( WMI, tancard pile caps By A.T. Whittle, a (CANTAB) Rics, and D. Beatle, Bsenia both ef Ove Arup and Farinas Ke-3 Part one This anicle, the frst of two pans, makes Spacing Fact jon of design scival dimensions are rounded up to the cops for nearest 25mm where necessary. commonly used groups of piles supporting Two other shapes for 3-pile cap wero ingle oxisly loaded columns. it describes considered as shown in Figure 2. Shape A, 10 conclusions was rejected because the shear capscity proposals for standard ‘and detailing of isolated the: background w. reached by working party of The Cone crate Society which has recently studied aspects of standard reinforced concret ells! At prosant there are many. ltlent opinions concerning (a) he best shape gta ~ pile cap for & given number cf ples; () she most eeenomi re ee onset method of snahtyz-end (d) the bestreinforeement deta. -{ : ‘These four variables Gan ba combined ko 48810 produce an almost imiioes choice" pile cap fer any given colimn foed fend pila size. Theve may be litle to chfose between ihe analysit, methods used} but there ate distinct sdvdntages of sion zation for dota eons especially whore thg design js almel at simplicity for these aspects. This, therfore, Js the staring point bf the’ proposal The ‘otermination of an arBVileal soln to Geometric parameters The two parameters which have been and depth of pilecepy ‘Shape of pile cap:The most compact ‘arrangement, of ‘bilds gives the most zconomic cap. Howaver, the, minimum sp2cing of piles ermiied fe eonyoled by te toil conditions, af will nofaly fe between two end’ three times{ the pile ciameter depencing ‘on whethelthey re fen beating ot friction lest Further relernes to the spacing of pi will be made in terms of a Snating Factor times the ie diameter. ‘An overhang of the cap beyond the wos considered doubtful. Shape B was ‘ejected because the setting out reinforcement placing wore considered ‘be more complicated than those ot Figure ALkas>, cuheree cna? Ctaer ckhete oneal? Divih of pile cap: A cost analysis was rade for 2 large number of ple caps ana ie results plotted as shown in Figure 3 Each curve represents the mean line for several loed cases for exch pile site and cap, and hence does not represent. an ‘ccurete value for eny panicular case. The ‘ates which were used to estimate the cost were based on 1970/71. values covering excavation and eaith removal; shuttering : concrete: and relnarcem ‘These curves show that it is possible 19 | Barden oso outer piles Is roquired ‘ construction reasons which include sufi ‘lent room for the radius of bend of the twinforcement and concrete cover beyond this; and the possibility of smal ciesin the pile positions. ‘An overhang of 150mm is considered sufficient. The plan dimensions of the pile caps can be determined in terms of the ited number of copies of the docu ‘ment are evallable for comment. Contact T. W. Kinkbridge, Cement and Coneret ‘Association. Wexham Springs. December 1971. This is unl aliered significantly. 34 Gass i e000 Figura 1 Shapes of pile caps. (*These dimensions are determined by reinforce ment) Concrete January 1972fa) Oo oO (8) Figure 2 Rejected 3-pile cap shapes, choose one depth for exch pile sizd which is vary close to the most economie one for Bil the ap sizes. This is very, desirable where diferent pile caps with the some pile size sre used on one job. in this situation, which is frequent, ilthe cap can, bemade the same depth, ‘The following table gives the depth of pile caps, with inerements of 100mm for ‘ach pile tzo, the pile aiemeters being as recommended by the Federation of Piling Specialists. This coincices with the cost analysis Pile size (mm) Reinforcement coneiderations —/ The four main principles adopted are as follows: ‘Themain reinforcement ie aligned in two fonhogons! directions and the minimum a1¢8 "of ~cainforcement permitted Is (0-13bd/100, the selection of bar diameter being from 20mm or greater. Top reinforcement is not required in the design, and the shape of the bottom reinforcements alvays ‘Two ot three layers of 16mm diameter facer bere are fixed to the upstands of the main bars. ‘The column staiter bars are ‘L’ sheped and fixed to the bottom reinforcement. ‘They ee held in postion by links at two oF ‘mote levels within the cepth of cep. ‘The advantages gsinad by these prin- ciples includo simplicity in bending and cutting the reinforcement, ease of placing the ceinforcemant, and ease of piecing the concrete Spacing of bors ‘The minimum spacing of reinforcement is ‘often the governing factor in design Bunching of bare may al problem of space bet ‘often increases the requited and can Gosign. Ik has been found thet 100mm pitch of bars can generally be accom- ct—Conerete January 1972 08 cost kw Lox0 +04 “0 ° 300 oa. 08 cost ei LOAD 04: 02 ° “300 108. cost e/a LoD 04 +02 ° 860) Figure 3 Costanalysi, SPue CaP fs PILE cap. 3 PLE CAP 2 PILE cap ‘Standard pile eps. 1680 7200, 400 400 min|DIA. PILE 1009) 200 1400" 500mm DIA. PILE.) 1009) 1200 1400 600mm DIA. PILE 1609. 