1.

1 REAL NUMBERS

1.2 COMPLEX NUMBERS

1.3 INDICES, SURDS & LOGARITHMS

 Lesson 1 of 4

1.1 Real Numbers

 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to

(a) define and understand natural numbers, whole numbers,
integers, prime numbers, rational and irrational numbers
(b) represent rational and irrational numbers in decimal form
(c) represent the relationship of number sets in a real number
system diagrammatically
(d) understand open, closed and half-open intervals and their
representations on the number line.
(e) simplify union,  , and intersection,  , of two or more
intervals with the aid of number line
 REAL NUMBERS ( ℝ )
_
RATIONAL ( ℚ ) IRRATIONAL ( ℚ )

INTEGER ( ℤ )

WHOLE ( 𝕎 )

NATURAL ( ℕ )
 Relationship of Number Sets
The set of real number, denoted by the symbol ℝ, consists of
all rational number and irrational number. The relationships
of number sets in a real number system can also be
represented by the following Venn diagram.
_
Notice that ℕ  𝕎  ℤ  ℚ  ℝ and ℚ ℚ = ℝ

ℝ
ℚ _
ℤ ℚ
𝕎
ℕ
No. type Symbol No. set Explanation

Rational ℚ examples: fractions, Z+, Z-, terminating

decimal, and non-terminating
 3  repeating decimal with period
  , 6,0.5,0.7878 .. 78
 2 
Irrational _ examples: non-repeating, non-
ℚ terminating decimals
{, 3 }

Real ℝ Set of rational and All the above numbers

irrational numbers mention above

_
ℚ ℚ

_
This diagram shows that ℚ + ℚ = ℝ
 No. Symbol No. set Explanation
type

Natural ℕ {1,2,3,…} Counting numbers

Prime {2,3,5,7, Natural number that can only be

11,…} divided by itself and 1

Whole 𝕎 {0,1,2,…} Natural numbers with zero

Even ℤ {0,2, 4, {2k, k  Z}

Integers …}

Odd ℤ {1, 3, …} {2k +1, k  Z}

Integers
 No. Symbol No. set Explanation
type

Rational p
ℚ {x : , p & q  Z, q  0} Numbers
p
that can be written in the
q form where p and q are
q
integers with q ≠ 0.
** Every integer p is a rational
number, since it can be
expressed in the form p
1
** nonterminating repeating decimal
representation
Irrational _   3.14159... Real numbers that are not rational
ℚ number are known as irrational
5  2.36606797... numbers.
e  2.7182818... In other words, irrational numbers
p
cannot be written in the form q
decimal representation for
irrational numbers are always
nonterminating and nonrepeating.
DIFFERENTIATING RATIONAL AND IRRATIONAL NUMBERS

example point form Decimal representation conclusion

1/2 0.5 terminating decimal rational

number
3/4 0.75 terminating decimal rational
number
1/3 0.3333… or non-terminating repeating rational
0. 3 decimal with period 3 number
5/11 0.4545… or non-terminating repeating rational
0.45 decimal with period 45 number
 3.1415926… non-repeating, irrational
non-terminating decimal number
1.7320508… non-repeating, irrational
3
non-terminating decimal number
EXAMPLE 1
 1 2 
Given S   9, 7 , ,  ,0,4,5.125125 , identify the set of
 3 

a) Natural numbers, ℕ

b) Whole numbers, 𝕎

c) Integers, ℤ

d) Rational numbers, ℚ

e) Irrational numbers, ℚ

f) Real numbers, ℝ
 EXAMPLE 2
 1 1 
Given set S   5 ,2, ,0,1, 3,2, e, log 1000,  , ,5, 16 
 2 2 
Identify the set of…

a. Natural numbers

b. Whole numbers

c. Prime numbers

d. Integer numbers

e. Rational numbers

f. Irrational numbers

g. Real numbers
  1 1 
SOLUTION S   5 ,2, ,0,1, 3,2, e, log 1000,  , ,5, 16 
 2 2 

a. Natural numbers

b. Whole numbers

c. Prime numbers

d. Integer numbers

e. Rational numbers

f. Irrational numbers

g. Real numbers
EXAMPLE 3
a
Express each of the following numbers as a quotient
b
a. 1.555… b. 5.45959…

Solution

a. Let x = 1.555… = 1.5 ---------(1)

(1) × 10 10x = 15.555…= 15.5 ---------(2)

therefore, (2) – (1), 9x = 14

14
x=
9
b. Let x = 5.45959… = 5.459 (1)

