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Microwave Coupled Line Bandpass Filter Design
Microwave Coupled Line Bandpass Filter Design
Electrical Engineering
By
Harish Polusani
May 2015
The Graduate Project of Harish Polusani is approved:
______________________________ ______________
______________________________ ______________
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ii
Acknowledgement
I would like to thank Dr.Matthew Radmanesh for his valuable guidance and support in
work under him. Also, he is an inspiration to me for the hard work he puts in to his work
committee and spending their valuable time to give a feedback about my project.
Finally I would like to express my love and respect to my parents for their support,
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SIGNATURE PAGE…………………………………………………………………..….ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ……….....................................................................................iii
LIST OF TABLES...............................................................................................................v
LIST OF FIGURES............................................................................................................vi
ABSTRACT......................................................................................................................vii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………...1
1.1 DESIGN PROBLEM………………………………………………..….. 2
CHAPTER 2: DESIGN THEORY AND ANALYSIS……………………………………3
CHAPTER 3: DESIGN PROCEDURE…………………………………………………..7
3.1 PCB MATERIAL SELECTION………………………………………….7
3.2 CALCULATION OF STRIPLINE DIMENSIONS...................................8
3.3 CALCULATION OF INSERTION LOSS, CENTER FREQUENCY
AND BANDWIDTH…………………………………………………....20
3.4 ADS SIMULATION…………………………………………………….21
CHAPTER 4: CONCULSION..........................................................................................25
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................26
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.Even and odd mode characteristic impedance of filter stages. ............................ 15
Table 4.The Width (W) and Spacing(S) of stripline for each stage.................................. 20
v
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2. ADS start line calculation of width, length and 𝜖 eff of microstrip line. ............ 10
constants ............................................................................................................................ 11
Figure 5. Even and odd mode differential impedances of a microstrip line on Substrate
with εr =10......................................................................................................................... 16
Figure 6. ADS start line calculation of width, spacing and length of the microstrip
Figure 7. ADS start line calculation of width, spacing and length of the microstrip
Figure 10. The ADS simulated results of passband insertion loss (S21) and return loss
(S11). .................................................................................................................................. 23
Figure 11. The ADS designed layout of coupled line bandpass filter. ............................. 24
Figure 12. The final ADS design layout with dimensions. ............................................... 24
vi
ABSTRACT
By
Harish Polusani
filters that deliver high performance, at a low cost and small size. These requirements are
benefited by having high-quality factor materials. Printed circuit board is familiar and
practically easy to manufacture. This project presents the design of a paralleled line band
pass filter using PCB with higher dielectric permittivity (ORCER CER εr=10).
The coupled line band pass filter designed for this project has specifications with
midband frequency of 1.59 GHz and bandwidth of 0.159 GHz with Passband insertion
loss to be < 5 dB and return loss to be > 15 dB. This design was derived from standard
design theory, which is mentioned in the literature. Advanced design system software
(ADS) is used to simulate the design. The results of theoretical and simulated are
compared with the design goals, and the reasons for small variation among the results are
analyzed, and methods to improve the performance of filter are discussed in this project.
vii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This paper includes the design of a coupled line band pass filter which meets the desired
requirements of center frequency at 1.59 GHz with a bandwidth of 0.159 GHz. Passband
insertion loss to be <5 dB and return loss to be >15 dB. These specifications are chosen
to make the filter design practical. The main purpose behind the design is to illustrate
some problems presently faced by RF filter designers. Radio frequency filters are mainly
used in satellite receivers, ground stations and military applications. These applications
have high demand because of the crowded spectrum, complex working environments and
higher performance. For many decades, manufacturing industries have been continuously
It is not easy to design a filter using planar architecture; it involves complexity. The
selection of dielectric substrate used in the construction of PCB plays a major role in
design outcomes. If a high-quality substrate is used, then it results in low signal loss in
the passband.
