.

MV Warsash has an LBP of 100m.

(8)

Example 29

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water. Presently the vessel is on an even keel, and
has a mass displacement of 3850t. The following cargo operations are then carried
out;

 Load 1245t at an lcg of 42m FOAP

 Load 85t at an lcg of 65m FOAP
 Load 120t at an lcg of 19m FOAP
 Discharge 31t at an lcg of 49m FOAP

Determine the vessel’s final trim and draught aft. The vessel LBP is 100m.
(8)

Example 30

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water, the vessel’s present particulars are detailed
below;

 Mass displacement 6654t

 Trim 0.75m by the stern

The vessel must load a further 133t of fuel oil at an LCG of 13.50m FOAP. Calculate
the vessel’s final trim. The vessel has an LBP of 100m.
(8)
Example 31

MV Warsash is alongside a salt water berth at a true mean draught of 5.70m, with an
LCG of 45.95m FOAP. The vessel has an LBP of 100m.

The OOW then carries out the following operations;

 Load 1833t of cargo, lcg 45.95m FOAP

 Transfer 85t of salt water ballast from the forepeak ballast tank (lcg 98.00m
FOAP) to the aft peak ballast tank (lcg 2.50m FOAP)

Using the MV Warsash upright hydrostatic extracts, calculate the vessel’s final
draught fore and aft.
(8)

Example 32

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water, the vessel’s present particulars are detailed
below;

 Mass displacement 7329t

 Trim 1.45m by the stern

The vessel must pass over a sand bank at low tide with a minimum under keel
clearance (UKC) of 0.80m. The estimated water depth in way of the sand bank is
8.15m. Calculate the required mass and direction of ballast to shift between
adjacent ballast tanks, given nominal lcg values of 48 and 64m FOAP, and a vessel
LBP of 100m.

(8)

Example 33

MV Warsash is alongside a salt water berth. The vessel is currently loading cargo,
fuel, provisions and ballast. The planned loaded mass displacement is 6008t, and the
planned loaded trim is 1.20m by the stern. The OOW has been asked to determine
the effect of several last minute proposed changes to the cargo plan.

 45t crate, planned lcg 25m FOAP, proposed lcg 65m FOAP
 150t ballast, planned lcg 50m FOAP, proposed lcg 35m FOAP
 One TEU, planned mass 16t, planned lcg 65m FOAP, actual mass 18t, proposed
lcg 75m FOAP

Calculate the vessel’s approximate final trim given proposed loading plan changes.

You may assume that vessel’s LCF and MCTC are not affected by the small change in
displacement.
(8)
Example 34

MV Warsash is alongside a salt water berth; presently the vessel has a mass
displacement of 3671t, and a stern trim of 2.80m.

The OOW prepare the ship to sail by carrying out the following operations;

 Load 110t of fuel oil, lcg 14m FOAP

 Load 2t of provisions, lcg 22m FOAP
 Load 21t of fresh water, lcg 42m FOAP
 Load 1550m3 of salt water ballast, RD 1.023, lcg 48m FOAP
 Shift 65m3 of salt water ballast from the aft peak (lcg 5m FOAP) to the forepeak
(lcg 85m FOAP), RD 1.025

Calculate the vessel’s final trim.

(8)

Example 35

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water, presently her mass displacement is 5511t, and
her LCG is 45.25m FOAP. The OOW then carries out the following operations;

 Load 510t of cargo, 28.00m FOAP

 Load 580t of cargo, 48m FOAP
 Load 590t of cargo, 68m FOAP
 Transfer 85t of salt water ballast from the forepeak ballast tank (lcg 95m FOAP)
to the aft peak ballast tank (lcg 5m FOAP)

Calculate the vessel’s final draught aft using the provided hydrostatic extracts. The
vessel’s LBP is 100m.
(8)

Example 36

MV Warsash is alongside in salt water in a loaded condition. The vessel has a mass
displacement of 7329t, an LCG of 43.95m FOAP, and an LBP of 100m.

a) Calculate the vessel’s trim. (2)

b) To improve efficiency the vessel must have a stern trim of 0.95m; calculate (3)
the mass of ballast to be transferred, and in which direction, between
number 1 double bottom tanks (lcg 87 m FOAP) and number 2 double bottom
tanks (lcg 65m FOAP).

