Exploration of Academic Texts in Macro Genres

Academic texts or often called ilmial texts are different from non-academic texts or non-
scientific texts. Academic texts have characteristics that are simple, dense, objective, and logical.
Simple in a denotative sense means modest, not excessive, or not many subtleties. Dense means
very full so it is not hollow, solid, or compressed. logical means in accordance with logic, right
according to reasoning, or reasonable. and there are still many characteristic features of academic
texts.
Text there are two types, academic and non-academic texts. the text of the text difference
cannot be seen as the difference between black and white. these differences are seen from the
tendency of the characteristics contained in non-academic texts to be associated with oral texts.
differences in academic and non-academic texts, that is :

Academic text Non-Academic text

1. Simple in term of structure 1. Complicated in term of structure
2. Information intensive 2. Not information intensive
3. Dense of lesical words 3. Dense of structural words
4. Many use nominalization 4. Little use of nominalization
5. many use grammatical metaphors, and 5. little use grammatical metaphors, and
therefore many contain in-congruent therefore many contain in-congruent
expressions expressions

6. many use technical sentences 6. little use technical sentences

7. taxonomic and abstract 7. more concrete and tend not to be
taxonomic

8. many use the esfora reference system 8. does not show reference to the esfora as
an important feature

Presents academic texts in various macro genres

presents academic texts in various macro genres based on their text structure and genre,
as follows :
 Book review
 Proposal
 Report
 Scientific article

How to Build Independent Academic Texts

 make summaries
 make assignments and academic text projects
 review text or commonly called a review text. this text is usually made in
the form of articles. Review text is considering assessing and submitting criticism of
the reviewed work or events. Review text also has structure, the structure of review
text that is :
 identity
 orientation
 content interpretation
 evaluation
 summary

1. identity is book reviews are usually initiated by providing information about

the identity of the book being reviewed.
2. Orientation is an introduction to all reviews. functions as conveying
information about what books are reviewed, position the books reviewed,
express reviewers' opinions about the book.
3. content interpretation is the content interpretation contains a retelling of the
things done by the author when he wrote the book, content or summary of the
book that was reviewed as a result of reading by reviewers of the book, a
comparison of the contents of the book is described chapter by chapter,
4. evaluation is to assess the reviewed work
5. summary is contains conclusions and suggestions for reviews of books made.

How to Make a Book Review Text

 looking for books that are reviewed

 read critically
 make a summary
 determine assessment criteria
 look for a comparison book and reference for reference
 write the intended comment

usually review texts are made to fulfill tasks and projects, in working on this task, it is necessary
to implement a book review procedure. although this is an independent project, this task can be
carried out together.
Text Proposal Model
In general the research proposal contains elements that consist of :
1. background
2. problem formulation and research objectives
contains the subject matter that will be wrapped up and the purpose of the research
contains a plan for answers to the subject matter of research
3. benefits and importance of research

4. theoretical review which outlines the main theoretical references and elaborations and their
relevance to the various results of previous research
5. mind frame or frame of reference in conducting research on problems
6. assumptions or hypotheses to be tested
7. data sources or research subjects
8. data collection instruments to be used
9. research methods or procedures
10. analysis of technical data to be carried out
11. bibliography

Preface
background as a logic of thought that leads to the direction of the study. problem
formulation and research objectives contains the subject matter that will be wrapped up and the
purpose of the research.

Research Methodology
The research methodology includes the time and location of research, research data
sources and research flow. the research methodology presents the approach, methods and
techniques of research that will be applied including the steps to be taken. the approach concerns
the paradigm and type of research that is followed: qualitative research, quantitative research, or
combination research paradigms.

Bibliography
although not included in the stages in the structure of the text of the research proposal,
the bibliography is a very important completeness.