The design illustrated here is a planar-coupled line filter type, which is more practical to
design and uses a most common design procedure compared to other PCB based
architectures. Using this planar architecture, we can easily meet our specification
requirements. Filters which are operating in the microwave frequency range must be
designed by using distributed transmission line structures. The dimensions for the
advanced simulation software. By taking all these factors into consideration and using
1
1.1 DESIGN PROBLEM
The goal of this project is to design a coupled line bandpass filter which is used for the
application in mobile communication where it requires insertion loss less than 1 dB.
Parameters Goal
2
CHAPTER 2
the filters. Recent papers on filters reveal that continuous development or improvement to
the design is required. By the use of advanced materials in designing the filters, their
performance can be improved. The use of this high-quality material in design will also
The textbook published by R. Ludwig and P. Bretchko [1] provides the overview of filter
design basics such as filter types and filter design theory. In his work author recommends
use of software tools as an advantage to tune the filter. Other references provide required
formulas to design a refined coupled lined filter without simulation tools [1].
Filter types described in the reference [1] can be Butterworth, chebyshev and linear
filters. Among these types chebyshev has an advantage of fast switching between
The selection of PCB substrate affects the performance of the filter, because the substrate
quality factor is inversely related to the passband insertion loss. If we choose a PCB with
a low quality factor, it results in a high passband insertion loss, which lowers the
performance of the filter. So selection of the material is an important step in the design of
a filter.
The quality factor is defined as the ratio of reactance to the resistance of the circuit
[4].The overall quality factor is obtained from the quality factor of the material and
3
The filter that is designed using common FR4 substrate will result in a high signal
loss>5dB. In order to reduce the signal loss, we should use high-quality materials with
The quality factor of different filter architectures is shown in the Table 1 [4]
Mircrostrip 50-200
Waveguide 1000-50000
The corresponding insertion loss obtained from various quality factors is shown in the
Table 2 [4]
4
Quality factor insertion loss (dB)
10000 0.3
A cellular ground station requires a filter with passband insertion loss to be less than 1dB
(i.e., IL<1 dB). So in order to design a filter with low insertion loss of 1dB, we have to
choose the appropriate filter architecture which meets our requirement. The table 2
clearly shows it can be achieved by a filter with quality factor of 1000 or above.
Dielectric resonator falls within this category, due to its high-quality factor and low
signal loss.
The size of the filter designed by using dielectric resonator architecture inversely depends
on its permittivity constant (∈r). This means that if ∈r is high then the size of the designed
filter will be small. However, in spite of these advantages, it is more complex to design a
filter using a dielectric resonator architecture, due to high production costs [6].Other filter
types such as waveguides may also have advantages in performance, but they face issues
such as production cost and size. These issues can be overcome by using planar type
architecture.
5
The planar type implementation of the passband filter is the most common and most
practical design. The size and cost of the filter can be reduced by using planar type
materials.
The main aim of this project is to design a band pass filter which benefits from these
advanced materials. Recent papers on filters and advanced simulation softwares are used
6
CHAPTER 3
DESIGN PROCEDURE
The coupled line bandpass filter is designed by using the coefficients published in the
Ludwig and Breutko book [1]. These coefficient sets represent the low pass Chebyshev
filters. Each of the coefficient sets represent capacitance and inductance of a lumped
distributed elements, we can develop a bandpass filter with required specs. The obtained
bandpass filter from these coefficients has consecutive LC resonant pairs. The frequency
Illustrated examples and equations from [1] [3] are used for converting filter coefficients
Selection of PCB is the most important aspect in designing the filter. The properties of
these selected PCB have major impact upon the filter performance. In this design, we
samples of PCB materials with required properties and dimensions. This PCB board
(ORECR CER-10) has a thickness of 1.57 mm with copper laminated on the surface of
7
This PCB is selected due to its low dissipation factor (high-quality factor). A filter
designed with low dissipation factor material provides an advantage of low passband
insertion loss. The ORCER CER-10 has a dissipation factor of 0.0035. An Ideal PCB has
a zero-dissipation factor, which means no insertion loss. As this is a 3-stage filter, each
stage will have a pair of Micro-strip lines with a length that is approximately equal to
In calculating the strip line dimensions the procedure will be broken down into the
following steps for better understanding. In first step, we need to determine the lengths
for all stages of the coupled lined filter. As mentioned earlier, each stage length was
𝜆
approximately equal to a quarter wavelength ( ) at f0.
