TM Phần 2

FINAL THESSIS INSTRUCTOR : Dr.
Trần Thu Hằng
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 : Overview
CHAPTER 2 : General information
Error: Reference source not foundMaterials......Error: Reference source not found
Error: Reference source not foundContruction progressError: Reference source not
found
CHAPTER 3 : Tính toaùn baûn maët caàu
Error: Reference source not foundError: Reference source not foundError: Reference
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
CHÖÔNG 5 : Thieát keá keát caáu nhòp
Error: Reference source not found.Error: Reference source not foundError: Reference
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 1

FINAL THESSIS INSTRUCTOR : Dr. Trần Thu Hằng
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found

source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
CHÖÔNG 6 : Tính toaùn ñoä voàng vaùn khuoân
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found
source not found

source not found
source not found
CHÖÔNG 7 : Phuï luïc
source not found
source not found
Error: Reference source not found.Error: Reference source not found....... Error:
Reference source not found
CHAPTER 1:
OVERVIEW
The application of balanced cantilever method is widely developed in Vietnam in
recent years, due to the quantity and complication of contructions.
The basic principal of this method : the main spans are constructed by building
continuos segments from the piers to both sides. The weight of the following
segments, including the weight of scaffoldings will be supported by the previous
segments. Each segment will be linked to the previous segments with the prestressed
cables right after reaching the designed strength. The closure segment is used for
connecting the spans (including the connection between the side span and the cast-
in-place segment).
With the properties of having the scaffolding hanging and moving on the beam, the
balanced cantilever bridges have the major advantages: reducing the weight of
formworks and scaffolding, mechanizing the construction, allowing the multi-
deployment of construction, increasing the labor productivity, maintain the navigation
or traffic clearance during the construction period. This method is suitable for the
construction with a huge design elevation.
Some pictures from the construction of Thu Thiem bridge:

However, the calculation of these bridge has encountered some difficulties (without
using programs as Midas or RM), especially the redistribute of internal forces due to
linear deformation (because of long-term self weight), so the application of 22TCN
272-05 is not easy in practical uses.
According to the knowledge from classes with the documents and support materials
from the Matlab 7.0 program, now I has completed this course.
The basic contents of this project :
_ Analization of construction stages:
Considering the changing of the stresses in the spans, including the deformation and
the loss of stress in each construction stages.
_ The redistribute of internal forces due to linear deformation
_ Compare the result to Midas Civil 7.01
Because the construction following different stages, the loss of stress is different,
such as typical the loss of elastic compressive strength in each cross-section in each
steps, the accuracy is required so the amount of calculating is extremely huge.
Therefore the using of Matlab 7.0 is common along with Matlab.

CHAPTER 2:
GENERAL INFORMATION
1. Bridge structure:
1.1. Bridge Structure
- The structure includes the 3-spans cantilever bridge (1 main span + 2 side spans).
- The profile is lies on a vertical curve with the radius R of 5000m.
- Connecting with the circular curve is the longitudinal gradient id = 4%
- The cross-fall is in = 2%
37.90m
27.10m CLEARANCE 80MX9M H1%: +29.00 27.10m
H5%: +24.00 23.10

22.20
21.00
H50%: +19.70
13.98m +13.98m
14.70
13.04 12.25
7.10
8 x BORED PILES 8 x BORED PILES

12 x BORED PILES 12 x BORED PILES
D =1m; L =45m D =1m; L = 45m
D =1.5m; L =50m D =1.5m; L =50m
MSS : -5.60
-36.02m -36.02m
-40.25
-17.9m -17.9m
-41.47
NATURAL SOIL
-21.21
CLAY
VERTICAL SLOPE R=3300 (m)
FINE SAND
36.50
37.00
37.20
36.80
37.90
DESIGN ELEVATION (m)
37.00
36.80
36.50
37.70
37.70
37.50
37.20
37.50
MEDIUMSAND
DISTANCE (m) 15.00 15.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 15.00 15.00
STAKE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 CLAY AND PEBBLESTONE
HORIZONTAL CURVE
Figure 1. Bridge Structure in Method Construction of Balance Cantilever Method

1.2. Length of Main Span L
- Length of main span depends on vessel’s span, and full length of the bridge
(corresponding to the maximum water level).
- Usually, the length of main span is in the range of 73m and 150m.
→ Choose length of main span L = 100m.
1.3. Length of Side Spans L1
- According to the experience formula, length of one side span is:
L1 = (0.6 ÷ 0.7)L = (0.6 ÷ 0.7)100 = 60 ÷ 70 (m)
→ Choose length of one side span L1 = 70m.
L+K
- With the condition of BCC (Balance Cantilever Construction), we have: L1 = + l0
2
With K = Length of closing segment = 2
l = Length of segment constructed on form traveler (m)

0
→ l0 = 19m
1.4. Height of Box Girder
- Height of box girder changes in linear function or parabola. Usually, the bottom face
of girder is in 2nd curve. Height of girder:
 At top of pier:

H=(1/20÷1/16)L=5÷6.25(m)
→ Choose height of box girder at bearing H = 5.2m.
 At middle span:
H=(1/60÷1/40)L=1.67÷2.5(m)
→ Choose height of box girder at middle span h = 2.2m.
1.5. Width of Bridge B
- Width of bridge B is the total width of the carriageway width, the pedestrian path
with, and the parapet width.
B = 3.5 x 4 + 1.5 x 2 + 0.5 x 2 + = 18.0m.
Figure 2. Detailed Cross Section of Box Girder in Free Cantilever Method
2. Materials:
 Concrete:
Using normal density concrete, compressive strength at day 28 of cylinder example of
( )
150-300 mm is : f c = 50 ( MPA ) , density g c = 25 KN / m , the concrete’s moisture is
' 3
maintained. Using PC40 cement.

 Reinforcement:
Yeild limit:
Plain round bar : CI : 240 MPA
Deformed bar : CII : 300 MPA
CIII : 400 MPA
 Prestressed cables:
According to ASTM416M, the curling radius of cables is more than 3600mm in anchor
area and more than 6000mm in other area, choose 10000mm.
Elasticity module : E p = 197000 ( MPA )

Cable : 12T12.7mm, each strand has 7 cables.

Tensile limit : f pu = 1860 ( MPA )
(
Area of 1 strand : A p = 98.7 mm
2
)
Yeild limit : f py = 0.9 �f pu = 0.9 �1860 = 1674 ( MPA )
Jacking force : f pj = 0.78 �f pu = 0.78 �1860 = 1451( MPA )
 Cladding
Using semi-stiff galvanized cladding, the area of cladding according to 22TCN-272-05
is more than 2.5 times of the area of prestressed cable, choose the distance 130 mm
between each strand’s center, 125 mm between the strand’s center and the concrete
edge.
 Casting device-formwork:
Because of the differrence between the length and weight of each segments, the
total weight of formworks is not the same. However, general we choose the casting
device (including all the formworks) which has the weight CE = 80 T, the eccentricity
e = 2m. This eccentricity is also used for calculating the moment of wet concrete’s
weight.
 Construction dynamic loads:
Including machines, equipments’ loads in general: CLL = 4.8 �10 ( MPA ) on 1
-4
cantilever and CLL = 2.4 �10

-4
( MPA ) for the other one when calculating for the
flipping condition.
3. Contruction progress:
3.1. Construction progress:
Significantly affect the distribution of internal force in the structure, when the
cantilever aging differently before casting the closure segment. After finishing the
closure segment, there will be the change of internal stress due to the
transformation of static structure to super static structure.
 Top-pier segments (K0, K1) take 20 days (10 days for establishing formworks,
reinforcements, cladding, 10 days for setting up prestressed cables and
maintenance)
 The other cantilever segments take 12 days (7 days for setting up casting
device, formworks, reinforcements, cladding, 5 days for concreting,
maintenance and pulling prestressed cables)
 The cast-in-place segments take 40 days (20 days for setting up the scaffolding
and formworks, 20 days for maintenance before closure)
 The closure segments take 20 days to be constructed ( 10 days for establishing
formworks, reinforcements, cladding, 10 days for maintenance and setting up
prestressed cables)
 30 days for finishing.

