Modals

Fun Grammar Lessons
Modals of Necessity
1 Grammar Notes 2
2 Positive Sentences 6
3 Negative Sentences 7
4 Questions & Answers 8
5 Speaking & Writing 10
6 School Rules 11
7 City Rules 12
8 Quiz 13
Copyright 2017, Red River Press Inc. For use by ESL Library members only. (VERSION 1.0) 1
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
1 Grammar Notes
A. Introduction
Modals are words that come before a main verb and
give it extra meaning such as ability (can), advice
(should), necessity (must), possibility (could), etc.
Modal Pattern: Modal + Base Verb

Modals are always followed by a base verb.
A base verb is a verb with no ending (no -s, - ed, -ing, etc.).
B. Modals of Necessity
“Necessity” means you
Take note!
need to do something.
Must never changes, but have to and
have got to will change to match the subject.
Modals of necessity are used for
expressing rules or strong advice. • Use have for I, you, we, they,
and plural count nouns.
In English, there are three common ways • Use has for she, he, it, non-count nouns,
to show necessity in the present or future: and singular count nouns.
must, have to, and have got to.
• You must take the test. • You have to take the test. • You have got to take the test.
• She must take the test. • She has to take the test. • She has got to take the test.
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
1 Grammar Notes cont.

B. Modals of Necessity cont.
Positive Negative Question
Modal 1 must must not must

• You must pass the test. • You must not fail. • Must I take the test?
Examples
• He must exercise. • He must not smoke. • Must he exercise?
Common? yes yes no
Short Form? no mustn’t (not common) no
How strong? strong strong strong
How formal? formal formal very formal & old-fashioned
Positive Negative Question
Modal 2 have to do not have to have to

• You do not have to • Do I have to
• You have to pass the test. take the test. take the test?
Examples
• She has to exercise. • She does not • Does she have to
have to exercise. exercise?
Common? yes yes yes
don’t have to
Short Form? no no
doesn’t have to
How strong? strong weak* strong
How formal? use anytime use anytime use anytime
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons

B. Modals of Necessity cont.
Positive
Take note!
Modal 3 have got to Negative and question
forms are not used
• You have got to take the test.
Examples with have got to.
• He has got to exercise.
Common? yes (speaking more than writing)
’ve got to
Short Form?
’s got to
How Strong? a bit weaker than have to
How formal? informal
C. Grammar Notes
*Don’t Have To Can’t Have Got to
Be careful! Don’t have to and In the negative form only, Don’t be confused by the past
must not have very different can’t (cannot) is a modal of verb got in have got to. Have
meanings in English. necessity with a very similar got to always has a present or
meaning to must not. future meaning.
Must not has a strong meaning:
you can’t do something. Can’t has a strong meaning Have got to and have to
and is very common. have a very similar meaning
Don’t have to means it’s your
in positive sentences.
choice. You can do it if you
want to. It’s optional.
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons

D. Pronunciation Notes
When speaking at a natural speed,
English speakers often shorten modals.
It is very common to use these short forms in
informal speaking, but you should never write them.
Modal Informal (Spoken) Example (Spoken)
have to “hafta” “I hafta meet my friend after class.”
has to “hasta” “She hasta redo her assignment this weekend.”
have got to “have gotta” “We’ve gotta try harder in school.”
has got to “has gotta” “He’s gotta go to his appointment now.”
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
2 Positive Sentences
Rewrite the sentences below using must or have to.
Ex. We must get to class on time.

We have to get to class on time.
1 John must pay attention in class.
2 You have to give the book back to the teacher.
3 My friend has to get more sleep at night.
4 Our teacher must prepare us for the test.
5 My classmates have to speak English in class.
6 Mr. Jones has to hand out the homework.
7 Yuka must study every day.
8 He must learn not to interrupt the teacher.
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
3 Negative Sentences
Fill in the blanks with must not
or don’t have to and the verb.
Ex. must not forget

I to lock the door when I leave.
(forget)
1 My father junk food every day because it’s bad for his heart.
(eat)
2 You the entire book if you don’t want to.

(read)
3 She’s lucky. She her homework tonight.

(finish)
4 We to the store right now. We can wait until tomorrow.

(go)
5 My classmates on the test.

(cheat)
6 We late for class.

(be)
7 You . It wasn’t your fault.

(apologize)
8 My cousin to feed his cat.

(forget)
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
4 Questions & Answers

A. Short Answers
Write short answers to the questions below.
Ex. Do they have to go home after school? (yes)

Yes, they do.
1 Does Matt have to sign up for the baseball team? (yes)
2 Do we have to bring food to the party? (no)
3 Do children have to be careful near a swimming pool? (yes)
4 Does my sister have to clean her room before playing with her doll? (yes)
5 Do you have to give a speech in class? (no)
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
4 Questions & Answers cont.

