Capt Jill Kernick

Tel 4231

e-mail jill.kernick@solent.ac.uk
 St Clare

• 5359gt
•  88m long
• 750 passengers
• 180 cars
• built in 2002 by
Gdansk Shiprepair
"Remontowa
 Stavros S Niarchos
& Prince William

Tall Ships Youth Trust

Jubilee Sailing Trust
Lord Nelson
Project:
Thames Commodore
–
Rhijalica

From sinking rust

bucket to beauty
queen!
 Watchkeeping & Communications
WCD 009
YOOW Oct 16
1.  Bridge Watchkeeping
& ROR 60 mins 65%
2.  Ship Handling Formative assessment
3.  Compass Work 60 mins 50%
4.  Emergency Response –
MCA Signals Exam 90%

Exam dates…
SQA Exams W/C 27 March 2017 (4 weeks before HNC exams)

HNC exams W/C 24 April 2017

 Watchkeeping & Communications
WCD 009
YOOW October 17
1.  Bridge Watchkeeping
& ROR 60 mins 65%
2.  Ship Handling Formative assessment
3.  Compass Work 60 mins 50%
4.  Emergency Response –
MCA Signals Exam 90%
Exam dates…
SQA Exams W/C 26 March 2018
HNC exams W/C 23 April 2018
HELM W/C 2 April, NAEST W/C 30 April, EDH W/C 14 May ‘18
 Watchkeeping & Communications
WCD 009
OOW Jan 18
1.  Bridge Watchkeeping
& ROR 60 mins 65%
2.  Ship Handling Formative assessment
3.  Compass Work 60 mins 50%
4.  Emergency Response –
MCA Signals Exam 90%

Exam dates…
HNC Exams W/C 25 June 2018
SQA Exams W/C 9 July 2017 (2 weeks after HNC exams)
Some additional dates…

•  Easter break: 30 March – 16 April

•  NAEST Consolidation W/C 7 May

•  Helm W/C 11 June

•  HNC Exams W/C 25 June 2018

•  SQA Exams W/C 9 July2017

•  EDH W/C 18 & 25 July

•  NAEST practical W/C 30 July & 6 August

 Watchkeeping & Communications
WCD 009
OOW April 17

1.  Bridge Watchkeeping

& ROR 60 mins 65%
2.  Ship Handling Formative assessment
3.  Compass Work 60 mins 50%
4.  Emergency Response –
MCA Signals Exam 90%

Exam dates…
HNC exams W/C 20 Nov 2016
SQA Exams W/C 27 Nov 2016
 Assessment Weighting for HNC only
NOT MCA

m  AE1 – Col Regs – 30%

m  AE2 –Ship Handling − 30%

m  AE3 – Compass Work − 40%

 Bridge Watchkeeping

STCW

m What is STCW?

m Where does this legislation stem from?

STCW – Standards of Training and Certification of Watchkeepers

STCW is split into two parts: A and B Part A being the main body
detailing with standards and Part B offering very brief guidance

Part A eight chapters:-

Ch I Standards regarding general provisions
Ch II Master & deck department
Ch III Engine Department
Ch IV Radio Operators
Ch V Special training requirements for certain types of ships
Ch VI Emergency, safety, security, medical care and survival functions
Ch VII Alternative certification
Ch VIII Standards regarding WATCHKEEPING
Bridge Procedures

STCW Chapter VIII deals with Standards regarding watchkeeping

Section A-VIII/1 deals with Fitness for duty wrt hours of rest.(page 251) (Note for
Orals exam & SQA Nav)

Section A-VIII/2 deals with Watchkeeping arrangements and principles to be

observed (page 252)

Section A-VIII/2 Part 1 – Certification

Part 2 – Voyage Planning
Part 3 – Watchkeeping principles in general
Part 4 – Watchkeeping at sea

Part 4-1 – Principles to be observed in keeping a navigational watch ie Lookout,

Watch arrangements (composition of bridge watch) Taking over the watch,
Performing the navigational watch and Watchkeeping under different conditions
and in different areas (clear wx, restricted vis, darkness, congested water, pilot o/b
and at anchor.
Example SQA question
(Ref. Bridge Procedures Guide)

With reference to the Bridge Procedures Guide

(a)  List TEN circumstances when the Master must be called (10)

(b) List SIX items of equipment to be checked to ensure that they

are fully operational, when entering restricted visibility (6)

(c) Explain the obligations the OOW will have when in the presence
of a pilot (3)
Calling the Master (Ref: STCW Section A-VIII/2 Part 4 -1
Para 40 & 41 (Page 257)

