I/O ANALYSIS

Disadur oleh:
Dr. Ir. Bambang Sugiyono Agus Purwono, M Sc

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 PENDAHULUAN

Bab ini akan membahas tentang:

o Masukan
o Keluaran
o Input-output analysis

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 INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

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 INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS
CONSTRAINTS DECISION VARIABLES

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
WASTES

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 INPUT-OUTPUT ANALYSIS
CONSTRAINTS DECISION VARIABLES
• DATA • SELECTION OF DATA
• EXPERTISE • SELECTION OF METHODS
• BUDGET
• TIME

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

5 M + TIE PRODUCTS
MEN, FEEDBACK (GOODS AND/OR
MONEY, SERVICES)
METHODS,
MATERIALS, PERFORMANCE CRITERIA
MACHINES WASTES
TECHNOLOGY, • MAXIMIZE PROFIT OR
INFORMATION, • MINIMIZE COST
ENERGY OR QCDSPM
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 PROSES, SISTEM, LINGKUNGAN

1. Proses adalah perubahan yang dikenakan terhadap

sistem, atau merupakan suatu transformasi dari
suatu keadaan ke keadaan yang lain.
2. Sistem adalah segala sesuatu yang ada dalam
pengamatan, atau digunakan utk mengindetifikasikan
subyek yang akan dianalisis.
3. Lingkungan adalah segala sesuatu yang di luar sistem,
kadangkala sangat berpengaruh terhadap sistem dan
uncontrollable variables.

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 PROCESS
ANY ACTIVITY OR GROUP OF ACTIVITIES THAT
TAKES ONE OR MORE INPUTS, TRANSFORMAS
AND ADD VALUE TO THEM, AND PROVIDE ONE
OR MORE OUTPUTS FOR ITS CUSTOMERS
(Krajewski, 2002:4)
PERUBAHAN YANG DIKENAKAN TERHADAP
SISTEM DAN PERUBAHAN ITU DIKEHENDAKI

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 GOALS
FOUR REASONS OF GOALS:
1. Goals provide a sense of direction
2. Goals focus our efforts
3. Goals guide our plans and decisions
4. Goals helps us evaluate our progress.
(JAF Stoner, 1995: 263-267)

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 PRODUCT
ANYTHING THAT CAN BE OFFERED TO A MARKET
FOR ATTENTION, AQUITITION, USE, OR
CONSUMPTION THAT MIGH SATISFY A WANT
OR NEED
(Amstrong, 2007: 199)

SERVICE
ANY ACTIVITY OR BENEFIT THAT ONE PARTY
CAN OFFER TO ANOTHER THAT IS
ESSENTIALLY INTANGIBLE AND DOES NOT
RESULT IN THE OWNERSHIP OF ANYTHING
(Amstrong, 2007: 199)

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 FEEDBACK CONTROL
A TYPE OF CONTROL THAT TAKES PLACE AFTER A
WORK ACTIVITY IS DONE (Robbins, 2009: 584)

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 PERFORMANCE
THE END RESULT OF AN ACTIVITY
(Robbins, 2009: 576)

ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE
THE ACCUMULATED END RESULTS OF ALL THE
ORGANIZATION’S WORK ACTIVITIES
(Robbins, 2009: 576)

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 PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

Q uality, Quantity
C ost
D elivery Time
S afety
M oral
P roductivity

Gambar 1. Proses Pembubutan

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 QUALITY
• Defects in process reduced
• Defects reduced
• Claims from clients reduced
• Meet the customer’s needs

COST
• Reduction in manpower
• Reduction in maintenance costs
• Energy conserved

DELIVERY TIME
• Stock reduced (by days)
• Inventory turnover increased

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 Safety/ environment
1. Zero accidents
2. Zero pollution

Moral
1. Increase in improvement ideas submitted
2. Small group meetings increased

Productivity
1. Labor productivity increased
2. Value added per person increased
3. Rate of operation
4. Breakdowns reduced

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 PRODUCTIVITY
THE VALUE OF OUTPUTS (GOODS AND SERVICES)
PRODUCED DIVIDED BY THE VALUES OF INPUT
RESOURCES (WAGES, COSTS OF EQUIPMENTS,
AND THE LIKE) (Krajewski, 2002:13)

THE OVERALL OUTPUT OF GOODS OR SERVICES

PRODUCED, DIVIDED BY THE INPUTS NEEDED TO
GENERATE THAT OUTPUT (Amstrong, 2007: 579)

OUTPUT
PRODUCTIVITY =
INPUTS

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 PRODUCTIVITY
EFFECTIVENESS
PRODUCTIVITY =
EFFICIENCY
Efficiency is:
• “doing things right”, or
• getting the most output from the least amount of inputs,
• The ability to monimize the use of resources in achieving
organizational objectives: “doing things right.”

Effectiveness is often desribed as:

• “doing the right things” – that is, doing those work activities that will
help the organisation reach its goals.
• Completing activities so that organizational goals are attained.
• The ability to determine appropriate objectives: “doing the right things.”