B. Questions
Write questions that match the answers below.
Ex. Does she have to buy a new dress for the party?
No, she doesn’t. (She doesn’t have to buy a new dress for the party.)
1
Yes, they do. (They have to remind the kids about the field trip.)
2
Yes, he does. (He has to tell his teacher when he’s finished the exercise.)
3
No, they don’t. (They don’t have to go to their grandmother’s house today.)
4
No, you don’t. (You don’t have to bring a gift.)
5
Yes, she does. (She has to make the bed every morning.)
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
5 Speaking & Writing

A. Speaking Practice
Get into pairs. Ask your partner
about the household rules and chores Example
where he/she lives. You must use the A: Do you have to do the dishes
following modals at least once each every night at your house?
in your discussion: must, must not,
B: No, I don’t hafta do the dishes every
can’t, have to, don’t have to, and night. I’ve gotta do them on Mondays,
have got to. Practice using informal Wednesdays, and Fridays. How about you?
spoken forms (hafta, hasta, gotta).
B. Writing Practice
Now write five sentences about your partner’s household rules and chores.
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
6 School Rules
Rewrite the school rules using modals of necessity.
Ex. Get to school on time.

You must get to school on time.
1 Don’t speak your native language in class.
2 Do your homework every night.
3 Interrupting the teacher will not be allowed.
4 Ask questions when you don’t understand something.
5 Participating in an after-school sport is optional.
6 Don’t run in the hallways.
7 Attending the after-school study sessions is optional.
8 Don’t text your friends in class.
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
7 City Rules
Get into small groups. Come up with
five rules to make your city a better place.
Use positive and negative modals of necessity.
Ex. You must not throw garbage onto the street.
Modals of Necessity
Fun Grammar Lessons
8 Quiz
Circle the correct answer.
1 My brother 6 You crying.

to work after school.
a) has to stop
a) have to go b) have got to stop
b) has to go
7 Liam the dog before school.
2 The students their homework.
a) must to walk
a) must to do b) has to walk
b) must do
8 Does she her parents
3 Maria ballet every night. to ask if she can stay over?
a) has got to practice a) have to call

b) have to practice b) must call
4 You finish eating 9 Mrs. Jones the piano

all of the food on your plate. for the school concert.
a) don’t have to a) have to play

b) must not b) has to play
5 He his father’s questions. 10 Do you after school?
a) must answer a) have to stay

b) must answers b) must stay

Modals

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Fun Grammar Lessons

4 Questions & Answers 8

5 Speaking & Writing 10

Modal Pattern: Modal + Base Verb

1 Grammar Notes cont.

Modal 1 must must not must

Common? yes yes no

Short Form? no mustn’t (not common) no

How strong? strong strong strong

How formal? formal formal very formal & old-fashioned

Positive Negative Question

Modal 2 have to do not have to have to

Common? yes yes yes

How strong? strong weak* strong

How formal? use anytime use anytime use anytime

1 Grammar Notes cont.

Common? yes (speaking more than writing)

How Strong? a bit weaker than have to

How formal? informal

1 Grammar Notes cont.

Modal Informal (Spoken) Example (Spoken)

have to “hafta” “I hafta meet my friend after class.”

has to “hasta” “She hasta redo her assignment this weekend.”

have got to “have gotta” “We’ve gotta try harder in school.”

has got to “has gotta” “He’s gotta go to his appointment now.”

Ex. We must get to class on time.

1 John must pay attention in class.

2 You have to give the book back to the teacher.

3 My friend has to get more sleep at night.

4 Our teacher must prepare us for the test.

5 My classmates have to speak English in class.

6 Mr. Jones has to hand out the homework.

7 Yuka must study every day.

8 He must learn not to interrupt the teacher.

Ex. must not forget

2 You the entire book if you don’t want to.

3 She’s lucky. She her homework tonight.

4 We to the store right now. We can wait until tomorrow.

5 My classmates on the test.

6 We late for class.

7 You . It wasn’t your fault.

8 My cousin to feed his cat.

4 Questions & Answers

Ex. Do they have to go home after school? (yes)

1 Does Matt have to sign up for the baseball team? (yes)

2 Do we have to bring food to the party? (no)

3 Do children have to be careful near a swimming pool? (yes)

5 Do you have to give a speech in class? (no)

4 Questions & Answers cont.

5 Speaking & Writing

Ex. Get to school on time.

1 Don’t speak your native language in class.

2 Do your homework every night.

3 Interrupting the teacher will not be allowed.

4 Ask questions when you don’t understand something.

5 Participating in an after-school sport is optional.

6 Don’t run in the hallways.

7 Attending the after-school study sessions is optional.

8 Don’t text your friends in class.

Ex. You must not throw garbage onto the street.

1 My brother 6 You crying.

a) has got to practice a) have to call

4 You finish eating 9 Mrs. Jones the piano

a) don’t have to a) have to play