(1) ×10 10x = 54.5959… (2)

(2) × 100 1000x = 5459.59… (3)

therefore, (3) – (2)

Symbol Explanation Example
a=b a is equal to b 12 = 12

a<b a is less than b 5 < 14

a>b a is greater than b 33 > 24

 Open, Closed and Half Open Intervals
Notation Inequalities Representation on number line

[a,b] a<x<b Closed

a b intervals
(a,b) a<x<b Open
a b intervals
(a,b] a<x<b Half open
a b intervals
[a,b) a<x<b Half open
a b intervals
(-,b) -< x < b Open
b intervals
(-,b] -< x < b Half open
b intervals
(a,) a<x< a
Open
intervals

[a,) a<x< Half open

a intervals
Empty circle, ‘’ represents open end
points, whereas dense circles, ‘ ’
represents closed end points
in an interval
Example 4
Distinguish the type of intervals below and represent them on
number line.
[2,5] Closed interval
2 5

(-2,5) Open interval

-2 5

(5,) Open interval

{x : x < 0, xR} Half open interval

or
0
(- ,0]
 Intersection or Union of Two Intervals
A[0,5)
B(-2,4)

A B=

-2 0 4 5
A B=

-2 0 4 5
 Example 4

Using number line, find the corresponding intervals:

a. [0,5)  (4,8)

b. (-,5)  (-1,10)

-1 5 10
c. (-,0]  [0,+ )

0
d. (- ,0)  (0,10)

0 10
If a is any real number

(-,a)  (a,+ ) = R \ a

(-,a]  [a,+ ) = {a}

Example 5

Using number line, find the corresponding intervals:

e. (-4,2)  (0,4]  [-2,2)

Step 1
(-4,2)  (0,4]
-4 0 2 4
= (-4,4]

Step 2
(-4,4]  [-2,2)
= [-2,2) -4 -2 2 4
Example 6

Given A = {x : 1< x < 7, x  Z} B = {-6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6}

C = {x : 1< x < 5, x  R} D = {x : -1< x < 3, x  R}
Simplify:
a) A  B b) B  C c) C  D d) (C  D)  B

a.

b.

-6 -4 -2 0 1 2 4 5 6
Example 6

Given A = {x : 1< x < 7, x  Z} B = {-6, -4, -2, 0, 2, 4, 6}

C = {x : 1< x < 5, x  R} D = {x : -1< x < 3, x  R}
Simplify:
a) A  B b) B  C c) C  D d) (C  D)  B

c.

-1 1 3 5

d.

-6 -4 -2 -1 0 2 4 5 6
Conclusion
The relationships of number sets in a real number system can
also be represented by the following Venn diagram.
Notice that ℕ  𝕎  ℤ  ℚ  ℝ and ℚ  ℚ = ℝ

ℚ
ℤℚ
𝕎
ℕ
Exercises

a
1. Express each of the following numbers in the form ,where a
and b are integers. b

a) 0.8888.... b)0.0524524.....

2. Write the following sets in interval notation and represent it on

a number line.
a) x : 4  x  10 b) x : 7  x  1 c) 2,  d) - ,7

3. Write the following sets in interval notation and represent it on

a number line.
a) - 5, 4   2, 6 b) - 8, 1   3, 
 Lesson 2 of 4

1.2 Complex Numbers

 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to

a. represent a complex number in Cartesian form.

b. define the equality of two complex numbers.
c. determine the conjugate of a complex number
d. perform algebraic operations on complex numbers.
 Introduce Imaginary Numbers
The imaginary unit i
The imaginary unit i is defined as i =  1 , where i2 = -1
Using the imaginary unit i, we can express the square root of any
negative number as a real multiple of i.
Example :  16  i 16 = 4i,
3 i 3
Power of i can be simplified, therefore

(i) i2 = -1 (ii) i3 = (i2)(i)

= (-1)(i)
.. = -i
(iii) i4 = (i2)2 (iv) And so on…
= (-1)2
=1
Example 1

Evaluate the following:

a) i 41 b) i 75 c) i 60 d) i 26
Solution :
a ) i 41  i 401 b) i 75  i 723

c) i 60  (i 4 )15 d ) i 26  i 24 2
 To Represent a Complex Number in Cartesian Form

Definition
• The set of all numbers in Cartesian form,
z = a + bi with real numbers a and b, and i the
imaginary unit, is called the set of complex numbers.

• a is called the real part of the number and b is called

the imaginary part of the complex numbers.