3.2. Construction steps

 The order of the steps has a huge impact on the distribution of the internal
force, and even can be dangerous.
 When closing the side spans before closing the main span, after removing the
anchor bar and temporary supports, the structure is static so every movement on top
pier or at closure steps can be adjusted by changing the level of 2 cantilevers, so the
risk will be as small as possible.
 On the other hand, when closing the main span before closing the side spans,
after removing temporary supports on the first pier (now the structure is super static)
and the risk will rise.
 In this thesis we choose closing the side spans first, (the closure segments are
constructed with cast-in-place method to maintain the balance), then use the hanging
formworks to cast the closure segment for the main span.
 Tighten prestressed cables :
- Mostly use live anchors to maintain the stress for both side.
- Required to maintain the balanced status.
- Tighten each side one by one, tighten the symmetric strands.
4. Segment Arrangement
- By the balanced cantilever condition, we have:
 Length of closure for both side spans and main span are similar.
 Kc = Length of closure, in the range of 1.5 ÷ 2.0 (m) = 2m
 l0 = Length of segment constructed on form traveler = 19m
 K0 = Segment at pier = 12m
 2 short segments from K1 to K2, and the length of each segment is 2.5m.
 10 medium segments from K3 to K12, and the length of each segment is
3.0m.
 2 long segments from K13 to K14, and the length of each segment is 4.0m.

CS1
cs2
k14
k13
k12
k11
k10
k10
k11
k12
k13
k14
k9
k8
k7
k6
k5
k4
k3
k2
k1
k1
k2
k3
k4
k5
k6
k7
k8
k9
k0
s 10'
s 11'
s 12'
s 13'
s 14'
s 15'
s 15
s 14
s 13
s 12
s 11
s 10
s 1'
s 2'
s 3'
s 4'
s 5'
s 6'
s 7'
s 8'
s 9'
s9
s8
s7
S6
s5
s4
s3
s2
s1
s0
s0
Figure 3. Segment arrangement of Balanced Cantilever Bridge
5. Curve Equation for Changing Elevation
5.1. The Equation of Girder Bottom in Elevation
- Assume the changes of girder bottom in elevation are in the parabolic
rule, with the form of: y2 = ax2 + bx + c
 From the relationship between length of main span and the height of
box girder, we get 3 points: A (-48; 0), B (0;3.4), and C (48;0)
→ The equation of girder bottom in elevation: y2 = (-16/13689)x2 +
3.4 (m)
5.2. The Equation of Girder Bottom in Thickness
- Assume the changes of girder bottom in elevation are in the parabolic
rule, with the form of: y3 = ax2 + bx + c
 From the relationship between length of main span and the height of
box girder, we get 3 points: A (-48; 0.8), B (0; 0.25), and C (48;0.8)
→ The equation of girder bottom in elevation: y3 = (2/13689)x2 +
0.25 (m)
5.3. The Equation of Slab of Main Girder in Elevation
- Slab of main girder is designed with the curve of 5000m in radius. So,
the elevation of slab of main girder is determined by the following
formula:
2
�Lg - L tr �2 2 2
y1 = R - x - (R - H) - � �
� 2 �
 R = Radius of the curve = 3300000 mm
 H = Height of box girder at the pier = 5200 mm
 Lg = Length of main span = 100000 mm
 Ltr = Thickness of the pier = 3000 mm
 x = The location of cross-section (mm)
5.4. The Equation of Girder Bottom in Width
- The width of girder bottom changes in the first-order function, and
follows the formula:
Bx = B + (H - H x )tanα
 H = Height of box girder at the pier = 5200 mm
 Hx = Height of box girder at an arbitrary cross-section = y 1 – y2(mm)

 B = Width of bottom slab at the pier = 6000 mm

 Bx = Width of bottom slab at an arbitrary cross-section (mm)
 x = The location of cross-section (mm)
 α = Inclined angle of box web with tanα = 0.1803
5.5. Basic Dimensions of Cross-sections
Table 2. Basic dimensions of concrete box girder section
Cross-
x(m) y1(m) y2(m) y3(m) HX(m) Bx(m)
section
S0 0.00 0.00 1.00 6.50 5.20 6.000
S1 4.00 0.77 1.67 6.68 4.656 6.300
S2 6.50 1.18 2.02 6.78 4.434 6.606
S3 9.00 1.57 2.36 6.88 4.052 6.954
S4 12.00 1.95 2.69 6.98 3.731 7.278
S5 15.00 2.32 3.01 7.08 3.180 7.636
S6 18.00 2.67 3.32 7.18 2.950 7.962
S7 21.00 3.00 3.61 7.28 2.751 8.250
S8 24.00 3.39 3.95 7.40 2.538 8.506
S9 27.00 3.75 4.27 7.52 2.445 8.728
S10 30.00 4.09 4.57 7.64 2.338 8.966
S11 33.00 4.41 4.86 7.76 2.261 9.068
S12 36.00 4.71 5.12 7.88 2.215 9.188
S13 39.00 4.98 5.37 8.00 2.200 9.274
S14 43.00 5.32 5.68 8.16 2.200 9.324
S15 47.00 5.62 5.96 8.32 2.200 9.336
SHL 48.00 6.38 6.68 8.88 2.200 9.336
5.6. Geometric properties calculation

- Area of cross-section
1
f=
2
�( xi - xi +1 ).( yi - yi2+1 )
- Location of cross-section centroid

1
yc =
6f
�( x - x
i i +1 ).( yi2 + yi . yi +1 + yi2+1 )
- Static moment of cross-section according to x-axis

1
Sx =
6
 (x i - x i +12 ).(y i + y i . y i +1 + y 2i + 1)
- Inertial moment of cross-section according to neutral axis

2
Jth= Jx - y c . f
Table 3. Basic dimension of equivalent cross-section in T-section
Cross- Location
h (m) td (m) B (m) htf (m) btf (m) hbf (m) bbf (m) hw (m) tw (m)
section X
S0 0.00 5.20 1.000 18 0.457 6.000 1.186 6.50 4.857 1.431

S1 4.00 4.656 0.896 18 0.457 6.300 1.081 6.68 4.360 1.402
S2 6.50 4.434 0.843 18 0.457 6.606 1.025 6.78 4.103 1.555
S3 9.00 4.052 0.791 18 0.457 6.954 0.969 6.88 3.861 1.544
S4 12.00 3.731 0.742 18 0.457 7.278 0.916 6.98 3.631 1.531
S5 15.00 3.440 0.696 18 0.457 7.636 0.867 7.08 3.413 1.515
S6 18.00 3.180 0.652 18 0.457 7.962 0.819 7.18 3.208 1.499
S7 21.00 2.950 0.611 18 0.457 8.250 0.775 7.28 3.014 1.479
S8 24.00 2.751 0.565 18 0.457 8.506 0.726 7.40 2.799 1.491
S9 27.00 2.538 0.523 18 0.457 8.728 0.681 7.52 2.601 1.461
S10 30.00 2.445 0.484 18 0.457 8.966 0.638 7.64 2.422 1.428
S11 33.00 2.338 0.449 18 0.457 9.068 0.601 7.76 2.260 1.390
S12 36.00 2.261 0.418 18 0.457 9.188 0.567 7.88 2.116 1.347
S13 39.00 2.215 0.390 18 0.457 9.274 0.526 8.00 2.000 1.331
S14 43.00 2.200 0.359 18 0.457 9.324 0.502 8.16 1.850 1.297
S15 47.00 2.200 0.335 18 0.457 9.336 0.475 8.32 1.742 1.217
SHL 48.00 2.200 0.300 18 0.457 9.336 0.430 8.88 1.613 0.960
Table 4. Geometric properties of T-cross-section
Cross-
Location X A (m2) SX (m3) Ybb (m) Ytb (m) JTH (m4)
section
S0 0.00 20.852 72.573 3.480 3.020 126.851
S1 4.00 19.531 62.611 3.206 2.693 98.634
S2 6.50 19.531 59.821 3.063 2.522 86.569
S3 9.00 18.836 55.112 2.926 2.362 74.990
S4 12.00 18.171 50.780 2.795 2.210 64.910
S5 15.00 17.534 46.805 2.669 2.068 56.165
S6 18.00 16.928 43.174 2.551 1.934 48.592