The OOW should notify the Master immediately in the following circumstances:
•  If restricted visibility is encountered or expected.
•  If traffic conditions or the movements of other ships are causing concern;
•  If difficulty is experienced in maintaining course.
•  On failure to sight land, a navigation mark or to obtain soundings by the
expected time.
•  If, unexpectedly, land or a navigation mark is sighted or a change in
soundings occurs.
•  On breakdown of the engines, steering gear or any essential navigational
equipment.
•  If the radio equipment malfunctions.
•  In heavy weather if in any doubt about the possibility of weather damage.
•  If the ship meets any hazard to navigation, such as ice or derelicts.
•  In any other emergency or situation in which he is in any doubt.
•  Despite the requirement to notify the master immediately in the foregoing
circumstances, the officer of the watch should in addition not hesitate to
take immediate action for the safety of the ship, where circumstances so
require.
B17
2016
Edit’n
Taking Over a Watch

(Ref: STCW Section A-VIII/2

Part 4 -1 (Para 19-23) (Page 255)
B16
2016
Edit’n
Taking Over a Watch (Ref: STCW Section A-VIII/2 Part 4 -1 (Para
19-23) (Page 255)

§ OOW being relieved must ensure that his relief is fit to perform his duties.
§ Ensure that members of your watch are fully capable of performing their
duties
§ Ensure that your night vision is adjusted.
§ Put a fix on the chart – satisfy yourself that you are where you think you are.
§  Read Standing/Night Orders
§ Be briefed or read up on prevailing weather, tides, visibility etc.
§ Satisfy yourself as regards all navigational equipment and its operational
effectiveness.
§ Check the gyro/compass error.
§ Be briefed on what are other ships in the vicinity doing.
§ Look ahead on the next chart, as to what hazards are likely to be encountered
during your watch.
§ Be aware of possible effects of heel, trim, water density and squat on UKC
§ If at the time, the OOW to be relieved is undertaking a manoeuvre or other
action to avoid any hazard, the relieving OOW should not take the Watch
until such action has been completed.
Example SQA question
(Ref. Bridge Procedures Guide)

With reference to the Bridge Procedures Guide

(a)  List TEN circumstances when the Master must be called (10)

(b) List SIX items of equipment to be checked to ensure that they

are fully operational, when entering restricted visibility (6)

(c) Explain the obligations the OOW will have when in the presence
of a pilot (3)
Periodic Checks of Navigational Equipment (Ref: STCW
Section A-VIII/2 Part 4 -1 Para 34 (Page 257)

The OOW should make regular checks of the following:-

•  Helmsman or auto pilot steering the correct course.

•  Compass Error determined at least once a watch and when
possible, after any major alteration of course.
•  The Standard and Gyro Compasses frequently compared and
repeaters synchronised with their master compass.
•  Auto pilot tested manually at least once a watch.
•  Nav and signal lights functioning.
•  Radio equipment is functioning.
•  UMS controls, alarms and indicators functioning.
Actions on encountering Restricted Visibility

(Ref: STCW 95 Section A-VIII/2 Part 4 -1 Para 45

(Page 258)
Actions on encountering Restricted Visibility (Ref: STCW 95 Section A-VIII/2
Part 4 -1 Para 45 (Page 258)

§  Where restricted visibility is encountered or expected, the first

responsibility of the officer of the watch is to comply with the relevant rules
of the applicable regulations for preventing collisions at sea. This is with
particular regard to the sounding of fog signals, proceeding at a safe peed
and having the engines ready for immediate manoeuvres. In addition, he
should:

•  Inform the Master.

•  Post a proper lookout Exhibit navigation lights.
•  Commence systematic radar plotting.

Not mentioned in STCW - but helmsman on S/B and, in congested waters,

revert to hand steering immediately.
B13
2016
Edit’n
Ship at Anchor

(Ref: STCW Section A-VIII/1

part 4 -1 Para 51 (Page 259)
B12
2016
edition
Ship at Anchor (Ref: STCW Section A-VIII/1 part 4 -1 Para 51 (Page 259)

If the master considers it necessary, a continuous navigational watch should be maintained

at anchor. In all circumstances, while at anchor, the officer of the watch should:

•  Determine and plot the ship's position on the appropriate chart as soon as practicable:
•  When circumstances permit, check at sufficiently frequent intervals whether the ship is
remaining securely at anchor by taking bearings of fixed navigation marks or readily
identifiable shore objects.
•  Ensure that an efficient lookout is maintained.
•  Ensure that inspection rounds of the ship are made periodically.
•  Observe meteorological and tidal conditions and the state of the sea.
•  Notify the master and undertake all necessary measures if the ship drags anchor.
•  Ensure that the state of readiness of the main engines and other machinery is in
accordance with the master's instructions.
•  If visibility deteriorates, notify the master and comply with the applicable regulations
for preventing collisions at sea.
•  Ensure that the ship exhibits the appropriate lights and shapes and that appropriate
sound signals are made at all times, as required.
•  Take measures to protect the environment from pollution by the ship and comply with
applicable pollution regulations.
Composition of Bridge watch

Ref: STCW Section A-Ch VIII/1 Part 4 -1 (para 18 - page 255)

Ref: Bridge Procedures Guide P16 (2007 edition)

Checklist B2 page 97 (2016 edition)
Composition of Bridge watch Ref: Bridge Procedures Guide P16

The Master should take into account all relevant factors including:-

•  Vis, wx & sea conditions

•  Traffic density & proximity of nav hazards ( OOW may have extra nav
duties)
•  TSS or other routeing measures requiring extra attention
•  Additional workload due to type of ship
•  Fitness for duty of crew members & hours of rest
•  Knowledge of and confidence in competence of crew
•  Experience of each OOW & familiarity with equipment
•  Any unusual demands on the watch that may arise as a result of special
operations circumstances
•  Any radio duties
Composition of Bridge watch Ref: STCW Section A-Ch VIII/1
Part 4 -1 (para 18 - page 255)

•  At no time shall bridge be left unattended

•  Wx conditions, vis, and whether day/dark
•  Proximity of nav hazards ( OOW may have extra nav duties)
•  Use and state of nav aids eg ECDIS, radar, or electronic position
indicating devices & any other equipment affecting safe nav of ship
•  Whether ship is fitted with auto pilot
•  Any radio duties
•  UMS controls, alarms and indicators provided on the bridge, procedures
for their use and their limitations
•  Any unusual demands on the watch that may arise as a result of special
operations circumstances
Example SQA question
(Ref. Bridge Procedures Guide)

With reference to the Bridge Procedures Guide

(a)  List TEN circumstances when the Master must be called (10)

(b) List SIX items of equipment to be checked to ensure that they are fully operational,
when entering restricted visibility (6)

(c) Explain the obligations the OOW will have when in the
presence of a pilot (3)
Navigation with Pilot on Board

Ref: STCW Section A-Ch VIII/1 Part 4 -1(para 49

& 50- page 259)

Br Procedure Guide page 39

(p 79 2016 Edition )
 

Navigation with Pilot on Board

Ref: STCW Section A-Ch VIII/1 Part 4 -1(para 49 & 50- page 259)
& Br Procedure Guide page 39 (p 79 2016)

The presence of a pilot does not relieve the Master or OOW

of their duties and obligations for the safety of the ship.

The Master and pilot exchange:- passage plan, local conditions

& ship’s characteristics.

The Master and OOW shall co-operate closely with the pilot
and maintain an accurate check on the ship’s position and
movement.
 
If the OOW is in any doubt as to the pilot’s actions or
intentions, he/she shall seek clarification from the pilot and, if
doubt still exists, shall notify the master immediately and take
whatever action is necessary before the master arrives.
 Navigation with Pilot on Board
Ref. Br Procedure Guide p39 2007 (p79 of 2016 edition)
OOWs obligations with POB

•  Operate nav equipment & assist Pilot as necessary

•  Monitor Pilot’s actions & other Br team members
•  Monitor ship’s position
•  Monitor UKC
•  Verify orders from Pilot and ensure carried out correctly
•  Monitor ROT, rudder angle & RPM indicators
•  Clarify any misunderstanding of Pilot’s orders
•  Inform Master if in doubt of ship’s safety
 

SQA NAV Question 5 July 2016

•  (a) (i) Mandatory rest requirements?   (4)

•  (ii) TWO factors that the master should take into account when determining
that watchkeeping efficiency is not impaired by fatigue? (3)
•   
•  (iii) State how the watchkeepers can ensure they remain alert
•  Watch (Ref MGN 315 Paragraph 3.6) (2)
•   
•  (iv) When the Hours of Rest Regs cannot be met… ?
•   
 
(b) FOUR checks to be undertaken by OOW when navigating in ice (4)
 
 
 
(c) SOLAS Ch V reporting requirements dangerous ice ? (3)
(3)
  
 
SQA NAV Question 5 July 2016

(a)  (i) Mandatory rest requirements?   (4)

(ii) TWO factors that the master should take into account when determining
that watchkeeping efficiency is not impaired by fatigue? (3)
 
(iii) State how the watchkeepers can ensure they remain alert
Watch (Ref MGN 315 Paragraph 3.6) (2)
 
(iv) When the Hours of Rest Regs cannot be met… ?
 