Re(z) = real part z = a + bi imaginary part = Im (z)

• If a = 0 and b ≠ 0, then the complex number bi is

called a pure imaginary number.
Example 2

(a) If z = 2 + 3i , Re (z) = 2 and Im(z) = 3

(b) If z = 4 – 2i , Re (z) = 4 and Im(z) = -2

If b = 0, z = a + i(0) = a, so it is a Real Number.

Real numbers, then, are a subset of complex numbers.

Example 3

Determine the real values of x and y if x  4  i  10  (2 y  7)i

Solution :

x  4  i  10  (2 y  7)i
 Note : Complex Numbers are not ordered and cannot be
represented on a real number line.

COMPLEX NUMBERS

IMAGINARY REAL

Thus, ℝ is a subset of the set of complex number, ℂ

i.e ℝ  ℂ
 Define the Equality of Two Complex Numbers

For two complex numbers, z1  a  bi and z2  c  di ,

z1  z2 if and only if a = c and b = d.

Example 4

Find the value of m and n if z1  z2 for z1= 3 + 2i and

z2 = m + ni.
 The Conjugate of A Complex Number

• The conjugate of a complex number, a + bi is a – bi and a

conjugate of a – bi is a + bi.

• The multiplication of complex conjugates gives a real number.

(a + bi)(a - bi) = a2 + abi - abi - b2i2 = a2 + b2

(a – bi)(a + bi) = a2 - abi + abi - b2i2 = a2 + b2

• This fact is used in simplifying expressions where the

denominator of a quotient is complex.
Example 5

Simplify the expressions:

1 3
(a) (b)
i 1 i

4  7i 2i
(c ) (d )
2  5i 3i 2
Solution (a): Solution (b):

1 1 i
  3 3 1 i
 
i i i 1 i 1 i 1 i
i

1

 i
Solution (c):

4  7i 4  7i 2  5i
 
2  5i 2  5i 2  5i
Solution (d):

2i 2 i 3i 2
 
3i 2 3i 2 3i 2
Example 6

If z = 1  i , find z in the form a + bi.

2i

Solution: 1 i 2i
z 
2i 2i
Example 7

1
If z =1 – 2i, express z  in the form of
z
a + bi.
Solution:
Method 2

1 1 1  2i
z   1  2i   
z 1  2i 1  2i

1  2i
 1  2i  
1 4
1  2i
 1  2i  
5
6 8
  i
5 5
 Algebraic Operations on Complex Number

Adding and subtracting complex numbers

• Complex numbers can be add together by adding the real parts

and then adding the imaginary parts.

• You can subtract one complex number from another by

subtracting the real parts and then subtracting the imaginary
parts.

So:
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
(a + bi) – (c + di) = (a – c) + (b – d)i
Example 8

Given that z = 2 + 3i and w = 7- 6i, find

(a) z+w (b) w–z

Solution :

(a) z+w (b) w–z

Example 9

Find a and b for the following equations

(a) a + b + (a – b)i = 6 + 4i

(b) a + 2b + (a – b)i = 9
Solution :

(a) a  b  6 ........... Eq(1)

a  b  4 ............ Eq(2)
Eq(1) + Eq(2):

2a  10  a  5
Substitute a=5 in Eq (1): b =1
(b) a + 2b + (a – b)i = 9
 Multiplying one complex number by another

To multiply two complex numbers together, apply the rules of

algebra.

So :
(a + bi) (c + di) = ac + adi + bci + bdi2  i2 = -1

= ac + (ad + bc)i – bd

= (ac – bd) + (ad + bc)i

Example 10

Given that
(a) z = 4 + 3i and w = 7 +5i , find zw.
(b) w = 4 – 2i and z = -7 + 5i, find zw.

Solution :
Example 11
Solving equations

Solve each of the following equations for the complex

number z.
(a) 4 + 5i = z - (1- i)

(b) (1 + 2i )z = 2 + 5i

Solution:
(b) (1 + 2i )z = 2 + 5i
Example 12 Solving equations

Solve (x + yi)(3 – i) = 1 + 2i where x and y are real.