S7 21.00 16.352 39.860 2.438 1.809 42.065

S8 24.00 15.806 36.503 2.309 1.673 35.506
S9 27.00 15.194 33.293 2.191 1.548 29.996
S10 30.00 14.627 30.466 2.083 1.435 25.448
S11 33.00 14.107 27.987 1.984 1.334 21.726
S12 36.00 13.634 25.834 1.895 1.245 18.702
S13 39.00 13.211 24.048 1.820 1.164 16.193
S14 43.00 12.836 22.135 1.724 1.085 13.824
S15 47.00 12.416 20.545 1.655 1.019 12.053
SHL 48.00 11.667 18.290 1.568 0.932 9.973
6. Cross-section
- Width of top slab of box girder = t0 = 18.0m
6.1. Top Slab
- Thickness of top slab
�1 1 � �1 1 �
 At the middle: h b = � ÷ �t 0 = � ÷ � 1800 = 45 ÷ 72 (cm) �25 cm
� 40 25� 40 25
� �
→ Choose thickness of top slab at the middle = hb = 450 mm
�1 1� �1 1�
 At the web: h c = � ÷ �t 0 = � ÷ � 1800 = 120 ÷ 150 (cm)
�15 12 � 15 12
� �
→ Choose thickness of top slab at the web = hc = 755 mm
- Thickness of overhang of top slab = tc = 220 mm
6.2. Bottom Slab
- Thickness of bottom slab
 At pier: hd = thickness of bottom slab ≥ 500 mm, choose hd0 = 800
mm
 At middle span: hd = thickness of bottom slab ≥ 250 mm, choose hdm
= 250 mm
- Width of bottom slab
 At pier: bd0 = 6000 mm
 At middle span: bdm = 9340 mm
6.3. Box Wall
- With K = the number of segments in each side ≥ 7, we usually use the
inclined wall of box with slope in range of 1/7 ÷ 1/10.
- Thickness of box wall is usually in range of 350 ÷ 700 (mm), choose w
= 450 mm.
7. Equivalent cross-section in T-section

7.1. Determine the effective flange width be

- According to 4.6.2.6.2 of Specification 22TCN 272-05, requirements of
the effective flange width with precast concrete box girder is assumed
that the effective flange width is equal with the actual flange width if:
 b  0.1li
 b  3d0
With:
 d0 = Height of box girder = 5200mm.
 li = Length of span.
- With bridge of continuous spans, li = 0.8l with final span; and l i = 0.6l
with mid-span.
 With cross-section on girder, li = 0.8 x 70000 = 56000mm.
 b = The actual flange width (b1, b2, b3 in below figure).
- With section on girder, we have:

 b1 = 3400 mm
 b2 = 4745 mm
 b3 = 3000 mm
 Max(b1 , b 2 , b3 ) = 4745mm < 3.d0 = 3.5200=15600mm.
 Max(b1 , b 2 , b3 ) = 4745mm < 0.1li = 5600mm.
 The effective flange width = be = 9740mm.
- With section at mid span, we have:
 b1 = 3400 mm
 b2 = 4745 mm
 b3 = 4670 mm
 Max(b1 , b 2 , b3 ) = 4745mm < 3.d0 = 3.5200=15600mm.
 Max(b1 , b 2 , b3 ) = 4745mm < 0.1li = 5600mm.
 The effective flange width = be = 18000mm.
7.2. Change cross-section to T-section

- Principle:
 Unchanged height of cross-section.
 Unchanged area of cross-section.

bs
ts
Dw
Hb
tw
tb
bb
- Change to T-section (the nearest section with girder):
 Top flange width = bs= 18000mm.
 Height of top flange = ts= 500mm.
 Web width = tw = 1325mm; and Web height = Dw= 5000mm.
 Bottom flange width = bb = 9740mm.
 Height of bottom flange = tb = 875mm.
- Change to T-section with mid-span section:
 Top flange width = bs = 18000mm.
 Height of top flange = ts = 500mm.
 Web width = tw = 649mm.
 Bottom flange width = bb = 11350mm.
 Height of bottom flange = tb = 109mm.
7.3. Diaphragm structure
- In the structure of main spans, diaphragm is placed on bearings for
concentrated load capacity. On the top of girder, thickness of diaphragm
= d = 3.00m; and d= 1.00m when diaphragm on the top of side spans.
7.4. Structure of deck slab
- Deck slab of bridge is made by reinforced concrete with average
thickness of 300mm.
- Calculated length of outside cantilever = Lh = 3.50m.
- Calculated length of inside cantilever = Lt = 3.489m.
7.5. Structure of wearing surface
- Wearing surface of bridge is structured with 3 layers:
 Fine asphalt concrete layer with thickness of 7cm.
 Coarse asphalt concrete layer with thickness of 5cm.
 Waterproofing layer Recon with thickness of 0.4cm.

CHAPTER 3:
DETERMINE THE INTERNAL FORCES
I. Dead load in phase 1:

- To be simple in calculating, consider the weight of each segment is depend on the
length of each segment.
- Formula:
DC tc = V.g c
DC tt = g1.DC tc
When:
+ V: Volume of the segment (m3).
+ gc: Specific weight of concrete, gc = 25kN/m3.
+ DCtc, DCtt: Dead load of phase 1 in standard, in calculation (kN).
+ g1: Weight factor, g1 = 1,25.
Lengt F1 F2 FTB V P
H DCtc DCtt
Segment h
(m) (kN/m) (kN/m)
(m) (m2) (m2) (m2) (m) (kN)
4.0 5.200 68.47 68.47 68.47 205.42 5135.48

K0 836.39 1045.48
4.0 24.78 23.23 24.00 108.02 2700.47
4.656
K1 2.5 4.434 23.23 22.27 22.75 68.24 1706.06 568.69 710.86
K2 2.5 4.052 22.27 21.36 21.81 65.44 1636.00 545.33 681.67
K3 3.0 3.731 21.36 20.51 20.94 62.81 1570.19 523.40 654.24
K4 3.0 3.440 20.51 19.72 20.11 60.34 1508.60 502.87 628.58
K5 3.0 3.180 19.72 18.86 19.29 67.52 1687.96 482.28 602.84
K6 3.0 2.950 18.86 18.09 18.47 64.66 1616.52 461.86 577.33
K7 3.0 2.751 18.09 17.38 17.73 62.07 1551.69 443.34 554.18
K8 3.0 2.538 17.38 16.75 17.07 59.74 1493.44 426.70 533.37
K9 3.0 2.445 16.75 16.20 16.48 57.67 1441.74 411.93 514.91
K10 3.0 2.338 16.20 15.72 15.96 55.86 1396.54 399.01 498.76
K11 3.0 2.261 15.72 15.26 15.49 61.97 1549.18 387.30 484.12
K12 3.0 2.215 15.26 14.90 15.08 60.33 1508.19 377.05 471.31
K13 4.0 2.210 14.90 14.63 14.77 59.07 1476.74 369.19 461.48
K14 4.0 2.205 14.63 14.46 14.55 58.19 1454.76 363.69 454.61
HL 2.00 2.200 14.38 14.38 14.38 28.77 719.13 359.57 449.46

Average dead load 459.95 574.93
II. Dead load in phase 2

1 Handrail:
80
Steel plate T2
350
Steel plate T1
350
15
600
100
300
250 1000 250
Area of cross-section of concrete parts and pedestrian path:

A bt = 600 �250 + 200 �300 + 800 �100 = 290000 ( mm 2 )
Area of cross-section of handrail:
A th = p �D2 / 4 - p �d 2 / 4 = p �902 / 4 - p �80 2 / 4 = 1334.5 ( mm 2 )
Area of steel plate T2 :
A 2 = p �702 / 2 + ( 350 + 350 ) �( 170 + 2 �70 ) / 2 - 2 �p �90 2 / 4 = 103476 ( mm 2 )
Area of steel plate T1 :
A1 = 10 �1660 = 16600 ( mm 2 )
- qlc = 0,1kN/m
- q clc = 2.0,75.b clc .h clc .g c
When:
+ bclc: width of handrail, bclc = 0,5m.
+ hclc: height of handrail, hclc = 0,6m.
+ gc: specific weight of concrete, gc = 25kN/m3.
+ 0,75: calculation coefficience of handrail base.
qclc = 2.0,75.0,5.0,6.25 = 11,25kN/m

2. Weight of top components:

II.1. Lists of layers
No. Layer Thickness (m) ga (kN/m3) P (kN/m2)

1 Asphalt concrete 0.070 23 1.61
2 Water proof 0.004 15 0.06
Total 0.74 1.67
The thickness of all layer is the same all over the bridge.
II.2. Weight of pedestrian path layers:

- Pedestrian path width: ble = 1,5 + 2.0,15m.
- Weight of pedestrian path layers:
qle = 2.P.ble = 2.1,67.1,8 = 6,01kN/m.
II.3. Weight of vehicle path layers:

- Vehicle path width: Bxe = 14m.
- Weight of vehicle path layers:
qxe = P.Bxe = 14.1,67 = 23,98kN/m.
II.4. Weight of road divider:

- The structure of divider:
- Weight of road divider:

q pc = Vpc .g c = 0,195.25 = 4,88 kN/m
3. Total weight of dead load in phase 2

- Standard dead load in phase 2:
DWtc = qlc + qclc + qle + qxe + qpc
= 0,1 + 11,25 + 6,01 + 23,98 + 4,88 = 46,02kN/m.
- Calculated dead load in phase 2:
DWtt = g2. DWtc = 1,5.46,02 = 69,08kN/m.
III. Internal forces

- The internal forces in each cross-section is calculated in 2 phases:
Construction phase and Working stage.

