Clothes

ThenandNow
RichardNorthcott
R e a da n d d i sco ve ar tl a b o u tcl o thesin thc r r ,'.r
and clothestoday ...
. Wherewere your clothesmade?
. What is a fashionvictim?
Readanddiscovermoreaboutthe wortd!
Thisseriesof non-fiction readers provides
a I n tent,with
i n t e r e s ti nagn de d u ca ti o n co
activitiesandprojectwork.
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Th,e,llorh,dN;o,w
RichardNorthcott

Introduction 3
1 WhyDoWeWearClothes? 4
2 TheHistoryof Clothes 8
3 TheLanguage of Clothes L2
Clothes
4 Chitdren's 16
5 Fabrics 20
5 TheClothingIndustry 24
7 Fashion 28
8 CrazyCtothes 32
Activities 36
Projects 52
Glossary 54
AboutReadand Discover 56

OXTORD
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rsBN:928o 194645614
AnAudio CD Packcontainingthis book and a CD is alsoavailable
r s BN :9 7 8 o 1 9 4 6 4 6 0 17
The CD has a choice ofAnerican and British English
recofdings ofthe cQmpletetext.
Au n( coulpnnying Activity Book is also available
f s r N : 9 7 8 o 1 9 4 6 4 5 7 13
l'r'inle(liD Clrira
'l his lxxrk is prinled on paperftom certifiedand
w('ll-DlrDlgcdsources
ilnffi@dseffi@m
A C K N O WL E D G E M EN TS
hy:Arlene Adams p.26: Kelly Kennedypp.7, 9, 13,
llhrstrdttofls
20:Alan Rowepp.35.38,45, 46.
ThePublisherswould qholike to thank the JollowingJbr their kiwl
pcmission to rcproducephotographsand othercoptright matcrial:
The AdvertisingArchives p.31 (1950sLevi's advert);Akg-
images p.9 (spinninglTrod,e,orts ond,rafts in Chind.Spinning
and needlruork.Copper engraving, original colour'.From:
Carl Bertuch, Bilderbuch fuer Kinder, vol.8, Weimar (landes-
Industrie- Comptoir) 1813,nL99, fig.4.Coll.Archiv f.Kunst
& Ceschichte):Alamy pp.6 (RosemaryBehar),9 (me Amolfrni
Let'sthink aboutclothes.Jeans,T-shirts,dresses,
MTfiage (7434lvat EyckrTheLondon Art Archive), 14 (buba/
SELXPaule/hemis.fr),15 (Peru/PaulKingsley),27 (Helen andsweaters... you canfind theseclothesin most
Rogers),29 (AmandaAhn/dbimages),30 (Martin Thomas
Photography),34 (Coths/Allanhy): Bridgeman Art Library
pp.7 lPortraitofoLody (oil on panel), Donck, Genit van
countriesaroundthe world.Lookat the photosbelow.
(161040)/PrivateCollection/PhotoO Bonhams,London,
UK), l7 (lcs Meniaos,detailof thelwer halfdepictingthefamily
Whichclothesarethe sameas clothesin yourcountry?
of PhilipM (1605-65)of Spoin,1655 (oil on canvas)(detail of
405) by Velazquez,Diego Rodriguezde Silva y (1599-1660) Whichare different?
Prado,Madrid. Spain/Giraudon),33 (Monstrositiesof 1818,
(w/c)by Cruikshank, Ceorge(1792-1878)ivictoria& Albert
Museum,London,UK):The BritishLibraryBoard p.10: Corbis
pp.6 (children/Roben Wallis), 12 (newsreadersljrance/Erik
Robefticorbis Sygma),20 (Hugh Sitton), 21 (PallavaBagla),
24 {MassimoListri).25 (VivianeMoos),28 (FrankCaroll/
Sygma),34 (Harajuku girl/Everett KennedyBrom/epa):
Getty Imagespp.12 (newsreadersMalaysia/tTengku Bahar/
AFP),22 (silkworms/China Photos),32 (Dominique Chariaq
Wiretmage): W. L. Cnre & Associatesp.23;Vivienne Leep.14
(hanbok);Oxford Uniyersity Presspp.3, 5 (modem clothes),11,
13, l5 (kimono),16, 18, 19, 22 (silkfabdc),31 (jeansclose-up);
PressAssociationImagesp.4 (BelUribe/Landov);ScalaLondon
p.8 (Coptic art: Tuic, 5fh century.New York, Metropolitan
Museum ofArt. Linen, wool, 72 in. high 53.00in. wide (183
cm high 135 cm wide). Gift ofEdward S.Harkness,1926.
Acc.n.:26.9.8@2009.Image coplright The Metropolitan
Museum ofArt/Art Resource/Scala, Florence);Scienceand
Societyp.5 (pastclothes/NationalMedia Museum/SSPL).
Theauthor wishesto thonk Ursula Hudson,LondonCoIIegeof Fashion
Whatclothescanyousee
Whatareyourfavoriteclothes?
Whataretheymadeof andwhereweretheymade?
Whatdo youknowaboutclothesin the past?
Nowreadanddiscover moreabout
clothesin the pastandclothestoday!
 WhvDo :e
WeamCil@ffies?
We wearclothesbecausewe want to be comfortable.
We wearclothesbecausewe want to look good.Dowe
alwayswearthe samectothes?Of coursenot! We wear
differentclotheswhenwe do differentthings.
ForlmportantDays
Clothes
Are you wearing your best clothes today?Maybe not.
We wear good clothes at school,but we wear better
clothes at parties or on important days.
\Teddings are very important days. In this photo of
a wedding, the people are wearing beautiful clothes.
They are made of an expensivefabric called silk.
$Tedding clothes are different in different countries,
but one thing is the same everywhere- people wear
their best clothes on the most important days.
Clothes
ForEveryDay
In the past, clothes were often big and heavy.The
old clothes above don't look very comfortable. Most
people couldn't buy clothes made of light fabrics, like
silk, becausethey were too expensive.There were no
synthetic fabrics like nylon.
Today, our clothes are light and easyto wear.They
are made quickly in big factories.Millions of clothes
are made every day.Most people have lots of different
clothes becausethey are cheapernow.
Staying
Cool
or Warm
S7ewear clothes
becausewe want to
be comfortable in
hot or cold weather.
In hot weather,tight
clothes are uncomfortable. If we wear loose clothes,
the air can move around our bodies and help us to stay
cool. The men abovelive in a hot country. They are
wearing long, white shirts called dishdashas.
White
clothes are cool in hot weather.The men's turbans
and scarvesprotect their headsfrom the sun.
In colder countries, people also cover their heads.
This is becausethey don't want to lose heat. In places
where the winter is very cold, people wear hats made
of wool or fur. Heat from the bodv stavsin the wool
or fur and keepspeople warm.
I Looking
Good
I
'That's a greatT:shirt!Wheredid you buy it?' ... We're
alwayshappy when our friends like our clothes.'Welike
: wearingnice clothesbecausewe want to look good.
b How do we look good?People's
ideas about that have sometimes
il changed.About 400 years ago,
people in Europe wore big white
collarsaround their necks.You
can seeone in this painting of a
woman from Holland.
To look good today, men wear ties,
and women wear scarvesor jewelry.
The head and neck have always
been important in the design of
clothes.$(/henwe meet people, we
usually look at the top half of their
body - their face and their eyes.
Some peoplewant to look rich and important.
They buy expensiveclothes made by famous
designers.Presidentsand politicians usually wear
expensiveclothes.
" .1s
t?i-JL;VI-.?*
7/ ln AncientChina,yeltowwasthe
emperor'scolor.Ontythe emperor
couldwearyetlowclothes.
W
) Goto pages36-37for activities.
 ffieffiMffiy The spinning wheel was
invented about 21500years ago
@ffiCil@Gh@s in India.rVith spinning wheels,
people could make thread
Peoplestartedwearingclothesabout100,000yearsago. more quickly, so making fabric
Theirctothesweremadeof animaIskins.Peoplealso was easier.Fabrics became
usedto weavegrasstogetherto makeroughfabric. more comfortable. If you were
Clotheswereprobablythe samefor menandwomen. rich, you could buy lots of
different clothes.
MakingFabrics This picture was painted in
About 81000years ago, people learned to weave L434.It's from Belgium in
threads together to make piecesof fabric. They used Europe and it shows a rich
threads of wool, cotton, or linen. They sewedthe man and woman. The man is
piecesof fabric together to make simple tunics.These wearing a long tunic. At this
early clotheswere like ourT:shirts today but they were time, men in Europe and in
longer. Later, people used looms for weaving. Asia wore tunics.
This linen tunic from The woman is holding the
ancient Egypt is now in front of her dress.There's
a museum. It's about beautiful decoration on her
11500yearsold.\Wedon't dress,but its shapeis simple.
have many clothes as old It's like a tunic, but it's longer
as this tunic. Fabric than the man's tunic.
doesn't usually last long,
so people throw old iHU.