800 ‘tPF CaP fmm! c jeu car 6Pue cam { ry T 4 ee cap |_L Fue cap T 2 PILE CaP 100) 1800 DEPTH GF CAP fmt AC TT 5 PILE cap, t PRE cap. i is & a PLE cee: 1600 7600 DEPTH OE CAP lam)» Stonomd pite caps: ‘odated using high yield steel. However, {0 cater for all cases (2, 3, and 6 ste the ‘most congested pile cape) the following limitations can be applied 20 25 32 40 75 80 100 110 Barsize used Min. pitch of bare Reinforcementarrangements pile cop: Reinforcement in the longl- tudinal direction is ealeulsted trom the loading conditions. Reinforcement in the \wansverse girection is determined {rom the ‘minimum permissibte or 0-18 bd 0 ‘and minimum bar site (assumed 16mm diameter). The minimum spacing forthe bars is taken as 100mm oF the spacing of the longitudinal bars, whichever Is Tere. If 2 greater ores of reinforcement is requjed {gabe soca tho lamer iene t020mmor25mm, a 1 po cep: The maigeietrcodant Ye sonfined to two bands bs shown ja Figure 4 and the sige of ber in bes Secon the srg Th hn why St bey es Yorcement goveins the plan dimen- sions of tha cap. Distibution reinforcement in tho form of 16mm diameter bere. at 226mm pitch, is pleced in the spaces ‘emeining. 4+ 5 and S-pile caps: These caps aio 4 Square and the reinforcement isthe some in each direction, evenly dtibuted across the section. 6 ond 8.pile caps: theso caps ore ‘octangular and the einforcement is different in each direction. However, the some diameter of baris used both weye, Figuee 4 7-pile cap: The teinforeement is evenly dlstibuted across the section as shown in Figures, hes been found that the practical tules described in Par 1 of this anicle are sulficient to carry out 8 complete analysis, of each of the defined pilo caps for any foods within the working capacity of the piles used. i Part 2, t0 appeer in tho Febuary issue, \escribes the method of analysis used by, ‘the euthors and the results which have ‘been obtained by compute 380mm Figure § L,Y Wheat as an adgidgate A Toronto tm, TOR Enginostag Developments Lx, has acqulted the righss to.a new @oncoptin lightweight construction materisis-Which cduld have a spectacular _ th the construction America, The concept ues fa,permit the use of ‘puffed Wheat’ a3 a lightweight cpncrete aggregate erat building insulatit®, material was developed by threo Brofessors from the: departments of Civil and Chemical Engineering at the Universty.of Toronto. They tan, ‘wed the rights,to TOR Engigeering Deveioaments ted effect on the economics of industry and agriculture in'Nog which involves techni concepts and te The three professors, Eli building construction, According to Victor Riley, Professor of Advanced Composites, the concept of using these materials in construction is a direct result of attempts to meet three mejor tends which are occurting in North Ameri and which ate very dramatically affecting the economies of construction materials, The flest is an increasing energy shonage making it essential that construction materials of the future Pravide good insulation to conserve heat, and by so 36 r patented engineering ques ona dhare basis, insky, John Timusk and, Vietor Riley ciscovered thé qualities of cereals such 3 wheat and tice for use as a constuction material wile looking for an economic substitute for materiale such as vermiculite, asbestos-cement, Styrene end polyurethane which are currently used a¢ insulating materisis and lightweight aggregates. in ‘The second is the gradual deplet low the cost of the ‘expanded carboi and one which it is. cleimed immersed in water. quently pure carbon fiberglass, poly thatit can be used in concrete fire pr Gesalinization plants, without disin Polystyrene beads, s widely used lightw. doing incidentally reduce pollution from heating plants, ion of materials and Patural resources making it necessary for tomorrow's Materials to be lightweight and replenishable; and the third is an accelerating construction rate to meet the steadily increasing demand for housing which neces. sitates a material being suitoble for pretabrication, Wheat, when expanded or ‘puffed’ to increase its volume and then carbonized or ‘burnt’ to stablize it and make it biologically iner, fulfils all these requirements ot 2 cost claimed to be considerably lower than any of the cther materials now being used. As an example of how nized wheet' can be, ight material the wheat can completely replace, costs approximately 28 (11p) per Cu. ft, while it is estimated that the wheat will cost around 8c (3p). The carbonized wheat is also water fesistent and remains stable. even. when completely Because the wheat is already ‘burnt’ and ie conse- has yet another advantage in roof structures or for high temperature concretes in such spplications as tigrating. It is stable up fo 2,000°C and will not begin’ to burn until tong President of ‘putfed wheet’ 10 the px commercial proposition still need: TDR Engineering Developments Limited, says that the development of the t where it is @ practical is investigation into the best equipment, probably of a type similat to an expand and carbonize the wheat Plant or on a construction site. asphalt plant aggregate dryer, which can be used to either in a cenwtal