- Because of the symmetry of the structure, only need to calculate the

internal force at positions of pier 1 and mid span.
1. Diagrams for determination of internal forces according to construction stages

- Stage 1: Construction stage
 Diagram 1a: Maximum construction of cantilever segment
 Diagram 1b: Construct the closure segment for side span
- Stage 2: Exploitation stage
 Diagram 2: Construct the closure segment for mid-span.
 Diagram 3: Unassembled construction of constructed load.
 Diagram 4: Construct the wearing surface and other facilities.
 Diagram 5: Diagram of live load in exploitation stage.
1.1. Construction stage
- Maximum construction of cantilever segment
 Calculation diagram: T-form
qtc
Pxd Pxd
My My
 Loads:
 Self-weight of segments (DC)
 Distributed construction load (TC)
 Load of form traveler and formwork (XD)
 Load of concrete of final segment (K17)
Load Symbol Value Unit

Self-weight of segments P kN
Weight of form Pxd 1200 kN
traveler Mxd 2400 kN.m
Weight of wet P17 1169.0 kN
concrete Mbt 2338.0 kN.m
Construction load qtc 36,24 kN/m
 Internal force

Table 6. Negative Moment at the top of pier during construction of balance

cantilever segments
M-of section at pier

Length Level arm DCtc qtc Pxd (kN.m)
Segments Ki
Li (m) ai (m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN) Factored Calculated
Value Value
K0 6 3 649.333 36.24 1200 -19932.80 -24916.00
K1 2.5 1.25 479.600 36.24 1200 -28625.60 -35782.00
K2 2.5 1.25 462.400 36.24 1200 -43544.20 -54430.25
K3 3 1.25 446.400 36.24 1200 -61094.40 -76368.00
K4 3 1.25 430.800 36.24 1200 -81079.00 -101348.75
K5 3 1.25 416.000 36.24 1200 -103346.50 -129183.13
K6 3 1.25 402.000 36.24 1200 -127750.40 -159688.00
K7 3 1.5 387.667 36.24 1200 -158698.90 -198373.63
K8 3 1.5 372.667 36.24 1200 -193321.40 -241651.75
K9 3 1.5 359.333 36.24 1200 -230322.70 -287903.38
K10 3 1.5 346.667 36.24 1200 -269757.30 -337196.63
K11 3 1.5 335.667 36.24 1200 -311523.70 -389404.63
K12 3 1.5 325.600 36.24 1200 -355485.80 -444357.25
K13 4 2 315.750 36.24 1200 -414937.30 -518671.63
K14 4 2 306.250 36.24 1200 -480775.00 -600968.75
 With:
 Li (m) = Length of segment Ki
 ai(m) = lever arm calculated from centroid of segment K i to
section atpier top
 DCKi tc
(kN/m) = Factored Distribution Dead Load of segment Ki
 Q Ki (kN/m) = Distributed Construction Load
tc
2. Pxd (kN) = Load of form traveler and formwork

 Maximum negative moment at the top of pier during construction of
balance cantilever according to Strength Limit State =
-
M1a_CD = -880221.9 (kN.m)

- Maximum internal forces of sections appear at the same time in the

construction stage of final segment 17; thus, this internal forces are used
to calculate and arrange prestressed steel for each sections during the
construction of balanced cantilever.
Table 7. Maximum moment at the final section of each segments during
construction of balance cantilever segments
M- at the final section of each

Length of
Cross- Location DCtc Qtc Pxd segments (kN.m)
segmentLi
section Xi (m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) Factored Calculated
(m)
Value Value
S0-S0’ 6 0.00 649.333 36.24 1200 -704177.49 -880221.86
S1-S1’ 2.5 6 479.600 36.24 1200 -666293.25 -832866.56
S2-S2’ 2.5 8.5 462.400 36.24 1200 -561950.44 -702438.05
S3-S3’ 3 11 446.400 36.24 1200 -508615.53 -635769.41
S4-S4’ 3 14 430.800 36.24 1200 -458451.03 -573063.79
S5-S5’ 3 17 416.000 36.24 1200 -411352.95 -514191.19
S6-S6’ 3 20 402.000 36.24 1200 -367221.88 -459027.35
S7-S7’ 3 23 387.667 36.24 1200 -325963.06 -407453.83
S8-S8’ 3 26 372.667 36.24 1200 -287486.50 -359358.13
S9-S9’ 3 29 359.333 36.24 1200 -244867.73 -306084.66
S10-S10’ 3 32 346.667 36.24 1200 -205995.41 -257494.26
S11-S11’ 3 35 335.667 36.24 1200 -170742.01 -213427.51
S12-S12’ 3 38 325.600 36.24 1200 -138990.57 -173738.21
S13-S13’ 4 42 315.750 36.24 1200 -110634.83 -138293.54
S14-S14’ 4 46 306.250 36.24 1200 -85579.50 -106974.38

- Purpose of calculation internal forces at section (i-1) during construction

of segment Kiis preliminary calculation the number of prestressed strands
for section (i-1) to ensure the load bearing capacity of section when
constructing segment Ki.
Table 8. Moment at the section (i-1) during construction of segment K i
Length M- at section (i-1)
Construction
Cross- of DCtc qtc (kN.m)
state of Pxd (kN)
section segment (kN/m) (kN/m) Factored Calculated
segment Ki
Li (m) Value Value
K0 0 6 649.333 36.24 1200 -19932.80 -24916
K1 1 2.5 479.600 36.24 1200 -28625.60 -35782
K2 2 2.5 462.400 36.24 1200 -11337.92 -14172.4
K3 3 3 446.400 36.24 1200 11135.2 13919
K4 4 3 430.800 36.24 1200 -10938.5 -13673.125
K5 5 3 416.000 36.24 1200 -10751.5 -13439.375
K6 6 3 402.000 36.24 1200 10574.5 13218.125
K7 7 3 387.667 36.24 1200 -11414.3 -14267.875
K8 8 3 372.667 36.24 1200 -12926.3 -16157.875
K9 9 3 359.333 36.24 1200 -12680.8 -15851
K10 10 3 346.667 36.24 1200 -12449.6 -15562
K11 11 3 335.667 36.24 1200 -12246.2 -15307.75
K12 12 3 325.600 36.24 1200 -12060.8 -15076
K13 13 4 315.750 36.24 1200 -13936.2 -17420.25
K14 14 4 306.250 36.24 1200 -17351.1 -21688.875
- Construction of the closure segment of side span
 Calculation diagram: T-form
qtc
1
2 PHL 2 PXD
1
PXD Mxd
 Loads:
 Distribution construction load (TC)
 Load of form traveler and formwork (XD)
 ½ Load of concrete of closure segment
 Internal force

 Maximum negative moment at the top of pier during construction of

balance cantilever according to Strength Limit State =
-
M1b_CD = -890538.1 (kN.m) .
- Maximum internal force during construction stage
- - - -
= M1_CD = max(M1a_CD ; M1b_CD ) = M1b_CD = -890538.1 (kN.m)
2.2. Exploitation stage
- Internal forces of girder sections in exploitation stage is plus effectively
from diagram 2, 3, 4, 5 to determine the final internal force in this stage.
- Diagram 2: Construction the closure segment of mid-span.
 Calculation diagram for construction stage of closure segment
 Loads:
 Distribution construction load (TC)
 ½ Load of (form traveler and formwork) (XD)
 ½ Load of closure segment
 Moment diagram in construction stage of clousure segment

 Shear force diagram in construction stage of clousure segment
 Cross-section for calculation in construction stage of closure segment
Table 9. Internal forces of cross-section along Side-span in construction

stage of closure segment
Length of Shear force Vi (kN) Moment Mi (kN.m)

Cross- Location
segmentLi Factored Calculated Factored Calculated
section xi (m)
(m) value value value value
S15 0 0 -3896.23 -4870.288 0.00 0.00
S14 4 4 6582.18 8227.725 -41921.58 -52401.975
S13 4 8 7988.83 9986.038 -71054.69 -88818.3625
S12 3 11 9073.14 11341.43 -96647.57 -120809.463
S11 3 14 10187.09 12733.86 -125540.9 -156926.063
S10 3 17 11334.16 14167.7 -157829.9 -197287.313
S9 3 20 12517.88 15647.35 -193620.8 -242025.988
S8 3 23 13741.69 17177.11 -233030.7 -291288.338
S7 3 26 15008.96 18761.2 -276187 -345233.713
S6 3 29 16100.25 20125.31 -315111.5 -393889.363
S5 3 32 17226.15 21532.69 -356818.3 -446022.838
S4 3 35 18388.26 22985.33 -401397.3 -501746.625
S3 3 38 19588.37 24485.46 -448943.3 -561179.175
S2 2.5 40.5 20828.28 26035.35 -499555.8 -624444.738
S1 2.5 43 22109.72 27637.15 -553338.7 -691673.325
S0 6 49 26274.51 32843.14 -696640.8 -870801.013