(Stephen P Robbins, 2009:11, James AF Stoner, 1995: 9).

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 Gbr. 2 Penambangan pasir (Input)
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 Gbr. 3 Profil baja I (Input)
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 Gbr. 4 Penambangan batu kapur (Input)
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 Gbr. 5 Proses Pembakaran Limestone
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 Gbr. 6 Proses Perakitan
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 Gbr. 7 Buldozer (Producer goods)
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 Gbr. 8 Dump truck (Producer goods)
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 Gbr. 9 Turbine propeller (goods)
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 Gbr. 10 Pelayanan telekomunikasi (services)
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 Tabel 1. Goods or services
Product-oriented Service-oriented
Consumer- Producer goods Standardized Customized
goods
Manufacture Manufacture of: Insurance Medical care
of:
Foodstuffs/ Machine tools Wholesale Legal Services
Bahan Materials-H Eq. Stores Accounting S.
makanan
Clothing/baju Earth-moving
Eq.
Appliances Office machines
Furniture

(Kostas N Dervitsiotis, 1980:12)

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 Tabel 2. Barang dan/atau Jasa

Orientasi produk Orientasi jasa

Barang Barang Standar Umum
konsumen produsen
Membuat: Membuat: Insurance Medical care
Bahan Mesin perkakas Wholesale Legal Services
makanan
Mesin Stores Accounting S.
pengangkat
Pakaian Alat berat
Alat RT Mesin kantor
Mebel

(Kostas N Dervitsiotis, 1980:12)

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 Gbr. 11. Mesin Frais
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 Gbr. 12. Mesin Sekrap
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 Tabel 3. Physical Performance Criteria

Dimensions of Performance Criteria Some determining

demand factors
Quantity (How much?) Output rate Labor force efficiency
Inventory level Equipment efficiency
Timing (When?) Inventory Service level Supplier’s reliability
Production schedules Manufacturing lead
time
Quality (What?) Percent defective Product design
Reliability Process technology
No. of Complaints QC effort
Location (Where?) Transportation system
Warehouse location

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 Tabel 4. Kriteria Unjuk Kerja Fisik

Gatra permintaan Kriteria unjuk kerja Faktor yang perlu

diperhatikan
Kwantitas Kapasitas produksi Efisisensi tk
(Bagaimana?)
Tingkat persediaan Efisisensi peralatan
Waktu (Kapan?) Tingkat persediaan Reliabilitas pemasok
pelayanan
Jadwal produksi Manufacturing lead
time
Kwantitas (Berapa?) Persen cacat Desain produk
Reliabilitas Teknologi proses
Jumlah Complaints Usaha-usaha QC
Lokasi (Dimana?) Sistem Transportasi
Lokasi gudang
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 Tabel 5. Physical and Economic Performance Criteria
Performance Criteria
Input Physical Economic
Labor Measurable Intangible
Material Labor Efficiency Labor cost Poor selection of:
Energy Material utilization Material cost 1. Suppliers
Other Energy Utilization Energy Cost 2. Parts and/or materials

Equipment utilization Production overhead Improperly trained workers

Output rate 1. Rents Unused capacity

PRODUCTION Inventory level 2. Salaries Machine breakdowns
PROCESS 3. Insurance Shortages
4. Utilities, etc
Products
Services
Quantity Loss of goodwill from dis-
Output Timing Satisfied customers
Quality 1. Poor quality
Location 2. Late deliveries
3. Poor service

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 Tabel 6. Kriteria unjuk kerja ekonomi dan fisik

Kriteria kerja
Masukan Fisik Ekonomi
TK Terukur Tak terukur
Bahan baku Efisiensi TK Biaya TK Seleksi yang buruk thd:
Enerji Utilisasi BB Biaya Bahan Baku 1. Pemasok
Yang lain Utilisasi Enerji Biaya Enerji 2. Komponen dan/atau BB

Utilisasi peralatan Production overhead Pelatihan TK yg tidak memadai

PROSES Kapasitas produksi 1. Sewa Kapasitas yg lebih rendah

PRODUKSI Tingkat persediaan 2. Gaji Kerusakan mesin
3. Asuransi Kerugian-kerugian
Produk 4. Utilisasi, dll
Jasa
Kwantitas Kehilangan sambutan dari
Keluaran Waktu Konsumen yg tidak puas karena:
Kwalitas 1. Kwalitas yang buruk
Lokasi 2. Terlambat pengiriman
3. Pelayanan yang buruk

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 RINGKASAN

Bab ini telah membahas tentang:

o Masukan
o Keluaran
o Input-output analysis

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 SOAL LATIHAN:

Jelaskan tentang:
1. Faktor-faktor Masukan
2. Faktor-faktor Keluaran
3. Input-output analysis
4. Proses
5. Aplikasi I/O pada restauran,
penerbangan sipil, pabrik gula, industri
sepeda gunung, dll

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