clothes away.If we want 6ffi

Ncl/ Peoplecarriedtheirmoneyin smatl
to know about clothes in \i:=,/

purses tiedaroundtheirwaists.Theycut
the past, we can look at
slitsin theirtunicsto reachtheirpurses.
old paintings. Later,thesestitsbecamepockets.
TheFirstPants
The first pants, or trousers,were very simple.They
were made of two piecesof fabric sewn together -
a front piece and a back piece.They were worn under
a tunic.
This photo is from about 1870 and it shows a woman
from Pakistanwearing a salwar kameez,which means
'pants-tunic'. In America and Europe at that time,
women wore long dressesor skirts.
ModernClothes
The first clotheswere made of a few piecesof fabric.
Then people got better at sewing, and clothes became
more complicated. There were different piecesof fabric
for the front and the back of a coat, for the sleeves,
and for the collar.
In a modern jacket, there are sometimes60 different
piecesof fabric. Not all modern clothes are as
complicatedas a jacket.Youcan make aT:shirt or
a sweatshirtwith only four piecesof fabric. Look
carefully at some of your clothes.How many pieces
of fabric are there?
{
t
I Goto pages38-39 for activities.
 ffiehngqog@
ffiCil@Gh@s
Withtelevision, magazines, andthe Internet,we see
picturesof peoplefrom all aroundthe world.We can look
at theirctothesandlearnmanythings.Whatis theirjob?
Arethey rich or poor?Clothesare a type of language.