4
In order to determine the length of each stage, first we have to determine the effective
dielectric constant. To find the effective dielectric constant 𝜖 eff, we have to do some
neglected compared to height of the substrate. In such a case we can use, formulas that
The w/h ratio is calculated by using the equations given by [2] and the obtained value is
compared with the graphs provided in [1]. If Zo=50 ohms and 𝜖 r = 10 then the w/h ratio is
𝑤 2∗𝑒𝐴 0.95
ℎ
= 𝑒 2𝐴 −2 =
8
𝑍𝑜 𝜀𝑟+1 𝜀𝑟+1 0.23+0.11
A= √ + ( ) = 2.151521
60 2 𝜀𝑟−1 𝜀𝑟
The obtained w/h ratio is verified by using the graph shown in Fig.1.From this graph we
The ADS simulation is also used to verify the calculated w/h ratio.
9
Figure 2. ADS start line calculation of width, length and 𝜖 eff of microstrip line.
By using the width obtained in ADS and height from the PCB data sheet, we can
𝑤 1.473
calculate w/h ratio as: = =0.93
ℎ 1.570
This above obtained value is almost the same as the previous w/h values.
By using the equations provided in [2], [1] we can find 𝜖 eff and length of each stage of
the filter
𝜖 eff=
∈𝑟+1 ∈𝑟−1
2
+
2
[(1+12𝑤ℎ )-1/2 +0.04(1-𝑤ℎ)2 ]= 6.7 [2]
10
The obtained 𝜖 eff value is verified using the graph shown in Fig.3. From this figure 𝜖 eff is
The total length of the third order coupled lined filter is given by:
The above obtained filter length is verified by using the following equation [2]
11
λo 𝜀𝑟
=2.88”
√𝜀𝑟 √1+0.63(𝜀𝑟−1)(𝑤)^0.1255
λ=
ℎ
The above obtained normalized wavelength value is verified using the graph shown in
fig.4. From this figure normalized wavelength is found to be 1.225 which is very close to
12
The second step is to determine even and odd impedances of each trace pair by using
determine the width (W) and spacing(S) of each trace pair of a coupled line filter.
characteristic line impedance, center frequency and bandwidth are expressed in terms of
J-parameters.
The calculation of K parameters for Chebyshev filter with ripple less than 0.5dB can be
g0=1.0000
g1=1.5963
g2=1.0967
g3=1.5963
g4=1.0000
fu−fl 0.159
Normalized bandwidth (Δ) = = = 0.1
f0 1.59
13
fu =upper cutoff frequency
Z0=50Ω
𝜋Δ
Z0 J0, 1=√ = 0.3137
2gog1
𝜋Δ
Z0J1, 2 = =0.1187
2√g1g2
𝜋Δ
Z0J2, 3 = =0.1187
2√g2g3
𝜋Δ
Z0J3, 4=√ =0.3137
2g3g4
14
Determine the even and odd impedances of each trace pair (Z0 odd, Z0 even) [1]
Z0 odd (Ji, i+1) =Z0 (1- Z0 Ji, i+1+ (Z0 Ji, i+1)2)
Z0 even (Ji, i+1) =Z0 (1+ Z0 Ji, i+1+ (Z0 Ji, i+1)2
15
The strip-line dimensions are obtained by using the graphs shown in figure 5 [3]
Figure 5. Even and odd mode differential impedances of a microstrip line on Substrate
with εr =10 [1].
16
The values of Spacing and Width correspond to the even and odd differential impedances
For Z0 odd =39.2 ohms and Z0 even =70.6 ohms the spacing and width are noted as.
For Z0 odd =44.76 ohms and Z0 even =56.64 ohms the spacing and width are noted as.
w/d=0.91=>w=0.91xd=>S=0.91x1.57=>S=1.428=>S=56.24 mils
17
The above stripline dimensions are verified by using the ADS line calculator tool.