Table 10. Internal forces of cross-section along Mid-span in construction

stage of closure segment

Cross- Location
section xi (m)
S0' 0 0 26274.510 32843.138 -696640.810 -870801.013
S1' 6 6 -21759.910 -27199.888 -555394.670 -694243.338
S2' 2.5 8.5 -20481.300 -25601.625 -502468.470 -628085.588
S3' 2.5 11 -19241.880 -24052.350 -452712.690 -565890.863
S4' 3 14 -18042.210 -22552.763 -406023.320 -507529.150
S5' 3 17 -16880.530 -21100.663 -362300.960 -452876.200
S6' 3 20 -15755.020 -19693.775 -321450.850 -401813.563
S7' 3 23 -14663.840 -18329.800 -283383.000 -354228.750
S8' 3 26 -13396.780 -16745.975 -241254.700 -301568.375
S9' 3 29 -12173.400 -15216.750 -202872.830 -253591.038
S10' 3 32 -10990.060 -13737.575 -168109.890 -210137.363
S11' 3 35 -9843.310 -12304.138 -136848.890 -171061.113
S12' 3 38 -8729.630 -10912.038 -108983.620 -136229.525
S13' 3 41 -7645.450 -9556.813 -84418.740 -105523.425
S14' 4 45 -6238.990 -7798.738 -56656.310 -70820.388
S15' 4 49 -891.700 -1114.625 0.000 0.000
- Diagram 3: Unassembled construction of constructed load.

 Calculation diagram for Unassembled construction of constructed load
 Loads:
 Upward side of Distributed construction load
 Upward side of Load of (form traveler and formwork)
 Moment diagram in Unassembled construction of constructed load
 Shear force diagram in Unassembled construction of constructed load

Table 11. Internal forces of cross-section along Side-span in

Unassembled construction of constructed load

Cross- Location
section xi (m)
S15 0 0 -18.12 -22.65 0.00 0.00
S14 4 4 -778.92 -973.65 6564.12 8205.15
S13 4 8 -923.784 -1154.73 9970.12 12462.65
S12 3 11 -1032.368 -1290.46 12905.144 16131.43
S11 3 14 -1140.936 -1426.17 16166.328 20207.91
S10 3 17 -1249.448 -1561.81 19753.672 24692.09
S9 3 20 -1357.904 -1697.38 23667.176 29583.97
S8 3 23 -1466.304 -1832.88 27906.832 34883.54
S7 3 26 -1574.632 -1968.29 32472.656 40590.82
S6 3 29 -1664.816 -2081.02 36526.664 45658.33
S5 3 32 -1754.968 -2193.71 40807.16 51008.95
S4 3 35 -1845.064 -2306.33 45314.168 56642.71
S3 3 38 -1935.088 -2418.86 50047.664 62559.58
S2 2.5 40.5 -2025.048 -2531.31 55007.672 68759.59
S1 2.5 43 -2114.944 -2643.68 60194.168 75242.71
0 6 49 -2337.344 -2921.68 73565.896 91957.37
 Cross-section for calculation in Unassembled construction of constructed load
 Table 12. Internal forces of cross-section along Mid-span in
Unassembled construction of constructed load

Cross- Location
segment Li Factored Calculated Factored Calculated
section xi (m)
S0’ 0 0 -2337.344 -2921.68 73565.896 91957.37
S1’ 6 6 2549.984 3187.48 57572.192 71965.24
S2’ 2.5 8.5 2460.528 3075.66 51293.192 64116.49
S3’ 2.5 11 2370.72 2963.4 45240.696 56550.87
S4’ 3 14 2280.84 2851.05 39414.704 49268.38
S5’ 3 17 2190.888 2738.61 33815.208 42269.01
S6’ 3 20 2100.864 2626.08 28442.216 35552.77
S7’ 3 23 2010.776 2513.47 23295.72 29119.65
S8’ 3 26 1902.56 2378.2 17418.904 21773.63

S9’ 3 29 1794.296 2242.87 11868.256 14835.32

S10’ 3 32 1685.952 2107.44 6643.76 8304.7
S11’ 3 35 1577.544 1971.93 1745.424 2181.78
S12’ 3 38 1469.072 1836.34 -2826.752 -3533.44
S13’ 3 41 1360.544 1700.68 -7072.76 -8840.95
S14’ 4 45 1215.752 1519.69 -12226.752 -15283.44
S15’ 4 49 1070.92 1338.65 -16800.904 -21001.13
S16’ 1 50 0 0 -27062.376 -33827.97
- Diagram 4: Construct the wearing surface and other facilities.
 Calculation diagram for Construction the wearing surface and other
facilities
DW
 Loads:
 Dead Load II
 Moment diagram in Construction the wearing surface
 Shear force diagram in Construction the wearing surface
 Cross-section for calculation in Construction the wearing surface

s 20 s 19 S18 s 17 s 16 s 15 s 14 s 13 S12 s 11 S10 S9 s 8 S7 S6 s 5 S4 S3 S2 S1 S0 S1' S2' S3' S4' s 5' S6' S7' s 8' S9' S10' s 11' S12' s 13' s 14' s 15' s 16' s 17' S18'
dg hl k17 k16 k 15 k14 k13 k12 k11 k10 k9 k 8 k8 k9 k10 k11 k12 k13 k14 k15 k16 k17 hl
k7 k6 k5 k4 k5 k6 k7
k3 k2 k1 k1 k2 k3 k4
k0
S19'

Table 13. Internal forces of cross-section along Side-span in Construction

the wearing surface

Cross- Location
section xi (m)
S20 0 0 -871.17 -1306.76 0.00 0.00
S19 7 7 -564.50 -846.75 4742.61 7113.92
S18 9 16 -104.49 -156.74 7753.09 11629.64
S17 4 20 99.95 149.93 7762.17 11643.26
S16 4 24 304.39 456.58 6953.46 10430.19
S15 4 28 508.79 763.18 5326.95 7990.43
S14 4 32 713.15 1069.72 2882.66 4323.99
S13 4 36 917.45 1376.18 -379.43 -569.14
S12 3 39 1070.63 1605.94 -3362.67 -5044.01
S11 3 42 1223.74 1835.61 -6805.92 -10208.88
S10 3 45 1376.79 2065.18 -10709.18 -16063.77
S9 3 48 1529.76 2294.64 -15072.45 -22608.67
S8 3 51 1682.64 2523.96 -19895.72 -29843.58
S7 3 54 1835.46 2753.19 -25179.01 -37768.51
S6 2.5 56.5 1962.71 2944.07 -29933.13 -44899.70
S5 2.5 59 2089.88 3134.82 -35006.71 -52510.07
S4 2.5 61.5 2216.97 3325.45 -40399.75 -60599.62
S3 2.5 64 2343.97 3515.95 -46112.23 -69168.34
S2 2.5 66.5 2470.87 3706.31 -52144.15 -78216.23
S1 2.5 69 2597.40 3896.10 -58495.53 -87743.30
0 6 75 -3066.65 -4599.97 -75042.21 -112563.31
Table 14. Internal forces of cross-section along Mid-span in Construction the

wearing surface

Cross- Location
section xi (m)
S0’ 0 0 -3066.647 -4599.970 -75042.207 -112563.310
S1’ 6 6 -2753.520 -4130.280 -57562.340 -86343.510
S2’ 2.5 8.5 -2626.687 -3940.030 -50822.120 -76233.180
S3’ 2.5 11 -2499.753 -3749.630 -44401.360 -66602.040
S4’ 3 14 -2372.727 -3559.090 -38300.047 -57450.070
S5’ 3 17 -2245.613 -3368.420 -32518.180 -48777.270

S6’ 3 20 -2118.420 -3177.630 -27055.767 -40583.650

S7’ 3 23 -1991.187 -2986.780 -21912.807 -32869.210
S8’ 3 26 -1838.360 -2757.540 -16162.927 -24244.390
S9’ 3 29 -1685.440 -2528.160 -10873.047 -16309.570
S10’ 3 32 -1532.433 -2298.650 -6043.180 -9064.770
S11’ 3 35 -1379.360 -2069.040 -1673.327 -2509.990
S12’ 3 38 -1226.220 -1839.330 2236.527 3354.790
S13’ 3 41 -1073.047 -1609.570 5686.367 8529.550
S14’ 4 45 -868.720 -1303.080 9570.587 14355.880
S15’ 4 49 -664.340 -996.510 12637.020 18955.530
S16’ 1 50 0.000 0.000 16955.040 25432.560
- Diagram 5: Diagram of live load in exploitation stage.