SuitsforWork
The people below are newsreaderson television.Their
clothes are almost the same.They are wearing suits.
The men are wearing ties.The people in the first andUniforms
Jobs
picture are in France. In the secondpicture, you can
Newsreaderswear a suit becausethey want to sayr'I'm
seenewsreadersin Malaysia. France is a very long way
a seriousperson. I'm telling you something important-'
from Malaysia - about 10,000 kilometers.They are
People often choosetheir clothes becausethey want
different countries in different continents. Their climate
to send a messageto other PeoPle.
is different and so is their culture. The people speak
different languages.So why are these newsreaders In many countries, doctors wear a white coat. A
wearing similar clothes? doctor's white coat sendsa messagethat everyone
understands.It saysr'I'm a doctor and I can help you.'
Police officers usually wear a uniform.\7hat does that
uniform tell us? It saysr'I'm a police officer and I'm
very serious.'
-+ifl!x,

elgM[_. .
Wryfl Ine TlrstBritishpoliceofficershad
-
to weartheiruniformatl the time -
notjustwhentheYwereworking!
 L"
k

ll
:rY

ft
I

tl*
*tr

t-

The traditional costume of Peru is very colorful.

Traditional Peruvian clothes are usually made of wool.
Sometimes we wear the special clothes of our own Women wear lots of skirts. Sometimes thev wear
country. The clothes that belong to one country or 15 skirts at the same time!
place are called traditional costume. A traditional
The traditional costume of
costume says,'I'm proud of my country and my
culture.' Japanis the kimono. \fomen's
kimonos are made of beautiful -6,
The two women above live in Mali in Africa. They are fabrics.usuallv silk. Men's
wearing traditional bLtbas.A buba is a long dress made kimonos are darker than
of colorful fabrics. $fomen also wear a scarf on their women's kimonos, and
head, sometimes made of the same fabric as their buba. they have simpler sleeves.
The traditional costume of South l(orea is the hctnboh,
which means 'I(orean costume'. The hanbok is made
Thedecoration on a kimonomatches the
of bright fabrics and it's comfortable. For women, rhe
Forexample,
season. womenwear
in spring,
hartbokis a long skirt and a short jacket. For men, it's kimonoswith picturesof ftowerson them.
a jacket and loose trousers.
Goto pages40-4Lfor activities.
 ChflfldnenbCil@ffi@s in thePast
Clothes
In the past, life for children was often difficult. In poor
families the children had to work. They didn't have
Lookin a big ctothesstoreandyouwitt find children's much time to play or have fun. The poorest children
ctothesin manydifferentdesignsandcotors.Millions didn't have nice clothes,and they probably didn't have
of chitdren'sctothesare madeeveryyear.Ctothesfor any shoes.
childrenarebig business. There are more paintings of rich children than of
poor children, so we know more about their clothes.
Clothes
Today Rich children dressedlike adults and they had to live
Like most clothes today, children's clothes are made like adults.They had lots of lessonsand they didn't
by machines in factories.Children's clothes can be play much.This picture was painted in 1656.It shows
made more quickly and cheaply than in the past, so the daughter of the king of Spain.The little girl is only
more people can buy them. seven.but she is dressedlike an adult.

When children play, their clothes get dirty. Today's

clothes are easyto wash and dry becausesome of the
fabrics are synthetic. Children's clothes are usually
brighter than adults' clothes.Youngchildren like
bright, happy colors.
 for Babies
Clothes
Clothes just for babics urc a new idea. In the past,
poor people wrapped long piecesof fabric around
their babies to keep them warm. They didn't have
enough money to buy clothes for their babies.In rich
families, baby boys and baby girls wore the same long,
white dresses.Their clotheswere nice and clean,but
they weren't very interesting.
Rompers were invented in about 1910 and they were
the first clothes made just for babies.In rompers, a
baby can play and crawl easily.It doesn't matter if the
rompers get dirty becausethey are easyto wash.
In many countries it's traditional to dressgirls in pink
colors and boys in blue colors.This only began about
60 years ago,but people also dresstheir babies in
manv different colors.
-":{G

School
Uniforms s'
Babiesgrowquickty,but that'snot a
At some schools,children wear specialclothes.\We
probtem! Modernrompers aremadeof
call these clothes school uniform. School uniforms
loose,tightfabric,so theycanstretch.
are made in the school's specialcolors.They often
have the school'sbadge on rhe front of the jacket or
the sweater.Some schools have different uniforms
:i &
for summer and for winter. . r Jr

School uniforms don't have much decoration.There

is sometimesa jacket and a tie, and maybe a hat. In
the languageof clothes,a school uniform says,'I'm
a seriousstudent and I work hard.'
) Goto pages42-43for activities.
 Cotton
Most shirts,T:shirts, jeans,socks,and underwear are
made of cotton. Cotton clothes are lighter than clothes
Forthousandsof years,peoplehaveusedwoo[,cotton, made of wool, but they are also very strong. Cotton is
and linento makeclothes.Scientistshaveinventednew a soft, comfortable fabric. Cotton clothes are good in
syntheticfabrics,but peoplestitt like the otd fabrics,too. hot countries becausethe air goes through the fabric
and keepsyou cool.
Do you know how cotton is made? Cotton plants grow
.: *";e. in fields.The white balls on the cotton plant are pickcd
and washed,then they are made into cotton threads.
F
Most of the world's cotton is grown in China, India,
,\
I
..t,*
it and the USA.
rl1',
When you wash cotton clothes,they creasea lot, so
you have to iron them. If cotton is mixed with synthetic
threads like polyester,it doesn't creaseso much.
Clothes made of cotton and polyesterdry quickly after
you wash them.
WoOI
Peoplehave alwaysworn clothes made of wool,
especiallyin cold countries.The wool comes from
sheep,alpacas,and other animals.There are different
types of wool. In some wool, the threads are thin. This
wool is used to make sweatersand scarves.Thicker
threads are used to make blankets and carpets.

ffi
ffi@ Wecanmakesevensweaters
withthewoolfromonesheep.