Solution:
3x – xi + 3yi – yi2 = 1 + 2i
3x + y + (3y – x)i = 1 + 2i
3x + y + (-x + 3y)i = 1 + 2i
Comparing real part and imaginary part;
3x + y = 1 …………….(1)
-x + 3y = 2 .……………(2)
(1) x 3: 9x + 3y = 3 ..…………...(3)
(3) – (2) 10x = 1
1 7
x  y
10 10
 Exercises
1. Find each of the following in the form a + bi, where a and b are
real numbers.

a) ( 7 + 3i ) + ( - 5 + 2i ) b) (4 – i ) – ( 9 – 2i )

2. Express the following products in the form a + bi, where a and

b are real numbers.

a) ( 7 + i )( 5 + 2i ) b) ( -1 + 2i )( 3 – 3i )

3. Find each of the following in the form a + bi, where a and b are
real numbers.
4  2  3i
a) b)
1  2i 3  4i
 Lesson 3 of 4

1.3 Indices, Surds and Logarithms

 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to

a. state the rules of indices

b. explain the meaning of a surd and its conjugate
c. carry out the algebraic operations on surds
 Definition of Indices

INDICES If a is a real number and n is a positive integer,

Indices/
n exponent
base
a R
a n Z

then a ⁿ is the product of the real number a with itself n times.

n factors
a  a  a  a  a  a  ... a
n
until n
The positive integer n is called the index and the real number a
is called the base.
 Rules of Indices
Rules examples

1. a m  a n  a m  n 3 3  3
5 2 5 2
3 7
Exponent Properties

m 2
a 2 1
2. n  a m n 7
27 5
2 2  5
a 2 2
 
3. a m n
a mn
 4    4
3 2 32
  4  46
6

ab n
a b n n
62
 2  3  2  3
2 2 2

n 7
a 2
n 7
a n n 2
    a b     2 7
 37

b
n
 
7
b 3 3
 From Rule 2
m 3
a mm 5 3 3
Zero Index  a  5
am 53
a 1
0
5 1
0

From Rule 2

Negative a0 0n 50 0 4
 a  5
Indices a n
5 4

1 n 1 4
n
a 4
5
a 5
 From Rule 1
1 1 1 1

a a  a
2 2 2 2

1
( a )  a1  a
2 2

1
Rational a  a 2

Indices Similarly
1 1 1 1 1 1
 
a a a  a
3 3 3 3 3 3

1
( a )  a1  a
3 3

1
a 3 a 3
 In general
1
a n a
n

From Rule 3
m 1 1
a  (a )  (a )
n n m m n
Rational
Indices Note :
1
a n a
n

1
(a )  a
m n n m

1
(a )  (n a ) m
n m
Example 1

Simplify

3
 xy 
2 4
x y
Example 2

Simplify

x y
2 2
x y
 Exponential Equations
Equations in which the variable is the exponent/index

Example 3
Solve the equation
t 4 2x  t

2 2x x
 3 2  4  0 2x  4
2 x  22
Solution x2
2   3  2
x 2 x
4  0
x t  1 2 x  t
Let 2  t t 2  3t  4  0
t  1t  4  0 2 x  1
has no solution
t  1 or 4
 Example 4

Solve the equation

9 x  4  3x  5  0

Solution
 Example 5

Solve the equation 4 x 1  25 x  2 x  23  0

2 
2 x 1
 
 25 2 x  2 x  23  0
22 x2  2 2   2
5 x x
 23  0
   
2 2 x 2 2  25 2 x  2 x  23  0
42   322  2
x 2 x x
 23  0
   332  8  0
42 x 2 x

Take y  2 x
 The Meaning of A Surd and Its Conjugate

is a number expressed in terms of ROOT sign and an

IRRATIONAL number.

n  Z+ aR,
n
a not a perfect square

is nth root of a

Examples of surds  2, 5, and 7

2
42 3
27  3 4 1
16  12 3
 125  5

Are the above examples surds?

 Properties Of Surds
Properties Examples

ab  a  b 24  6  4
a a 25 25
 
b b 5 5
n
an  a 5
25  2

m n
a  mn a 3
64  2 3
64  6 64  2

a b  c b  a  c  b 4 2  7 2  4  7  2

a b  c b  a  c  b 6 3  3 3  6  3 3
Example 1
Using the properties of surds, expand and simplify the
expressions below :

1)  3  2  2 3  2 


2) 3  2 3  2  
When a surd of the form a  b is multiplied by a  b ,

we obtain ( a  b )( a  b )  ( a ) 2
 ( b ) 2
 a  bQ

a  b and a  b are called conjugate surds.