 Loads: Live Load HL-93
 Load combination (due to Live Load)
 Load combination 1: Design truck + Lane load (HL-93K)
 Load combination 2: Design tandem + Lane load (HL-93M)
 Load combination 3: 90% of (2 design truck + lane load, with
distance between 2 design trucks of 15m and distance between 2
axles of 4.3m) (HL-93S)
 Internal forces at sections due to Load combination 1
 Influence line of moment of mid-span section
 Diagram for arranging the Load combination 1 in the influence

line of mid-span section

Table 15. Internal forces of cross-section in Load Combination 1 due to

Strength Limit State I
At Mid-span At Side-span
Cross- Vi (kN) Mi (kN.m) Cross- Vi (kN) Mi (kN.m)
section Min Max Min Max section Min Max Min Max
-
S0' -4595.14 4339.22 19816.4 S16 -1636.25 1629.81 -27171.28 45088.86
105886.18
S1' -4274.07 480.62 -83631.69 17435.57 S15 -1434.74 1828.54 -31795.27 47475.50
S2' -4146.84 484.92 -75197.14 16699.5 S14 -1250.93 2030.58 -36419.26 48510.96
S3' -4020.05 490.68 -67238.24 16094.24 S13 -1083.96 2234.96 -41043.26 48278.95
S4' -3893.68 497.99 -59755.09 16364 S12 -969.04 2389.33 -44511.25 47315.78
S5' -3767.68 506.91 -52741.81 17984.44 S11 -862.37 2544.70 -47979.25 45701.60
S6' -3642.03 517.5 -46195.18 19633.65 S10 -763.41 2700.84 -51447.24 43491.30
S7' -3516.73 529.83 -41351.46 21302.84 S9 -671.62 2857.83 -54915.24 40675.09
S8' -3366.64 548.76 -36443.59 23320.56 S8 -586.51 3015.76 -58383.24 37252.19
S9' -3216.91 607.3 -32024.91 25348 S7 -507.65 3174.74 -61983.36 33365.79
S10' -3067.53 670.87 -28089.34 27375.47 S6 -446.36 3308.05 -65457.53 30151.42
S11' -2918.53 739.82 -24637.63 29402.87 S5 -388.87 3442.28 -69373.91 26973.87
S12' -2769.97 814.52 -21679.56 31438.37 S4 -334.99 3577.46 -73733.09 23835.83
S13' -2622.19 895.27 -19246.18 33507.29 S3 -286.75 3713.65 -78548.63 20752.61
S14' -2426.56 1012.81 -17368.44 36863.99 S2 -278.05 3850.91 -83843.46 19513.66
S15' -2233.54 1142.09 -16462.46 40301.61 S1 -271.60 3989.30 -89647.61 19242.44
-
S16' -2044.39 1283.14 -15556.48 42832.8 S0 -4595.14 4339.22 19816.40
105886.18

 Influence line of moment of mid-span section
Table 16. Internal forces of cross-section in Load Combination2 due to

At Mid-span At Side-span
S0' -228.17 3818.98 -95878.18 16993.6 S16 -1387.91 1465.28 -24014.4 39154.71
S1' -3760.45 412.73 -75661.75 15021.2 S15 -1217.21 1624.7 -28101.04 41301.08

S2' -3642.21 417.01 -68036.21 14455.3 S14 -1062.05 1789.37 -32187.69 42294.74
S3' -3524.36 422.75 -60860.97 14049.7 S13 -921.64 1958.58 -36274.35 42193.62
S4' -3407.31 430.05 -54135.41 15169.8 S12 -825.51 2088.19 -39339.33 41432.02
S5' -3291.05 438.95 -47849.77 16350 S11 -736.75 2219.94 -42404.33 40101.09
S6' -3175.59 449.53 -42001.3 17580.5 S10 -654.9 2353.77 -45469.31 38223.54
S7' -3060.9 461.84 -37435.49 18852.3 S9 -579.52 2489.66 -48534.3 35805.35
S8' -2924.27 498.35 -32731.81 20423.2 S8 -510.19 2627.61 -51599.29 32850.1
S9' -2788.86 546.11 -28517.33 22032.3 S7 -446.51 2767.63 -54796.4 29496.6
S10' -2654.64 598.36 -24785.97 23673.7 S6 -397.51 2885.86 -57934.74 26773.83
S11' -2521.66 655.38 -21538.46 25346.9 S5 -352.02 3005.6 -61515.29 24131.12
S12' -2390.01 717.47 -18784.59 27060.1 S4 -309.86 3126.82 -65538.61 21569.74
S13' -2259.8 784.89 -16555.41 28842 S3 -270.86 3249.54 -70018.33 19104.28
S14' -2088.85 883.47 -14949.94 31872.1 S2 -240.31 3373.77 -74977.32 17012.89
S15' -1921.57 992.22 -14316.24 35046.4 S1 -233.89 3499.52 -80445.63 16646.94
S16' -1758.76 1111.23 -13682.53 37385.1 0 -228.17 3818.98 -95878.18 16993.56

line of mid-span section

 For determining the maximum moment at the top of pier.
 Influence line of moment at the top of pier

line of moment at the top of pier

Table 17. Internal forces of cross-section in Load Combination 3 due to

At the top of pier

Cross-section Vi (kN) Mi (kN.m)
Min Max Min Max
0-0 left -121157.5 24373.4
0-0 right -121157.5 24373.4
2.1. Summarization internal forces

- Construction stage
Table 18. Maximum internal forces in construction stage due to Strength
Limit State I
M- at the final section of

Length of
Cross- Location DCtc qtc Pxd each segments (kN.m)
segment Li
section Xi (m) (kN/m) (kN/m) (kN/m) Factored Calculated
(m)
value value
S0-S0’ 0 0 649.333 36.24 1200 -704177.49 -880221.86
S1-S1’ 6 6 479.600 36.24 1200 -666293.25 -832866.56
S2-S2’ 2.5 8.5 462.400 36.24 1200 -561950.44 -702438.05
S3-S3’ 2.5 11 446.400 36.24 1200 -508615.53 -635769.41
S4-S4’ 3 14 430.800 36.24 1200 -458451.03 -573063.79
S5-S5’ 3 17 416.000 36.24 1200 -411352.95 -514191.19
S6-S6’ 3 20 402.000 36.24 1200 -367221.88 -459027.35
S7-S7’ 3 23 387.667 36.24 1200 -325963.06 -407453.83
S8-S8’ 3 26 372.667 36.24 1200 -287486.50 -359358.13
S9-S9’ 3 29 359.333 36.24 1200 -244867.73 -306084.66
S10-S10’ 3 32 346.667 36.24 1200 -205995.41 -257494.26
S11-S11’ 3 35 335.667 36.24 1200 -170742.01 -213427.51
S12-S12’ 3 38 325.600 36.24 1200 -138990.57 -173738.21

S13-S13’ 3 41 315.750 36.24 1200 -110634.83 -138293.54

S14-S14’ 4 45 306.250 36.24 1200 -85579.50 -106974.38
S15-S15’ 4 49 299.250 36.24 1200 -57163.13 -71453.91
S16-S16’ 1 50 0.000 0 0 0.00 0.00
- Exploitation stage
 In exploitation stage, 3 load combination, included both dead load and live
load, is established to determine the envelope of internal forces in this stage.
 Load combination 1: γ DC .DC+γ DW .DW+γ HL .HL93K
 Load combination 2: γ DC .DC+γ DW .DW+γ HL .HL93M
 Load combination 3: γ DC .DC+γ DW .DW+γ HL .HL93S
 Envelope of moment in exploitation stage
Table 19. Maximum internal forces in exploitation stage due to Strength

Limit State I
At mid-span At side-span
-
S0’ 18244.73 23350.07 -686793.46 S16 3047.82 6149.35 -15101.89 57158.25
758623.51
-
S1’ -24405.77 -21688.81 -545421.64 S15 5051.71 8111.15 -42058.20 37212.57
603174.36
-
S2’ -23017.08 -20370.36 -492454.83 S14 7072.87 10113.17 -76292.10 8638.12
544967.19
-
S3’ -21668.08 -19090.52 -442676.65 S13 9123.53 12166.07 -117968.11 -28645.90
490295.21
-
S4’ -20359.06 -17849.53 -395557.81 S12 10687.87 13745.10 -154233.29 -62406.26
439054.43
-
S5’ -19088.22 -16645.59 -350727.11 S11 12280.93 15363.24 -194906.28 -101225.43
391142.11
-
S6’ -17853.74 -15476.86 -308845.17 S10 13907.66 17024.84 -240106.23 -145167.69
346461.65
-
S7’ -16653.81 -14341.49 -269827.04 S9 15572.99 18734.27 -289965.93 -194375.60
305629.49
-
S8’ -15256.37 -13019.00 -226672.69 S8 17281.68 20495.80 -344631.62 -248996.19
260823.63
S9’ -13902.78 -11717.52 - -187393.05 S7 19038.45 22313.73 -404394.76 -309045.61