@

The first silk was made in China about 51000years
ago.At first, it was a secret.Only a few people knew
how to make silk. Then, other people discoveredthat
the secretof silk is a tiny animal, called a silkworm.
The silkworm makes a thin thread and wraps the
thread around its body. In two or three days the
silkworm can make about 900 meters of thread.Then
people take the thread and wash it. Some people think
that this is bad becausethe silkworm dies.
Peopleweavethe silkworm's thread and make silk. Silk
is expensivebecauseit's difficult to make. Silk reflects
the light and shines.Dressesmade of silk move easily
when the person walks. Silk clothes are comfortable
becausesilk is verv soft.
Synthetic
Fabrics
Synthetic fabrics don't come from plants or animals.
They are made of chemicals,and the chemicals
usually come from oil. There are many different
synthetic fabrics. Nylon, polyester,Spandexo,and
Gore-Tex(t"are some of the most important ones.
Spandex@ is light and strong. It stretchesand fits close
to the body, so it's often used for sports clothes,for
example,shirts and shorts for cyclists.Gore-Texuis
strong and waterproof.
\When a synthetic fabric is invented, it is tested on
machines.Is it strong enough?Will it stretch and not
tear? Scientistsdo lots of teststo answerthese
questions.Thismachine is testing Gore-Tex"'.The
machine stretchesthe fabric thousandsof times.
I
t Goto pages44-45 for activities.
rtr .? -f i:11
 Buyers
Buyers work for big department storesor for
r,.l/l
t'

supermarket chains.They chooseclothes for their

tl stores.They tell the factory how many clothes they
need. Big storesbuy thousandsof clothes every year.
They usually want a summer collection and a winter
collection. Before one winter ends, the buyer chooses
the clothes for the next winter'

tactoryWorkers
Factory workers use a sewlng
machine all daY.TheY work
fast, putting the Piecesof
fabric together, sewing
zippers,and adding buttons.
All aroundthe world,miltionsof peopleworkin the Do you think this is an
clothingindustry.
Famous designersandmodelsmake interesting job? MaYbe not'
a lot of money.Otherpeopledon'tmakemuchmoney, but the clothing industrY
especia[[ythe workersin factories. pays money to thousands of
' tl
Iw-r., factory workers and it helPs
\/ -,:l \ fl lil
their families to live. The
Designers clothing industrY is an
All designersare good at drawing. Many are good at important part of the world
sewing,too. Designersknow about different fabrics economy.
and colors. Everything begins with the designer.The Clerks
Sales
designerhas an idea for a piece of clothing and draws
Salesclerks work in the store and help people to
a design on paper or on a computer.The designer
chooseclothes.Sometimes,customerswant to try on
choosesthe best fabric for the piece of clothing and
lots of different clothes,so salesclerks must be patient.
puts it with the design.
TheSupply
Chain
What is the story of a piece of clothing, for example,
a coat?How does a designer,sidea become a coat in
a store?\7ecall this story the supply chain.
I
\
\
A designerdesignssome new coats.
A buyer looks at the designs.She
choosesthe best design for her store.
cottcn
Fairtrercle
The design is sent to a factory.
A factory worker makes one coat
and sends it to the buyer. This first
coat is called the sample.
Plan A Fair Partner.

A model puts on the sample.The

buyer and the designerlook at it.
They choosedifferent colors.
The buyer choosesnumbers
and sizes.She sendsan order
to the factory.
All the coarsare made in the
factory. They are taken to the
store by ship and by truck.
In the store, a salesclerk helps
customersto decide if thev wanr
to buy a coat.
ng tactorYWorkers
Protecti
In some parts of the world' factory workers are not
paid much money. Even children have to work in
clothes factories to make money for their family.
Some organizationstry to protect workers in the
clothing industry. The F'airtrade Foundation wants
storesto pay factory workers enough money'When
this happens,a store can call its clothes'Fairtrade
clothes,.Many customersprefer Fairtrade clothes
poor
becausethey aren't made by children or other
workers.The trairtrade Foundation also uses
newspapersand advertisementsto tell people about
the problems of factorY workers'
) Goto Pages46-47for activities'
 ffiashffion forEverybody
Clothes
Hundreds of years ago, rich people chosethe next
fashion. Look again at the man and woman on page 9'
Somepeoplelike wearingthe newestdesignof ctothes. They were rich, so they could buy the most fashionable
Theylike buyingmagazines andreadingaboutthe clothes made of the most expensivefabrics'
newestfashions.ctothesare in fashionfor a yearor two. Then things began to change.About 100 years ago,
Thenthey startto look otd-fashioned,
and peoptewant fashion became a big business.Now, clothes
somethingnew. manufacturers want to sell clothes to everybody -
not only to rich PeoPle.
Changing
Fashions
The clothes that are in fashion change all the time.
Long skirts, short skirts, wide ties, narrow ties ...
Sometimesdesignerschangetraditional costumesto
make them look fashionable,
too.\Wheredo most new ideas
come from? From the past!
If clothes from five years ago
aren't fashionable now, what
about clothes from ten years
ago, or 50 years ago?
Elvis Presley was a famous
American singer.People
thought that his clothes were
a new idea, but they weren't.
Sometimeshe wore a long
jacket - his grandfather
probably wore a long jacket,
too!
 T"Shirts
andleans
Fashion changesall the time, but a few clothes,
like T:shirts and jeans,have been fashionable for
a long time.