 CONJUGATE SURDS
surds conjugate
a a , a
 a a , a
3 a 3 a , 3 a
1 a 1 a
1 a 1 a
1 3 a 1 3 a
a b a b
a b a b
a b c  a  b  c , a   b  c
RATIONALISING THE DENOMINATOR
is needed to change the denominator to rational number
(no square roots)

Example 2

Rationalise the denominators of each of the following fractions.

2 2 3 2 3
a)   
3 3 3 3

3 5
b)
2 3
 2 2 3 1
c)  
3 1 3 1 3  1
 3 2
d) 
3 1 2 2  1

3 3 1 2 2 2 1
   
3 1 3  1 2 2  1 2 2 1
Example 3

Express each of the following with a rational denominator.

3 1 8 5 2
a) b)
3 1 52 2
Solution :
3 1 3 1 3 1 ( 3  1)( 3  1)
a)   or
3 1 3 1 3 1 ( 3  1)( 3  1)
Solution :

8 5 2 8 5 2 52 2
b)  
52 2 52 2 52 2
 PROBLEM SOLVING
Example 4

Solve the equations of 10 - x  2 x  2  0

Solution :
 PROBLEM SOLVING
Example 5

Solve the equations of 2 - x  3 x  1  1

Solution : 2 - x  3 x  1  1
2  x  3x  1  1
  
2
2 x  3x  1  1 2

2  x  3x  1  2 3x  1  1
4 x  2 3x  1
squaring both expressions : 16 x 2  43 x  1
16x 2  12x  4  0
4 x 2  3x  1  0
4 x  1x  1  0
1
x   or 1
4
 Check the answers 2  x  3 x  1  1
1
x or 1
4
1
Insert x =  in the equation Insert x = 1 in the equation
4
 1  1
2      3    1  1 2  1  31  1  1
 4  4

9 3 4 1  4  1
    1
4 4 4 1 2  1
1  1 1  1
1
x   false answer x  1 trueanswer
4

Final answer is x = 1
 Solve the following equations:
T
e a) 32 x  4(3 x )  3  0 Final answer
s a) x  0, x  1
t b) 32 x  2  3 x 3  10  0 b) x  1
c) x  0, x  ln 2
y c) e 2 x  3(e x )  2  0
ln 3
o d) x 
2
u d) e 4 x  4(e 2 x )  21  0
r
s
e
l
f
 Simplify the following by rationalizing the denominator
T
e 5 3
a) Final answer
s 5 2
t a) 11  5 5
1 1
b)  1
2 7 3 2 7 3 b) 1  3
y 2
o 1 6
c)
c)
 
u 2 19
r 3 1 4 9
d)  2
s 7 14
e 3 2 1 3 2
d) 
l 2 7 3 3 2  2
f
 Lesson 4 of 4

1.3 Indices, Surds and

Logarithms
 Learning Outcomes

At the end of the lesson, students should be able to

a. state the laws of logarithms

b. change the base of logarithms

d. To solve equations involving surds, indices and

logarithms.
 The Laws of Logarithms

In general, the logarithms of b to the base a, written as log a b , is

the index to which the base a must be raised to obtain b.

index

Index
Form
ax = b If and only if log a b  x
Logarithms
base Form
For example,

Index form of Logarithm form of

representation representation
3
2 8 log2 8  3
loga a  1 51  5 log5 5  1
6 1
0 log6 1  0
2 1 1
3  log3  2
9 9
1
1 1
 1 2 1 log 1   
   5 2
 25  5 25
 THE LAWS OF LOGARITHMS

Rules Examples

1) log a xy  log a x  log a y log a 4 x  log a 4  log a x

x 12
2) log a  log a x  log a y log a  log a 12  log a 7
y 7

3) log a x m  m log a x log a 3 x  x log a 3

Example 1

By taking log a m  x and log a n  y , prove that

a ) log a mn  log a m  log a n c) log a m p  p log a m
m
b) log a  log a m  log a n
n
Solution :
Let log a m  x and log a n  y Logarithms Forms

Then m  a x and n  ay Index Form

a) m n  ax  ay Multiplying m & n

mn  a x y
a x  a y  a x y
log a mn  x  y Index  Log
log a mn  log a m  log a n Product Rules
b) m  n  ax  ay Dividing m & n
m
 a x y a x  a y  a x y
n
m
log a  x  y Index  Log
n
m
log a  log a m  log a n Quotient Rules
n

c) m p  (a x ) p Power p both sides

m a
p px
(a x ) p  a xp

log a m p  px Index  Log

log a m p  p log a m Power Rules

Example 2

Simplify
 aa  b  

a) log a x y 2 3
 b) log a  
 a 
2

Solution :
 aa  b  

a) log a x y 2 3
 b) log a  
 a 
2
Example 3

Simplify
1
a) log 2 9  log 2 7  log 2 3 b) 3 log a x  2 log a 1  log a y 3  3
2

Solution :
1
a) log 2 9  log 2 7  log 2 3
2
b) 3 log a x  2 log a 1  log a y  3
3

