TELNET

TELNET is an abbreviation for TErminaL NETwork. TELNET enables the establishment of a

connection to a remote system in such a way that the local terminal appears to be a terminal at
the remote system.

“TELNET is a general-purpose client/server application program.”

When a user logs into a local timesharing system, it is called local log-in. As a user types at a
terminal or at a workstation running a terminal emulator, the keystrokes are accepted by the
terminal driver. The terminal driver passes the characters to the operating system. The operating
system, in turn, interprets the combination of characters and invokes the desired application
program or utility.

When a user wants to access an application program or utility located on a remote machine, she
performs remote log-in. Here the TELNET client and server programs come into use. The user
sends the keystrokes to the terminal driver, where the local operating system accepts the
characters but does not interpret them. The characters are sent to the TELNET client, which
transforms the characters to a universal character set called network virtual terminal (NVT)
characters and delivers them to the local TCP/IP protocol stack.

The commands or text, in NVT form, travel through the Internet and arrive at the TCP/IP stack at
the remote machine. Here the characters are delivered to the operating system and passed to the
TELNET server, which changes the characters to the corresponding characters understandable by
the remote computer. However, the characters cannot be passed directly to the operating system
because the remote operating system is not designed to receive characters from a TELNET
server: It is designed to receive characters from a terminal driver. The solution is to add a piece
of software called a pseudoterminal driver which pretends that the characters are coming from a
terminal. The operating system then passes the characters to the appropriate application program.

Network Virtual Terminal:

We are dealing with heterogeneous systems. If we want to access any remote computer in the
world, we must first know what type of computer we will be connected to, and we must also
install the specific terminal emulator used by that computer. TELNET solves this problem by
defining a universal interface called the network virtual terminal (NVT) character set. Via this
interface, the client TELNET translates characters (data or commands) that come from the local
terminal into NVT form and delivers them to the network. The server TELNET, on the other
hand, translates data and commands from NVT form into the form acceptable by the remote
computer.
IMAP:

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is a standard email protocol that stores email
messages on a mail server, but allows the end user to view and manipulate the messages as
though they were stored locally on the end user's computing device(s).

This allows users to organize messages into folders, have multiple client applications know
which messages have been read, flag messages for urgency or follow-up and save draft messages
on the server.

IMAP can be contrasted with another client/server email protocol, Post Office Protocol 3
(POP3). With POP3, mail is saved for the end user in a single mailbox on the server and moved
to the end user's device when the mail client opens.

Most implementations of IMAP support multiple logins; this allows the end user to
simultaneously connect to the email server with different devices. For example, the end user
could connect to the mail server with his Outlook iPhone app and his Outlook desktop client at
the same time.
Even though IMAP has an authentication mechanism, the authentication process can easily be
circumvented by anyone who knows how to steal a password by using a protocol analyzer
because the client’s username and password are transmitted as clear text. In an Exchange Server
environment, administrators can work around this security flaw by using Secure Sockets Layer
(SSL) encryption for IMAP.

IMAP is a method that allows you to access electronic mail or messages that are kept on a mail
server. In other words, email stored on an IMAP server can be read and responded to from a
desktop computer at home, a workstation at the office, or a laptop computer while you are
traveling, and you do not need to transfer these messages back and forth between computers.
This protocol works best when a user is dependent upon multiple computers in multiple
locations.

The Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP) is a mail protocol used for accessing email on a
remote web server from a local client.

IMAP offers you:

1. Compatibility with Internet messaging standards, such as 'MIME’

2. Access to your messages from multiple computers
3. Access to messages without having to download from the server or transfer messages
from one computer to another
4. Support for "online", "offline", and "disconnected" access modes
5. Support for concurrent access to shared mailboxes

6. IMAP allows the client program to manipulate the e-mail message on the server without
downloading them on the local computer.

7. The e-mail is hold and maintained by the remote server.

8. It enables us to take any action such as downloading, delete the mail without reading the
mail. It enables us to create, manipulate and delete remote message folders called mail
boxes.

9. IMAP enables the users to search the e-mails.

10. It allows concurrent access to multiple mailboxes on multiple mail servers.