About 500 years ago, sailorsin Genoa in Italy wore

You can find T:shirrs around the world. They are
comfortable and cheap.They are usually made
of cotton, so they are easyto wash and quick to dry.
Manufacturers can put words and pictures on T:shirts.
In some stores)you can choosethe words and pictures
on yourT:shirt.You can have the words 'I love'and the
name of your town.You can evenhave a photo of your
pet! Peopleuse theirT:shirts to show their personality.
ff6rx About100years
-Yaf/ ago,youdidn'tseepeoptein T-shirts
in the street.ThefirstT-shirts
wereunderurear!
"sffil{q
w$
clothes made of a strong cotton fabric called Genoa
fustian.This name changedto jean fustian, and later it
became iustjean. Now, pants made of this fabric are
calledjeans.
In North America, cowboyswore ieansbecausethe
fabric was strong.Then jeansbecamevery popular
when young actors wore them in movies.
One of the most famous
manufacturers of jeans is the Levi
Strausscompany.There are small
metal rivets on the Pocketsof Levi
rivet Straussjeans.These rivets stop the
pockets tearing. Rivets were used
in jeansfrom about 1870.
* Goto pages48'49foractivities.
 CmaryCil@ffies
Somepeoptealwayswant to lookdifferentfrom other
people.Theytike tookingfor newfashionideas.Someof
theseideasare reatlystrange.Therehavealwaysbeen
crazyclothes,but wouldyou reattytiketo wearthem?
Victims
Fashion
There have alwaysbeen crazy fashions. Some
of them are really funny. In the past, people wore
incredible hats or wigs. Some women wore very high
shoes,so they couldn't even walk. They had to walk
with a servant and hold her arm!

Fashion
Shows
The most expensiveclothes
are made by famous designers,
usually in Paris,Tokyo,
London, or NewYork. Movie
stars,pop singers,and other
rich people pay thousandsof
dollars for clothes made by
famous designers.
Every year, designersshow
their new ideas at fashion
shows.Models put on the In most countries, people looked at big cities to learn
clothes and walk on a stage. about the newest fashions. If they wanted to see the
Some of the clothes are most amazingclothes, they usually went to the capital.
amazing, but you can't really People from the countryside liked laughing at the
wear them. Designersoften funny clothes in big, busY cities.
make crazy clothes because There are still people who spend a lot of money in
they want to seephotos of clothes storesand want all the newestfashions'\We
them in the newspapers. call them fashion victims.
 Today, you can still see arnazing clothes in big
cities. Some designs are invented by groups of
young people who like the same clothes' These
designs are called street fashions. Are there street
fashions in Your countrY?
In the United I(ngdom and many other
l countries, Goths wear black clothes and white
I

I
make-up. They look like people in a scary movie!
I In Japan, there's a street fashion called Haraiuku'
This fashion is a colorful mixture of different
o 'lIF
types of clothes. It's called Harajuku because
--lt
./SEf,l'r' the people in these clothes meet in the Harajuku
F<J' j
area in Tokyo.
,
I
rl
{ (
I
Your clothes say a lot about you. If you wear
"l a traditictnal costume, it helps you to remember
tr the history and the culture of your country'
Other clothes show people your personality'What
are your favorite colors? tVhat type of person are
you? Are you serious? Are you sporty? Do you
like to be fashionable?The answers are in your
clothes.
Clothes are interesting and fashion is fun,
but remember - people are more important
.,1;
:
,, 'l than clothes. Don't be a fashion victim' Just
ir l,.t;;l ::,:rl,,al.I t,.t
,, . ,:iir,:, :' i,:::,
be yourself'!
Goto pages50-51for activities.
 WhyDoWe Circletheoddoneout.
WearClothes? 1 yettowffi) white btue red
+ Readpages
4-7.
coat dress hat scarf shirt 2 warm cool hot country cotd
1 Write the words. shoes socks sweater tie pants
3 wedding turban dress scarf hat

& [rat
tu 4 girts men ctothes women boys
5 eye hand face head dress

e
6 ny[on factory sitk wool fur

T Answerthe questions.
1 Whydo peoplewearhatsin coldweather?

ffi
gfr^rv

HK
w&arhats in c*
ffm.mm{p cr" $ep wanfit.
2 Whydo peopleweartheirbestclothesat weddings?

s & 3 Whydo peoptewearloosectothesin hotweather?

sMatch.
# 10
thanin the past?
4 Whyareclothestodaycheaper

Writeaboutyourfavoriteclothes.Whatcolorarethey?
Whatarethey madeof?Wherearetheyfrom?
1 Peopleweartheirbest1 helpsyouto staywarm.
2 A hat madeof wool expensive
\ ctothes.
3 Whiteclotheshetpyou bigandheavy.
4 Richpeopleoftenbuy "',
" clothesat weddings.
5 Clothesin the pastwere light,comfortabte
clothes.
6 Today,peoptewear to staycoo[.
@
tC
 The+listory of Clothes 3 Answerthe questions.
1 Whendidpeople ctothes?
startwearing
3 Readpages8-11.

1 Completethe puzzle.Writethe secretword.

2 Whatwereclothesmadeof about8,000yearsago?

co Whatinventionhetpedpeopleto makethreadabout

q 5->
2,500yearsago?

e.
$ -> 4 Whatdid peoptecarryin theirpurses?

$->
4 Completethe chart.

qT? beautifuI big btack blue dress expensrve

ALdo tufrEruWu
Thesecretwordis:
green hat tenE shoes tunic white

Adjectives Colors Ctothes

trr:::rc
Completethe sentences.
ctothes paintingspieces pants tufties

1 In AncientEgypt,peopteworesimpte iunics
2 Therearenot many 5 Writeaboutthe paintingon page9. Usethe wordsin
from1,500yearsago. activity4.
3 otd canteachusaboutctothesin the past. '"t1."'u.
t:,,rt,t
wwryntl,
4 In the past,_ weremadeof two piecesof fabric.
5 Thereareonlyfour of fabricin someT-shirts.