c) Calculate the vessel’s end draughts given a stern trim of 0.95m. (3)
QUESTION FOUR
LARGE ANGLE STABILITY – GZ

Example 37

a) The following figure illustrates the GZ curves of two ships; quantify four (4)
differences in ship stability characteristics with reference to the GZ curves.
You answer may include annotation of the figure.
GZ (m)
0.7
0.6
Ship 1
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2 Ship 2
0.1
0.0
-0.1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Angle (deg)
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
-0.7
-0.8
-0.9
b) The following figure illustrates the cross section of a listed ship; annotate (4)
the figure with indicative positions of G, B, Z, and M.
Example 38

a) The loading computer on MV Warsash has been updated and is now (3)
unreliable. Occasionally the results summary and curve of statical stability
(GZ curve) do not automatically update to reflect changes in loading
condition. Examine the captured screen image below and identify THREE
differences in comparable stability particulars.

Loading Summary Results Summary

Item Mass (t) KG (m) TCG (m) Free Surface Moment 1825 t.m
Lightship 2615 7.000 0.010 Free Surface Correction 25 cm
Fluid Deadweight 825 1.05 -0.122 KG Solid 6.27 m
Solid Deadweight 4160 6.85 0.150 KM 7.32 m
Total 7600 6.27 0.072 GM solid 1.05 m

1.20 GM effective 0.80 m

GZ (m)
1.10 List or Loll 5.2 degrees
1.00
Notes
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
-0.10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65
Angle (Degrees)

b) The following figure illustrates the cross section of a ship at an angle of (5)
loll; annotate the figure with indicative positions of G, B, Z, initial M and M
at the angle of loll.
Example 39

a) MV Warsash has a mass displacement of 4400t in salt water, a KG of 7.23m, (2)

and a TCG of zero. Calculate the vessel’s GZ at 5°, and comment on your
answer.
(6)
b) Sketch and label three GZ curves, illustrating the following scenarios;

i. A ship listing to 5 degrees

ii. A ship lolling to 10 degrees
iii. A ship with a combined list and loll angle of 15 degrees

Example 40

Examine the curve of statical stability and determine each of the following;

a) Condition of initial stability. (1)

b) Range of positive stability. (1)
c) Angle of vanishing stability. (1)
d) Approximate angle of deck edge immersion. (1)
e) Maximum righting lever. (1)
f) Angle at which the maximum righting lever occurs. (1)
g) Approximate initial transverse metacentric height (2)

Example 41

a) MV Warsash has a mass displacement of 6800t in salt water, and a KG of (6)

6.75m. Calculate and plot GZ at 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 degrees.

b) Sketch the cross section of a ship with neutral stability heeled to a small (2)
angle, including indicative positions of G, B, Z, and M.
Example 42

a) MV Warsash has a mass displacement of 5800t in salt water, and a KG of (2)

6.75m; determine the vessel’s righting moment at 20 degrees.

b) Annotate the following sketch with B,G,Z & M for a vessel at an angle of list. (4)

c) Sketch and annotate a characteristic GZ curve for an unstable vessel with a

TCG of zero. (2)

GZ

Angle
Example 43

a) State EACH of the following for the TWO curves of statical stability; (6)

 The approximate initial metacentric height

 The approximate angle of deck edge immersion
 The approximate range of stability

b) Ship 1 has a mass displacement of 7400t, calculate the vessel’s righting (2)
moment at 30 degrees.
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
GZ (m)

0.1
0
-0.1 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80
-0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.5
-0.6
Angle (deg) Ship 1 Ship 2

Example 44

a) MV Warsash is alongside in salt water in a loaded condition at a true mean (4)

draught 6.31m, with a KGeffective of 6.75m. Calculate the vessel’s moment of
statical stability at 20 degrees of heel using large angle stability theory.

b) Sketch an inactive GZ curve for each scenario; (4)

i) A ship listed to 20 degrees with a 55 degree range of stability

ii) A ship lolling to 15 dgerees with a 20 degree range of stability
Example 45

a) MV Warsash has a mass displacement of 6000t in salt water, and a KG of (2)

6.75m; calculate the vessel’s righting moment at 20 degrees.

b) Annotate the following series of sketches with G,Z & M for a stable vessel (6)
with the centre of gravity off-centre; firstly in the upright condition, secondly
when at a small angle of roll, and thirdly when in equilibrium. The centre of
buoyancy and line of force due to buoyancy have already been drawn.