220177.57
-
S10’ -12589.42 -10453.19 -151866.18 S6 20542.00 23874.22 -458588.26 -362979.31
183560.36
-
S11’ -11312.86 -9222.37 -119975.15 S5 22084.93 25479.40 -516897.87 -420550.09
150855.44
-
S12’ -10069.62 -8021.34 -91609.06 S4 23669.46 27131.27 -579436.63 -481867.71
121962.17
S13’ -8856.35 -6846.37 -96802.95 -66658.11 S3 25295.80 28832.09 -646336.57 -547035.33
S14’ -7278.56 -5313.21 -69237.30 -38247.34 S2 26932.30 30584.12 -717744.84 -614387.72
S15’ -5739.41 -3810.48 -48017.04 -15580.43 S1 28617.97 32389.09 -793821.53 -684931.48
S16’ -4230.39 -2328.94 -32455.32 909.98 0 20726.35 29140.47 -997293.13 -871590.55

CHAPTER 4:
ARRANGEMENT OF PRESTRESSED STEEL
1. Calculation of number of prestressed tendons for each segment:

- Formula for bending resistance:
a a a a h
M n = A ps .f ps .(d p - ) + A s .f y .(d s - ) - As' .f y' .(d s' - ) + 0,85f c' .(b - b w ).h f .b1.( - f )
2 2 2 2 2
- Except for the normal reinforcement:

a a h
M n = A ps .f ps .(d p - ) + 0,85f c' .(b - b w ).h f .b1.( - f )
2 2 2
a
- For rectangle cross-section: M n = A ps .f ps .(d p - )
2
When:
+ Aps: Area of prestressed components (mm2)
+ fps: Average stress in prestressed cables for standard bending resistance
+ dp: Distance from the compressible side to the centroid of cable(mm)
+ b: Width of compressible components (mm).
+ bw: Width at bottom of the beam (mm).
+ hf: Thickness of flange in I cross-section, hf = ts (mm).
+ a = cb1 : Thickness of stress component (mm).
+ b1 : Stress coefficient according to standard:
b1 = 0,85 with f c' �28Mpa
b1 = 0,65 with f c' �56Mpa
f c' - 28
b1 = 0,85 - 0,05 '
with 28 �f c �56Mpa
7
f - 28
'
45 - 28
So: b1 = 0,85 - 0,05 c = 0,85 - 0,05 = 0,73
7 7
- Average stress in prestressed cables:
c f 1670
f ps = f pu (1 - k ) với k = 2(1,04 - py ) = 2(1,04 - ) = 0, 28
dp f pu 1860
We have:
A ps .f pu + A s .f y - A s' .f y' - 0,85b1.f c' .(b - b w ).h f
c=
f
0,85b1f c' .b w + k.A ps . pu
dp
- Except for the normal reinforcement:

A ps .f pu - 0,85b1.f c' .(b - b w ).h f

c=
f
0,85b1f c' .b w + k.A ps . pu
dp
2.
Top-pire Mid-span
Quantity Unit
cross-section cross-section
Calculated moment Mtt -1142601.40 36084.53 kN.m
Cross-section height h 520 220 cm
Designed height for prestressed
ap 20.00 15.00 cm
cables
Effective height of cross-section dp 500.00 205.00 cm
Width at bottom of the beam bw 132.46 64.88 cm
Flange compressible width b 974.00 1890.00 cm
Flange compressible height hf 87.66 48.56 cm
Thickness of stress component a 70.80 2.93 cm
Height of compressible area c 97.17 4.03 cm
Centroid axis Flange Flange
Average stress fps 1778.44 1850.94 MPa
Prestressed area required Apsct 1002.92 297.48 cm2
Type of prestressed cable 19T15.2mm 19T15.2mm
Area of 1 tendon abo 26.79 26.79 cm2
Required number of tendon nct 37.45 11.34 tendon
Designed number of tendon nbt 45.00 16.00 tendon
Area of designed prestressed
Apsbt 1339.50 321.48 cm2
tendons
So the number of tendon for upperpart of the beam on top of the pier is 45.
The number of tendon for lowerpart of the beam at mid span is 16.
7

CHAPTER 5:
CHECKING THE LIMIT STAGE
5.1. Checking formula:

- Checking formula: 22TCN:272-05.5.7.3.2.2-1
M r = j.M n �M u
When:
+ j : Bending resistance coefficient, j =1 (prestressed concrete)
+ Mn: Nominated bending resistance.
+ Mu: Moment by loads.
a a a a h
With M n = A ps .f ps .(d p - ) + A s .f y .(d s - ) - A s .f y .(d s - ) + 0,85f c .(b - b w ).h f .b1.( - f )
' ' ' '
2 2 2 2 2
+ Aps: Area of prestressed cables (mm ) 2
+ fps: Average stress at nominated bending resistance.

+ dp: Distance from the compressible side to the centroid of cable (mm)
+ b: Width of compressible components (mm).
+ bw: Width at bottom of the beam (mm).
+ hf: Thickness of flange in I cross-section I, hf = ts (mm).
+ a = cb1 : Thickness of stress component (mm).
+ b1 : Stress coefficient according to standard:
+ As, As’: Area of normal compress and tensile reinforcement.
- Average stress at nominated bending resistance:
c f 1670
f ps = f pu (1 - k ) with k = 2(1,04 - py ) = 2(1,04 - ) = 0, 28
dp f pu 1860
We have:
A ps .f pu + A s .f y - A s' .f y' - 0,85b1.f c' .(b - b w ).h f
c=
- T cross-section: f > hf
0,85b1f c' .b w + k.A ps . pu
dp
A ps f pu + A s f y - A s' f y'
c=
- Rectangle cross-section: f < hf
0.85f c'b1b w + kA ps pu
dp

1.6.2. Checking the limit state
Quantity Top-pier Mid-span Unit
Arrange the tensile reinforment:

Diameter D D22 D22
Area of 1 steel bar Act 387 387 mm2
Steel step @ 200 200 mm
Number of bars in 1 step nt 94 94 thanh
Number of reinforcement layer nl 2 2 lớp
Distance from the side to the bar’s centroid ds 150 2350 mm
Area of reinforcement As 72756.00 72756.00 mm2
Arrange the compressible reinforcement:
Diameter D D22 D22
Area of 1 steel bar Act 387 387 mm2
Steel step @ 200 200 mm
Number of bars in 1 step nt 46 56 thanh
Number of reinforcement layer nl 2 2 lớp
Distance from the side to the bar’s centroid d's 6350 150 mm
Area of reinforcement A's 35604.00 43344.00 mm2
Arrange the prestressed steel
Designed height for prestressed steel ap 200.00 150.00 mm
Effective height of cross-section dp 5000.00 2050.00 mm
Area of designed prestressed tendons Aps 133950.00 32148.00 mm2
Width at bottom of the beam bw 1324.61 648.76 mm
Flange compressible width b 9740.00 18900.00 mm
Flange compressible height hf 876.62 485.63 mm
Height of compressible area c 763.40 343.00 mm
Centroid axis Flange Flange
Thickness of stress component a 556.19 249.90 mm
Average stress fps 1795.92 1782.82 Mpa
Nominated bending resistance Mn 1427627.27 49925.06 kN.m
Designed bending resistance Mr 1284864.54 44932.55 kN.m
Bending moment by loads Mu -1142601.4 36084.53 kN.m
Checking Satisfied Satisfied

CHAPTER 6:
CALCULATING THE PIER
6.1. Pier structure

1500 500
1200 3600 1200
1500 6000 1500

11500
16000
2400 9000 2400 3600 3000 3600

3000
3600 3600 3600
1500
1500 3@3600 1500 1500 2@3600 1500
6.2. Calculate the load combination acting on the pier base cap
6.2.1. Pier base cap reaction force
-According to 3.6.1.3.1- Effects of live loads is the maximum in 3 cases:
+ Load of 1 lorry + weight of structure.
+ Load of two-axle vehicle + weight of structure.
+ 90% of two lorries and weight of structure, 15m between each lorry,
4,3m between two axles.
-Using MiDas Civil 7.01 to calculate the reaction force:
Ru = 87072.2kN
6.2.2. Determine the weight of T2 pier
6.2.2.1. Weight of pier shaft
- Shaft dimension:
+ Height: H = 16m
+ Width: B =3m
+ Radius of shaft side curve: R = 1.5 m