 
(b) FOUR checks to be undertaken by OOW when navigating in ice (4)
Checklist B11 in 2007 Br Proc Guide, B15 in 2016 edition but essentially unchanged
 
 
 
(c) SOLAS Ch V reporting requirements dangerous ice ? (3)
(3)
  
  SQA Question 5 July 2016
•  (a) With reference to MGN 315, Keeping a Safe Navigational Watch on
Merchant Ships:

•  (i) Outline the mandatory rest requirements for any 24 hour period; (4)

•  Min of 10 hours divided into no more than two periods,

one of which should be at least 6 hours long &
intervals in between should not exceed 14 hours

•  (ii) State the TWO factors that the master should take into account
when determining that watchkeeping efficiency is not impaired by
fatigue. (3)

•  Quality and quantity of rest taken by the watchkeepers. (Ref MGN 315
Paragraph 3.3)
 
MSN 1767!
!
4.0 Minimum Hours of Rest (Regulation 5)
4.1 The hours of rest shall be not less than:
 
a) 10 hours in any 24-hour period; and
b) 77 hours in any 7-day period.
 
Note: Hours of rest may be divided into no more than 2 periods, one of which should be at least 6 hours
long, and the interval in between should not exceed 14 hours.
 
4.2 It is expected that employers and employees will reach agreement on the arrangements
for conducting emergency drills such as musters, fire-fighting and lifeboat drills, in a way
which minimises the disturbance to rest periods and provides compensatory rest for seafarers
whose normal rest is disturbed by call-outs for drills.
 
•  SQA Question 5 (a) cont’d July 2016
•  (iii) State how the watchkeepers can ensure they remain alert (2)

•  By moving around frequently & ensuring good ventilation (Ref MGN

315 Paragraph 3.6)

•  (iv) Actions required when the Hours of Work Regulations cannot be

met (2)

•  there should be established procedures and contingencies in place to

ensure that the vessel is brought to or remains in a place of safety
until a safe navigational watch can be established. In some cases
this may require delay to a vessel’s departure. (Ref MGN 315
Paragraph 3.5)
   

• 
 
•  SQA Q5 cont’d July 2016

•  (b) State, with reference to the Bridge Procedure Guide, FOUR

checks particularly pertaining to ice navigation, which should be
undertaken by an OOW when navigating in ice (4)

   

• 
B15
(2016)
identical
 
•  (b) FOUR checks to be undertaken by OOW when navigating in ice (4)
(Checklist B11 in 2007 Br Proc Guide, B15 in 2016 edition but essentially unchanged)

•  Inform Master, engine room and crew of ice conditions

•  Close watertight doors
•  Moderate vessel’s speed to minimised chance of damage by collision with ice
•  Increase frequency of sounding tanks and bilges to ensure that vessel not taking in
water
•  Monitor ice advisory service broadcasts
•  Transmit danger messages in accordance with SOLAS
 
•  (c) With reference to SOLAS Ch V outline the reporting requirements
for severe ice accretion (3)

•  Temperature
•  Wind force &
•  Direction

•  Also… With reference to SOLAS Ch V outline the reporting

requirements for dangerous ice (3)

•  Type of ice
•  Position of ice when last observed
•  Time and date when ice last observed

   

• 
Navigation in Ice
There have been a number of incidents where cruise ships to the
polar regions have lost power, suffered smashed windows and
even capsized!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qaij7J0Xvnc
 MV Explorer
Nov 2007

https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=a1cDBsLZNAg
Silver Explorer – struck by a large wave
that knocked out a bridge window

Russian vessel MV Akademik Shokalskiy

stranded in the ice pack
 The Rules
PART   TITLE   SECTION   SECTION TITLE   RULES
COVERED  
A   General           1 ~ 3  
B   Steering   I   Conduct …in any 4 ~ 10  
& Sailing   condition of visibility  
II   …in sight of one another   11 ~ 18  
III   …in restricted visibility   19  
C   Lights &         20 ~ 31  
Shapes  
D   Sound & Lt         32 ~ 37  
Signals  
E   Exemptions           38  
F   Compliance     Verification of 39 ~41  
Verification Compliance with the
(Jan 2016)   Provisions of the
Convention  

Annex I Positioning & technical details of lights & shapes

Annex II Additional signals for vessels fishing in close proximity

Annex III Technical details of sound signal appliances

Annex IV Distress Signals