9
 TheLanguage
of Clothe Write/ or I. Thenwrite
3 Dotheyweara uniform?
sentences.
3 ReadpagestZ-Ls. 1 farmers @ s€**=€:**€= * r::=€9-*rgt:
h:;es-ffi?*.r*
2 policeofficers
[-l
Circlethe correctwords.
3 newsreaders
D
1 Newsreaders
on televisionusua[[yweara T-shirt/6,iii]
4 pitots D
2 Doctorsoftenweara whitekimono/ coat.
5 teachers !
3 Policeofficersusuatly/ neverweara uniform.
6 moviestars !
4 Traditional
costumes
aredifferent/ the samea[[around
the world. 7 nurses D
5 Traditional
Peruvian
skirtsaremadeof silk/ wool.
I doctors D
6 Thehanbokis the traditional
costumeof southKorea/ Answerthe questions.
In d i a . 1 Describe
a traditionaI in yourcountry.
costume
Match.

1 We canlearnaboutother
peopleif we tookat their
uniform. dayswith yourfamity?
2 Whatdo youwearon important
2 Po[iceofficersusually
weara Mati.
Thespecialclothesof a woot.
countryarecalledthe
clothes.
Thebubais the traditional 3 Whatdo policeofficerswearin yourcountry?
simptersteeves.
costumeof
traditionaI
costume.
Peruviantraditional
ctothes
areusualtymadeof
Men'skimonoshave 4 Whichcostumedo you preferon pages14 and15?Why?
 -

3 Circtethe oddoneout.
Children's
Clothes 1 adults c[othes children babies
3 Readpages16-19. 2 uniformsummerwinter spring
1 Circlethe correctwords. 3 boys girls parentscolors

1 In the past,richchildren/ studentsdressed 4 shirt school jacket pants

tikeadutts.
2 Therearen'tmanypaintings 5 rompers yettow btue green
of poor/ richchildren.
3 In the past,clothesfor babieswere/ weren'tvery 4 Answerthe questions'
interesting. clothesmade?
1 Wherearemostchitdren's
werethe firstclothesmadejustfor babies.
4 Pants/ Rompers
5 Rompers
are/ aren'teasyto wash. 2 Whycanmorepeop[enowbuychitdren's
clothes?
6 At someschools,
chitdren
weara uniform,/ costume.
2 Comptetethe sentences. 3 In the past,whatdid richbabieswear?
babies bright serious shoes
stores decoration synthetic wash 4 Whois the gir[in the pictureon page17?

1 Therearelotsof chi[dren's
clothesin big
2 somechildren's
ctothesaremadeof fabrics. 5 what do we cattspecialctothesfor schoo[?

3 Chitdren'sclothesareusuatty
-- andcolorfut.
4 In the past,manypoorchitdren didn'thave_. 6 Whycanrompers
stretch?

5 Students
look in schooluniforms.
6 School
uniforms
don'thavemuch 5 Writeaboutwhatyouwearto school.
aregoodbecause
7 Rompers theyareeasyto
8 Peopledress in manydifferentcolors.
 Thenwritethe numbers.
Completethe sentences.
Fabrics dry grow pick threads underwearwashed
+ Readpages20-23.
1 Cottonplants qrsw in fietds.
Write cotton,silk,or wool. 2 People the whitecottonbatl.s.
r titf comes
froma tinyanimal. 3 Thecottonbatlsare
2 We get fromsheepandalpacas. 4 Thebatlsaremadeinto
3 Scarves
andsweaters
areoftenmadeof and
5 Cottonis usedto makeT-shirts
4 comesfroma plant. 6 Clothesmadeof cottonandpolyester quickty.
5 clothesareexpensive.
6 MostT-shirts
andundenrear
aremadeof
Completethe sentences.
China silkwormsports syntheticwinter

1 Wootis goodfor clothesbecause

it is warm.
2 Mostcottoncomesfrom , lndia,andthe USA.
3 Sometimes
cottonis mixedwith threads. Answerthe questions.
4A canmakeabout900metersof thread. 1 Doyouhaveanyctothes
madeof cotton?
5 Many ctothesaremadeof synthetic
fabrics.
Circlethe odd one out. Whatis it madeof?
2 Doyouhavea sweater?
1 sheep sitkworm cotton atpaca
2 fabric strong comfortable beautiful fabrics?
3 Doyouhaveanyctothesmadeof synthetic
3 shirt thread shorts sock
4 cotton sitk woo[ dress
 Correctthe sentences.
TheClothingIndustry 1 Mostpeopte in thectothing
industry
areveryrich.
+ Readpages24-27. **nnr t:e'**p{{:
. $ttsc"tm*hrnr*
rryu irrdugtrvars vsr{ rictl
drawsthe designon paperor on a computer.
2 Thecustomer
1 Writethe words.
buttons factory truck money sewing
machinezipper
3 Thedesignis sentto the store.

ffi
w ffi 4 Thefactoryworkerbuysthe sampte.

aw EP Somefamousdesigners
makea lot of models.