9000
+ Area of shaft cross-section: Str = 37,67m2

+ Volume of the pier shaft: Vtr = H. Str = 16,0.37,67 = 603,72m3
- Specific weight of concrete:bt = 25kN/m3
- Weight of pier shaft: P = bt.Vtr = 25.603.72 = 15093kN
6.2.2.2. Weight of pier base
- Pier base dimension: H x B x A = 3m x 13.8m x 10.2m
- Volume of pier base: Vb = 422.28m3
- Weight of pier base: Pb = bt.Vtr = 25.1792 = 10557kN
6.2.2.3. Achimedes force according to H5% water level:
- H5% elevation: +24,00m
- Pier cap elevation: +13.48m
- Volume of submerged pier: V1 = 21,83m3
- Volume of submerged base: V2 = 422.28m3
- Lực đẩy nổi: Pđẩy nổi = n.(V1 + V2) = 10.(21,83+422.28) = 4441.1kN
6.2.2.4. Load combination according to limit state acting on pier base
- Calculate the load combination acting on pier base:
Pu = Ru + 1,25.Ppier +1,25.Pbase - 0,9.Pfloat
= 87072,2 +1,25.15093 + 1,25.10557 - 0,9.4441.1 = 118357,7kN.
6.3. Arrange the piles of the base
6.3.1. Calculate the resistance of pile
6.3.1.1. The resistance of pile according to material
- Formula:
Prvl = f.Pn = f.0.85. � .(A c - A s ) + f y .A s �
0,85.f c�
� �
When:
: Resistance coefficient = 0.9
+ fc’ : Compress strength of concrete, fc’=30MPa.
+ Ac : Area of concrete part D = 1.5m : Ac = 1766250mm2
+ fy : Yeild limit of reinforcement, fy = 420MPa.
+ As : Area of reinforcement with 28 x D32 bars => As = 28507mm2
We have: Pr = f.Pn = f.0.85. � .(A c - A s ) + f y .A s �
0,85.f c�
vl
� �
= 0,9.0,85.[ 0,85.30.(1766250 - 28507) + 420.28507 ]
= 43058320.67N = 43058.32kN
6.3.1.2. The resistance of pile according to ground soil
- Compressive strength of ground soil: QR = j qpQp + j qsQs
When:
 Qp : Resistance of pile tip (MPa), Qp = qp.A p

 Qs : Resistance of pile shaft (MPa), Qs = qs.A s

 qp : Unit resistance of pile tip (MPa).
 qs : Unit resistance of pile shaft (MPa).
 Ap: Area of pile tip (mm2).
 As : Area of pile shaft (mm2).
 jqp : Coefficient of resistanceof pile tip.
 j qs: Coefficient of resistanceof pile shaft.
 jqs = 0.7l v in clay l v = 1.00 we have: jqs = 0.7
 jqs = 0.45l v in soil l v = 1.00 we have: jqs = 0.45
o Resistance of pile tip Qs:
- With cohesive soil: Method :

qs = Su
When:
+ Su: Average shear resistance (Mpa), Su = Cuu
Db
+ : Coefficicent related on Su and the rate of and adhesive coefficient
D
due to 22TCN 272-05.
- With non-cohesive soil: According to SPT (N)
qs = 0,0025N < 0,19 (Mpa) (Quiros and Reese – 10.8.3.4.2-1)
D Li As Su qs Qs
Layer N 
(m) (m) (m2) N/mm2 (N/mm2) (N)
0.5
Clay 1,5 0 0 0 0 0 0
5
0.5
Sandy clay 1,5 0 0 0 0 0 0
5
Fine sand 1,5 17.8 25.91 37 - - 0.0925 2396212
33.0 155.4 1942875
Medium sand 1,5 50 - - 0.1250
0 3 0
So the resistance of pile shaft:
Qs jqs Qs
Layer jqs
(N) (N)
Clay 0 0,70 0
Sandy clay 0 0,70 0
Fine sand 2396212.5 0,45 1078295.6
Medium sand 19428750.0 0,45 8742937.5
Total 9821233.1

o Resistance of pile tip Qp:
- The tip is on the medium sand, according to 10.8.3.4.3-1 Reese and Wright:
qp = 0,064N with SPT (N) <60
- The tip is on the medium sand SPT = 45, so:
qp = 0,064.50 = 3,20Mpa
=> Resistance of pile tip: jqp Q p = jqp .q p . A p = 0,45. 3,2. 1766250 = 2543400N
o Réesitance due to soil condition:
QR = jqp Q p + jqs Qs = 10201492.6+ 2543400 = 12744892N = 12744,8kN

6.3.1.3. Axle resistance of single pile Ptt
- Determine as below:
Ptt = min(PR ,Q R ) = min( 43058.32 ;12744,8) = 12744,8kN
6.3.2. Number of pile
- Formula:
Pu 118357,7
n = b. = 1,5. = 10, 2 piles
[Ptt ] 12744,8
- Choose n = 12 bored piles D = 1.5m with L = 50m.


TAØI LIỆU THAM KHẢO
1. 22TCN270-05 standard.
2. GS. TS. Nguyeãn Vieát Trung – PGS.TS. Hoaøng Haø – ThS. Ñaøo Duy Laâm.
Caùc ví duï tính toaùn daàm caàu chöõ I, T, SUPER-T, beâtoâng coát theùp
döï öùng löïc theo tieâu chuaån 22TCN272-05 . NXB Xaây Döïng.
3. GS. TS. Nguyeãn Vieát Trung – PGS.TS. Hoaøng Haø – ThS. Ñaøo Duy Laâm.
Caùc ví duï tính caàu BTCT theo tieâu chuaån môùi 22TCN272-01 . NXB Xaây
Döïng.
4. Nguyeãn Vieát Trung, Hoaøng Haø – Coâng ngheä ñuùc haãng caàu beâ toâng
coát theùp. Nhaø xuaát baûn Giao Thoâng Vaän Taûi .
5. Dr. Edward G.nawy – Prestressed Concrete.
6. KS Ñinh Quoác Kim – Thieát keá daàm hoäp beâtoâng öùng suaát tröôùc ñuùc
haãng . Nhaø xuaát baûn Giao Thoâng Vaän Taûi.
7. Traàn Ngoïc Linh – Moâ hình hoùa vaø phaân tích keát caáu caàu vôùi
Midas/Civil Taäp 1, Taäp 2.

TM Phần 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TM Phần 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FINAL THESSIS INSTRUCTOR : Dr.

Trần Thu Hằng

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 1

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 2

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 3

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 4

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 5

27.10m CLEARANCE 80MX9M H1%: +29.00 27.10m

H5%: +24.00 23.10

8 x BORED PILES 8 x BORED PILES

DESIGN ELEVATION (m)

STAKE 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 CLAY AND PEBBLESTONE

Figure 1. Bridge Structure in Method Construction of Balance Cantilever Method

l = Length of segment constructed on form traveler (m)

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 6

Figure 2. Detailed Cross Section of Box Girder in Free Cantilever Method

maintained. Using PC40 cement.

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 7

Cable : 12T12.7mm, each strand has 7 cables.

cantilever and CLL = 2.4 �10

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 8

3.2. Construction steps

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 9

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 10

 B = Width of bottom slab at the pier = 6000 mm

5.6. Geometric properties calculation

- Location of cross-section centroid

- Static moment of cross-section according to x-axis

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 11

S0 0.00 5.20 1.000 18 0.457 6.000 1.186 6.50 4.857 1.431

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 12

S7 21.00 16.352 39.860 2.438 1.809 42.065

7. Equivalent cross-section in T-section

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 13

7.1. Determine the effective flange width be

- With section on girder, we have:

7.2. Change cross-section to T-section

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 14

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 15

DETERMINE THE INTERNAL FORCES

I. Dead load in phase 1:

4.0 5.200 68.47 68.47 68.47 205.42 5135.48

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 16

Average dead load 459.95 574.93

II. Dead load in phase 2

Area of cross-section of concrete parts and pedestrian path:

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 17

2. Weight of top components:

No. Layer Thickness (m) ga (kN/m3) P (kN/m2)

II.2. Weight of pedestrian path layers:

II.3. Weight of vehicle path layers:

II.4. Weight of road divider:

- Weight of road divider:

3. Total weight of dead load in phase 2

III. Internal forces

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 18

- Because of the symmetry of the structure, only need to calculate the

1. Diagrams for determination of internal forces according to construction stages

Load Symbol Value Unit

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 19

Table 6. Negative Moment at the top of pier during construction of balance

M-of section at pier

2. Pxd (kN) = Load of form traveler and formwork

Student : Phạm Đào Đức An Page 20