 3 log a x  2 log a 1  log a y 3  3 log a a

 CHANGE OF BASE OF A LOGARITHMS

logb c
Theorem 1: log a c 
logb a

Example 4

Evaluate the value of log 712

Solution :
log 712
Example 5
3
Without using calculator, show that log9 27 
2
Solution : log 9 27
 CHANGE OF BASE OF A LOGARITHMS

1
Theorem 2 : log a c 
log c a
Example 6

Change the base from 4 to 10

log1010 1
Solution : log 4 10  
log10 4 log10 4

1

0.6021

 1.6609
 The Meaning of ln M and log M

Common Logarithms and Natural Logarithms

The most common bases used for logarithms are 10 and e. The
symbol e represents an irrational number, where e  2.718281828.
Logarithms with base 10 are called common logarithm whereas
logarithms with base e are called natural logarithms.

Important results :
1. loga 1  0 ; log 1  0 ; ln 1  0
2. log a a  1 ; log 10  1 ; ln e  1
3. If log a b  x , then b  a x  a log a b

In general: b  a log a b
In particular, 10 log b
 b and e ln b
b

Examples : 3 log 3 14
 14
log5 9
5 9
e ln 6
6
 Problem Solving Involving Indices and Logarithms

Example 7
Solve
a) 45 x  2  8 b) 7 3 x 8  3x
Solution :
a) 45 x  2  8 b) 7 3 x 8  3 x
(2 2 ) 5 x  2  23
22(5 x2)  23
2(5x  2)  3
10 x  4  3
10 x  1
1
x
10
 Example 8

Solve the 4 x 2  3x 1
Example 9

Solve 2e 2 x  7e x  15  0

Solution :
2e 2 x  7e x  15  0
 3
Since e  0 for all values of x , e  
x x
has no solution
2
when y  5 , e x  5

x  log e 5
 ln 5
Example 10

Solve log2  x  3  log2  x  4  log2 8

Solution :
log2  x  3  log2  x  4  log2 8
Example 11

Solve log 2 2 x  log 4 x  3

log 2 2 x  log 4 x  3
Solution :

log 2  x  3
log 2 2 x 
log 2 4
log 2  x  3
log 2 2 x 
log 2 22
log 2  x  3
log 2 2 x 
2log 2 2
log2 x  3
log2 2 x 
2
 1
log2 2 x  log2  x  3
2
log2 2 x  log2  x  32
1

2 x   x  3
1
2

2 x    x  3
2

2 x    x  3
2

4x  x  3  0
2

x 14x  3  0
3
x  1 or x  
4
no solution for 4 x  3
Example 12

Solve ln ( 4 x  1)  ln (3 x  2)  ln 5

Solution :
ln (4 x  1)  ln (3 x  2)  ln 5
Example 13

Solve log 4 x  log x 4  2.5

Solution : log 4 x  log x 4  2.5
log 4 4 5
log 4 x  
log 4 x 2
1 5
log 4 x  
log4 x 2
log4 x 
2
1

5
log 4 x 2
2log 4 x   2  5log 4 x
2

2log 4 x   5log 4 x  2  0
2
 take log4 x  y
2 y2  5 y  2  0
2 y  1 y  2  0
2 y  1  0 or y  2  0
2y 1 y2
1
y
2
log4 x  y
1
log4 x  or log4 x  2
21
x  42 x4 2

x2 x  16
 Exercise 1

Write the following as single logarithms: Final Answer

a ) log 8  log 6  log 9 a) log12
a 2b 3
b) 2 log a  3 log b  log c b) log
c

Exercise 2

Solve the following equations : Final Answer

a) x  5
a) log2 3  log2 x  log2 5  log2 ( x  2)
1
b) 2 log x 3  log3 x  1  0 b) x  9 @ x 
3
 Exercise 3

Show that x = 3 is the only solution for equation log2 ( x2 – 6 ) = log2 x

Exercise 4

Simplify the following :

1
a) log2 25  log2 3  2 log2 15 Final Answer
2 a) log 2
1
15

b) loga p  2 loga q  2
2
b) 2 log a
pq
a