@ @ ctothesaremadeby children.
6 Fairtrade

2 Numberthe sentencesin order.

aboutthesejobs.
Writesentences
A customer
buysa coat. u designerfactory
worker model salescterk
A factoryworkermakesa sampte.
D { vr*utrct
{iwstn hry.m bscau*e
First,a designer
designs
somenewcoats. E
A modelputson the sample.
the designer
tookat it.
Thebuyerand D I vroulc{n'tliwmtuyMm.
m br,cav**
Thefactorymakeslotsof coatsandsendsthem
to a store.
D
Thebuyersendsan orderfor lotsof coats
to the factory.
!
Thedesignis sentto a factory. n
 I
3 Match.
Fashion 1 Fashionschange whenpeoplesawthem
in movies.
C Readpages28-31. 2 T-shirts
are
cotton.
3 areusua[ymadeof
T-shirts
Write true or false. because they haverivets.
4 Somejeanshavestrongpockets
atlthetime.
1 Somepeop[elikewearingthe newestfashions. trLlc 5 Jeansbecame verypopular
comfortableandcheap.
2 Otddesigns
oftenbecome
fashionable
again.
Answerthe questions.
3 Att T-shirts
arethe sameco[or.
4 Thefabricof jeanswascatledGenoafustian. 1 WhowasEtvisPresley?

5 Cowboysworejeansbecause
theywere
fashionable. 2 Whatdidpeopte
thinkof hisclothes?
andjeansarealwaysin fashion.
6 T-shirts
Comptetethe sentences to fashionabout100yearsago?
3 Whathappened

change otd-fashionedpockets
T-shirts words everybody usuatlymadeof?
4 WhatareT-shirts

1 Fashionabte
ctotheslook aftera few years.
5 Whatarejeansmadeof?
2 Thectothesthat arein fashion a [ [t h et im e .
3 Ctothes
manufacturers
wantto se[[theirclothes
wearjeans?
6 Whydid cowboys
to
4 Thefirst werereat[yunderwear.
5 Designa T-shirt.Thenwriteaboutit.
5 Nowyoucanput andpictures
on yourT-shirt.
jeanshaverivetson the
6 LeviStrauss
 I
3 Completethe chart.
Crazy Clothes amazing big btack crazy funny hat jacket tittte
+ Readpages32-35. long nice orange pink shoes short skirt white

1 Comptete
the sentences. Adjectives Sizes Cotors Ctothes
DesignersFashion peopte
victims Goths Models Young

walkon the stageat fashionshows.

makeqazy clothes.
sometimes
wantattthe newestfashions.
4 Writeaboutthe modelon page32. Usethe wordsin
inventamazing
streetfashions. activity3.
wearblackclothesandwhitemake-up. 1 Whatisshewearing?
Correctthe sentences.
1 Ctothes
madebyfamous
designers
areverycheap. 2 Whatdo youthinkof the clothes?

showtheirnewphotosat fashion
2 Designers shows. 5 Findthe words.Completethe sentences.
::ofabricenjeansrornpersu45ynth nowoo[er
[ikeseeingphotosof theirpetsin the
Designers eticofrpifolmr
newspapers.
policeofficersweara
In mostcountries, t,nffir{*t'cr;

Sitkis a veryexpensive
4 Fashion
victimswantattthe oldestfashions.
Nylonandpolyester
are fabrics.
madeof
Ctothes keepuswarmin thewinter.
5 Harajuku
is a schooluniformin Japan.
wore
Cowboys the fabricwasstrong.
because
Didyouwear whenyouwerea baby?
 ffi
1a\+\
|
AYffi
sI@ffi)ClothesandFabrics Desisns
Fashion
\w%/
-
@
1 Findout aboutsomeof yourfamily'sclothes.Lookat the 1 Lookin magazines or on the Internetandfind pictures
labetson the clothesandcompletethe chart. Writenotesaboutthe clothesthat
of differentfashions.
you [ike.
What'sit madeof? Wherewasit made?
*1 4*d'* *urm,,ltwu' ffi'#fr,r*ttn*. {=eer"h
€?':+ F-e"pmhtrr ${|t\$$$$$$tIt\$t\t\$t\t\t\t\t\t\{\$${|$$
#"ffi1i{,
**t,s*.*l+s'
a!.1T
Jganf) l*rrl?lr,*tt*rr

Makea poster.Writesentences aboutyourfamily's

lmagineyou areplanninga fashionshow.Designsome
clothes.Findphotosof yourfamily,or find pictures
amazingctothes.Drawsomemodelswearingthe
of clothesin magazines.
clothes,andwrite sentences
aboutthe designs.
Displayyourposter.
yourfashiondesigns.
Disptay