Example 46

MV Warsash is alongside a salt water berth; the vessel has a mass displacement of
5800t, an effective KG of 7.05m, and a TCG of 0.000m. Calculate and plot the vessel’s
curve of statical stability in increments of 5 degrees between zero and twenty degrees;
and then use said curve to quantify the vessel’s initial stability. Note, in this scenario
calculations should be to three decimal places (nearest millimetre).
0.06
GZ (m)

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

Angle (deg)
0
0 5 10 15 20
-0.01

-0.02

(8)
Example 47

Examine each curve of statical stability and correctly amend the statements on the
right hand side. No marks will be awarded for partially correct assessment of stability.

0.6 GZ (m) The ship is…

0.4 Stable / Unstable/ Neutral
0.2 The ship is…
Angle (deg)
0.0 Listing/ Lolling/ Listing & Lolling/
-0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Upright
-0.4
The ships’ centre of gravity is…
-0.6 On the centreline/ off-centre
-0.8

0.8
GZ (m)

0.6 The ship is…

0.4 Stable / Unstable/ Neutral
0.2 Angle (deg) The ship is…
0.0
Listing/ Lolling/ Listing & Lolling/
-0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Upright
-0.4
-0.6 The ships’ centre of gravity is…
-0.8 On the centreline/ Off-centre

0.4
0.2 The ship is…
Angle (deg)
0.0 Stable / Unstable/ Neutral
-0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
The ship is…
-0.4
Listing/ Lolling/ Listing & Lolling/
-0.6 Upright
-0.8
GZ (m)

-1.0 The ships’ centre of gravity is…

-1.2 On the centreline/ Off-centre

0.2
Angle (deg)
0.0 The ship is…
-0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Stable / Unstable/ Neutral
-0.4
-0.6 The ship is…
-0.8 Listing/ Lolling/ Listing & Lolling/
-1.0 Upright
-1.2
GZ (m)

-1.4 The ships’ centre of gravity is…

-1.6 On the centreline/ Off-centre
(8)
Example 48

a) MV Warsash has a mass displacement of 4200t in salt water, and a KG of (2)

6.86m; determine the vessel’s righting moment at 15 degrees.

b) Annotate the following sketch with G,Z, B & M for a vessel with neutral (4)
stability heeled to a small angle.

c) Sketch a characteristic GZ curve for a vessel with neural stability. (2)

GZ

Angle
QUESTION FIVE
LOAD LINES

Example 49

A bulker ship is presently floating alongside in dock water; the waterline is 2cm above
the Winter load line, and the dock water density is 1008Kg.m-3.

The vessel is in a Winter zone and will be sailing exclusively in a Winter zone. The
ships data shows that the ship has a Winter mass displacement of 7925t, and a
corresponding draught of 6.450m and TPC of 12.95 in salt water.

Calculate the vessel’s present displacement and how much further deadweight can be
loaded if the ship is to sail legally.
(8)

Example 50

MV Warsash is presently floating alongside in dock water; the waterline is 65mm above
the summer load line. The dock water density 1004kg/m3.

The vessel is in a Summer zone, but will enter a winter zone after three days of sailing,
by which time 95t of fuel oil will have been consumed.

The vessel’s load line particulars are detailed below;

 Tropical load line… Mass displacement 7531t, Draught 7.146m, TPC 13.91
 Summer load line… Mass displacement 7329t, Draught 7.000m, TPC 13.77
 Winter load line… Mass displacement 7129t, Draught 6.854m, TPC 13.62

Calculate how much further deadweight must be removed prior to entering the winter
zone.
(8)

Example 51

MV Persistence is in a summer zone, but will be sailing predominately through a winter

zone during the next stage of its voyage. The vessel has a winter mass displacement of
13540t, and TPC of 17.48.