Figure 6. ADS start line calculation of width, spacing and length of the microstrip
coupled line for Odd and even characteristic impedance.
18
Figure 7. ADS start line calculation of width, spacing and length of the microstrip
coupled line for Odd and even characteristic impedance.
19
Stage Z0 odd(Ω ) Z0 even(Ω) Width(w) Spacing(s) Width(W) Spacing(s)
(calculation) (calculation)
0,1 39.2 70.6 44.45 mils 25.206 mils 44.48 mils 25.944 mils
1,2 44.76 56.64 55.2 mils 74.938 mils 56.24 mils 74.173 mils
2,3 44.76 56.64 55.2 mils 74.938 mils 56.24 mils 74.173 mils
3,4 39.2 70.6 44.45 mils 25.206 mils 44.48 mils 25.944 mils
Table 4.The Width (W) and Spacing(S) of stripline for each stage.
BANDWIDTH.
The center frequency of the filter can be calculated using equations provided in textbook
[1]. As we mentioned earlier in the design theory, the length of each stage of the filter is
𝑐
λ= | at f0
𝑓√εeff
3𝑥10^8
f0 = = 1.58 GHz
0.0731√6.7
The insertion loss can be calculated by using the graph provided in textbook [3]
ω = 2π [fo + 0.05fo]
20
ω
| ωo | = 1.05
ω
| ωo | - 1 = 0.05
By using the graph shown in fig.8.The insertion loss can be noted as approximately equal
to 1.2 dB at n=3.
The values obtained by calculations were entered into the ADS software for evaluation,
and the design is tuned using the ADS tools. By using the values calculated in startline
calculation tool in ADS are inserted into the ADS schematic as shown fig.9.
21
Figure 9. ADS Schematic of coupled line bandpass filter.
The schematic is simulated and S11 (return loss), S21 (insertion loss) parameters are
22
Figure 10. The ADS simulated results of passband insertion loss (S21) and return loss
(S11).
23
Figure 11. The ADS designed layout of coupled line bandpass filter.
24
CHAPTER 4
CONCLUSION
The results obtained in ADS are analyzed and tabulated. Results provide passband
insertion loss to be 1.048 dB .This loss of 1.048 dB is assumed to be due to skin effect,
ADS simulation provided a Center frequency of 1.56 GHz, which has a difference of
0.03GHz from the specified target (1.59 GHz), a bandwidth of 0.17GHz which has a
small difference of 0.011GHz from the design goal of 0.159GHz.This difference in center
frequency is due to variation of electrical length at each stage of the filter, which is due to
changes in the εr of the substrate. A 10% variation in εr will affect the center frequency
by 5% [1] [3].
loss (S21)
25
REFERENCES
[1] R. Ludwig and P. Bretchko, “RF Circuit Design: Theory and Applications”. Upper
Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 2000.
[2] Matthew, Radmanesh, “RF & Microwave Design Essentials: Engineering Design and
Analysis” from DC to Microwaves, 2007.
[3] Pozar, David M, “Microwave Engineering”, 3rd Edition, Wiley, 2005.
[4] I. Hunter, R. Ranson, A. Guyette, and A. Abunjaileh, “Microwave filter design from
a Systems perspective,” IEEE Microwave Magazine, vol. 8, no. 5, p. 71, Oct. 2007.
[5] J.-S. Hong and M. J. Lancaster,” Microstrip Filters for RF/Microwave Applications”,
chapter 3, New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 2001.
[6] C. Wang and K A. Zaki, “Dielectric resonators and filters,” IEEE Microwave
Magazine, vol.8, no. 5, pp. 115-127, Oct. 2007.
26
Appendix A
MATLAB CODE
end
%center frequncy can be derived from the wavlength formula
fo=c/(0.0731*Eeff^0.5)
b=fo/10
w= 2*3.14*1.05*fo
NF=w-1%normalized frequency\
B=1.23% from graph from normalized frequency vs attuenation
27
Appendix B s
DATA SHEET
28
29