@ @
Glossary HerearesomewOrdsusedin this book,andyou cancheck
whattheymean.Usea dictionaryto checkothernewwords.
make-upcolored
yourface
creamsthatyouputon sew to makectothes
sewingmachinea machine
formaking
a person
manufacturer or orqanization
that clothes
adult a manor a woman;not a chil.d crawl to moveon yourhandsand knees, makesthingsin factories shape for example,circle,square,triangle
advertisementa posterwith information tikea baby match to lookthe sameas silk a verysoft andexpensive fabric
a b o u ts om et hing
new clazy very strange mean to wantto say similar looking[ike anotherpersonor thing
area a partof a place crease if fabriccreases. it isn'tflat and metat somethinghardand madefrom size how big or sma[[someoneor
badge a pictureor symbolthat meansyour smooth r mi neral s som et hing is
town or school culture the historyandtraditionsof a , mixture differentthingstogether slit a thin hole
blanket a pieceof thickfabricon yourbed country mode[ a personwho putson new clothes special differentand important
bright cotorfulandeasyto see(forctothes) customer someonewho buyssomething to showthem at fashionshowsor in sporty a sportypersonis someonewho
businessbuyingand setting daughter a person'schitd,who is a girl magazrnes [ikesdoingsport
buyer a personwho choosesthe things decorationcoloredpatternson clothesto modern not fromthe past stage a highplacewherepeoplestandso
that we can buy in a store makethem look nice narrow thin that otherpeoplecanseethem
button a sma[[roundthing on clothesthat design a drawingof an ideafor a new piece newsreadera personwho readsthe news strange funny;unusual
holdsthem together of clothing on television stretch to pu[[(forclothesor fabric)
buttonhole a sma[[hotein clotheswhere die to stopliving oit a tiquidfromthe groundthat we usefor syntheticfabric fabricmadefrom
yo u p us hin a but t on dress to out clotheson vourself(oranother cookingandto makegasoline chemicals, not from plants
capital the mostimportantcity in a country person) old-fashionedfashionable in the past,but thick not thin
chain a groupof storesthat havethe same economy moneyand business not now thread a [ong,thin string
name emperor a king order a [ist of thingsthat someonewants tight smat[and uncomfortabte (forclothes)
change to becomedifferent;to make enough how muchwe want or need organizationa groupof peoplewho work tiny very,verysma[[
somethingdifferent fabric ctothesare madeof fabric;for together traditional old;sharedby manypeople
ch e mi cala s olidor a t iq u i dth a t i s ma d e e x a mp l e,
cottonor si tk paid givenmoneyfor work try on to put on a pieceof ctothingin a
b y ch em is t r y fashion clothesmadefromthe newest painting a picturemadewith paints store
chitd (pluralchildren)a veryyoungperson designs past manyyearsago turban a pieceof fabricwornaroundthe
choose to decideto havesomething fashionablethe newestand mostexciting patient happyto wait for things head
climate the usualtypeof weatherin a field an areaof landwherewe growcrops, personality a type of person uncomfortable not comfortable
country o r k e e pani mats pick to takeflowersor fruit fromwhere undelwear light ctothesthat you wear
closeto near fit to be the correctsize they grow underotherclothes
clothingindustry all the peopleand fustian a strong,cottonfabric politician a personwho worksin potitics victim a sickor unluckyperson
organizations that makeand se[[clothes grow to makeor produce(forplants) president an importantpolitician;the top waist the middteof yourbody
col[ar the partof yourclothesthat is industry the production of things, personIn a country waterproof can keepwater out
aroundyourneck especiatly fromfactories problem a difficuttthing weave to put threadstogetherand make
collection a groupof new designs(for iron to makefabricflat andsmooth,with protect to keepsafefrom danger fabric
c[othes) a hot, heavymachinethat you hold proud pteasedaboutsomethingthat wide thick
comfortabte nice to wear(for clothes) jewetry (orjewellery) for example, you have wig somethingthat you wearthat looks
compticateddifficuttto make(forctothes) necklaces, rings,and bracelets purse a smatlbagfor money likeyourhair
costume a groupof ctothesthat you wear tabet a sma[[pieceof fabricwith words reach to moveyourhandandtouch wool hairfromanimatslike sheep;fabric
together o n rt reflect to sendbacktight(forsuntight) madefromthis hair
cotton a soft,light fabricmadefrom plants last to exist sample a pieceof ctothingmadeto find wrap to put somethingaroundanother
countrysidethe landoutsidea town or city linen a fabricmadefrom plants out i f a desi gni s good t hing
cover to put somethingoversomething [oom a machinethat weavesthreads scary frightening; horrible zipper(alsozip) a longthingthat closes
else loose big andcomfortable (forclothes) servant someonewho worksin yourhome the stit in a pieceof ctothing
cowbov a farmworkerwho looksaftercows and doeshousework

@
SeriesEditor:HazelGeatches. CLILAdviser:
JohnClegg
OxfordReadand Discovergradedreaders areat fourlevels,from
3 to 6, suitablefor studentsfromage8 andotder.Theycovermany
topicswithinthreesubjectareas, andcansupportEnglish acrossthe
curriculum, or Content andLanguage Integrated
Learning(CLIL).
Availablefor eachreader:
' AudioCD Pack(book& audioCD)
. ActivityBook
ForTeacher's
Notes& CLILGuidance go to
www.oup.com/ elt/teacher/reada
nddiscover

\ subject
The Wortd of Science The Natural The World of Arts
\rea
Levet\ & Technotogy World & SociaIStudies

HowWe Make Products AmazingMinibeasts FestivatsAround

@ SoundandMusic Animalsin the Air the World
FreeTimeAround
600 SuperStructures Life in Rainforests
headwords YourFiveSenses the World
WonderfuIWater
. At[ About Plants Att About DesertLife ' Animats
in Art
a

@ , Howto StayHealthy a Atl.About OceanLife " Wondersof the Past

750 . Machines Thenand Now a Animalsat Night
headwords. Why We Recycle a lncredibteEarth

Materialsto Products ' Atl About lstands u HomesAround

@ MedicineThenand Now .
.
Animal Life Cyctes theWorld
' OurWortdin Art
900 Transportation
Then ExploringOurWorld
headwords and Now n GreatMigrations
Witd Weather
a Cetlsand Microbes . Atl AboutSpace . Helping
Around
@ a ClothesThenand Now . Caringfor OurPtanet
.
theWortd
FoodAround
1,0s0 a IncredibteEnergy . EarthThenandNow
headwords r theWorld
a YourAmazingBody WonderfulEcosystems

Foryoungerstudents,DolphinReadersLevelsStarter,7, and2 areavailable.