Presently the vessel is floating in dock water with a relative density of 1.015, and the
waterline is 16cm above the winter load line.

Determine the minimum amount of deadweight that must be discharged, given that 58t
of fuel, and 1.5t of provisions is to be loaded before the vessel sails.
(8)
Example 52

MV Diligence is in a tropical zone, and will be sailing exclusively in a tropical zone. The
vessel has a tropical mass displacement of 58,555t, and TPC of 62.68.

Presently the vessel is floating in dock water with a relative density of 1.011, and the
waterline is 4cm above the tropical load line.

Determine the maximum amount of additional cargo that may be legally loaded, given
that 158t of fresh water is to be taken before the vessel sails.
(8)

Example 53

MV Perseverance is in a winter zone, and will be sailing exclusively in a winter zone.

The vessel has a winter mass displacement of 45,280t, and TPC of 55.25.

Presently the vessel is floating in dock water with a relative density of 1.009, with the
waterline 3cm below the winter load line.

The vessel still needs to load 250t of bunkers, determine the maximum amount of
additional cargo which may be legally loaded.
(8)

Example 54

A ‘feeder’ container ship is presently floating alongside in dock water at a draught of

6.300m; the dock water density is 1009Kg.m-3.

The vessel is in a Summer zone and will be sailing exclusively in a Summer zone. The
ships data shows that the ship has a Summer mass displacement of 8050t, and a
corresponding draught of 6.550m and TPC of 12.50 in salt water.

The vessel is scheduled to load a further 75 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent units), each
TEU has a nominal weight of 8t; calculate how many further units can actually be
loaded if the ship is to sail legally.
(8)
Example 55

MV Warsash is presently floating alongside in dock water at a draught of 6.290m; the

dock water density is 1008Kg.m-3. The ship is the process of loading cargo and fuel oil.

The vessel is in a Tropical zone and will be sailing exclusively in a Tropical zone. The
ships data shows that the ship has a Tropical mass displacement of 7530t, and a
corresponding draught of 7.150m and TPC of 13.82t in salt water.

Calculate the vessel’s maximum mass displacement in dock water, and the maximum
mass of additional cargo that may be loaded given that the ship is still to bunker 185t of
fuel oil.
(8)

Example 56

A bulker ship is presently floating alongside in dock water; the waterline is 5cm below
the winter load line, and the dock water density is 1012Kg.m-3.

The vessel is in a Summer zone and will be sailing exclusively in a Summer zone. The
ships data shows that the ship has a Summer mass displacement of 12250t, and a
corresponding draught of 7.250m and TPC of 14.15 in salt water.

Calculate how much further cargo can be loaded if the ship is to sail legally, given that
90t of fuel oil is still to be loaded prior to departure.
(8)

Example 57

MV Southampton is in a Summer zone, and will be sailing exclusively in a Summer zone.

The vessel has a Summer mass displacement of 18520t, draught of 9.500m, and TPC of
28.50.

Presently the vessel is floating in dock water with a relative density of 1.008, with the
waterline 5cm below the Winter load line.

Calculate the maximum amount of additional cargo that may be legally loaded before
sailing, given that 105t of fuel oil is still to be loaded prior to sailing.
(8)
Example 58

MV Hamble is in a Tropical zone, and will be sailing exclusively in a Tropical zone. The
vessel has a Tropical mass displacement of 16550t, and TPC of 25.50t/cm. The vessel
has a Summer draught of 9.400m.

Presently the vessel is floating in dock water with a relative density of 1.012, with the
waterline 16cm above the winter load line.

Calculate the maximum amount of additional cargo that may be legally loaded before
sailing, given that 185t of fuel oil is still to be loaded prior to sailing.
(8)

Example 59

MV Solent is in a Summer zone, and will be sailing exclusively in a Summer zone. The
vessel has a Summer mass displacement of 18590t, and TPC of 23.15t/cm.

Presently the vessel is floating in dock water with a relative density of 1.019, with the
waterline 6” (1”=25.4mm) below the Summer load line.

Calculate the maximum amount of additional cargo that may be legally loaded before
sailing, given that 92t of fuel oil is still to be loaded before sailing.
(8)