MEASUREMENT OF TAPERS

BY

EMELUE OSAKWE MICHAEL

ENG1504037
SERIAL NO:27
EXPERIMENT CODE:15

DEPARTMENT OF PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF BENIN.
BENIN CITY.Type equation here.

APRIL 2019

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 AIM
To measure the taper of a plug gauge by rollers, slip gauge and
micrometer.
THEORY
Taper can be defined as a uniform reduction in dimension[width
or diameter] under a specific length. A taper is tested by using taper plug
and ring gauges the important thing in testing a tapered job is to check the
diameter at bigger end and the change of diameter per length. Taper
measurement has wide applications in design engineering, mechanical
engineering and production engineering. Several methods can be used to
get the dimensions of a taper plug ; one of which is the sine bar.
For the measurement of a taper plug gauge, two rollers of same
diameter with the aid micrometer screw gauge and a set of slip gauge
blocks is used.
In other to measure the diameter of one end of the roller on a slip
block to another end of the roller a micrometer screw gauge is used. A
micrometer screw gauge makes measuring the diameter easy by simply
clamping onto the rollers and giving the reading.
One end of the taper Is slimmer than the other, it is due to the uniform
reduction of the diameter[taper] at the ends. The diameter of smaller end
and big end can be computed after being measured with the micrometer
screw gauge.

The micrometer is an extremely precise measuring instrument;

Depending on the type of micrometer available, a variety of distances can
be measured. For example, a micrometer can measure the thickness of a
wire or a sheet of paper. It could measure the diameter of a hole, the length
of the surface of a nail or the depth of a slot. Standard micrometers will

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measure objects less than one inch in length/depth/thickness. The
accuracy of the micrometer is based on the accuracy of the thread which
are central to the core of the design. The accuracy of the micrometer is

also checked by using them to measure slip gauge blocks, rod or similar
standards whose length are precisely and accurately known.

EQUIPMENT
The following equipment’s where used in the experiment:

1. Surface plate.
2. Micrometer Screw Gauge.
3. 2 rollers whose diameter may be equal to the diameter of micrometer anvils.
4. Slip Gauges.
5. Tapered Plug Gauge.

(i) SURFACE PLATE

It is surface/place in which the experiment would be carried out. The surface should
be smooth flat and rigid in other to obtain better precision experiments.

(ii) MICROMETER SCREW GAUGE

A micrometer is a tool used for the precise measurement of very small

objects. A micrometer can measure the depth, length and thickness of
whatever object fits between its anvil and spindle. It is commonly used in
mechanical engineering and machining applications.

Each micrometer can be fitted with specialized equipment for specific

tasks. Because they grasp the object being measured, anvils and spindle
tips are the pieces most commonly customized for unique situations. Some
micrometers will have multiple anvils to allow for more precise measurement.
The anvil can be formed into a disc or v-shape, or form part of a screw thread.
Some micrometers come with interchangeable anvils, allowing for various
types of measurement.

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TWO ROLLERS WHOSE DIAMETER MAY BE EQUAL TO THE
DIAMETER OF MICROMETER ANVILS

(iii) SLIP GAUGE

Slip Gauges are known as Gauge Blocks. They are Precise Measuring
instruments. These Slip Gauges are universally accepted end Standard
of length. Gauge blocks are a system for producing precision lengths.

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 The individual gauge block is a metal or ceramic block that has been
precision ground and lapped to a specific thickness. Gauge blocks come
in sets of blocks with a range of standard lengths. In use, the blocks are
stacked to make up a desired length. Slip gauges are rectangular in
shape made up of high-grade steels with very close tolerances.
USES OF SLIP GAUGE

1. Setting up a comparator to a specific dimension

2. Direct Precise measuring purpose.
3. To inspect the Vernier Caliper, Micrometers and some other linear
measuring instruments.
4. Conjunction with sine bar to measure the angle of the work piece.
5. Used to Check the distance between the parallel faces.

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(iv) TAPERED PLUG GAUGE
The taper plug gage is an internal gage in the shape of the frustum of a
cone. It is used to measure internal tapers. It has wide application in
design engineering, mechanical engineering.

PROCEDURE
 The taper plug gauge was placed on the surface plate.
 Slip gauge combination of equal heights h1 was arranged and placed
on opposite sides of the tapered plug gauge.
 The two rollers of equal diameter were placed on the slip gauge.
 Measurements where taken over the rollers using a micrometer
screw gauge.
 Slip gauge combination for another height h2 was taken and step (3)
and (4) where repeated.
 Slip gauge combination for height h3 was taken and step (3) and (4)
repeated.

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 ANALYSIS OF RESULT
Parameters and formulas

d(diameter of roller)=9.80mm

H=Diameter of roller+size of slip gauge used

h=Radius+length of slip gauges used :Radius=D/2

M=Reading from one end to another using micrometer screw gauge

1 slip gauge

Slip gauge used=19

H1=9.80+19=28.80mm

h1=9.80/2+19

=23.9mm

M1=40.1mm

2 slip gauge

Slip gauge used=24

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 H2=9.80+24

=33.80mm

h2=9.80/2+24

=28.9mm

M2=42.33mm

3rd slip gauge

Slip gauge used=50

H3=9.80+50

=59.8mm

h3=9.80/2+50=54.9mm

M3=44.44mm

The half angle of the taper is given as:

tanθ/2=M2-M1/2[h2-h1]

tanθ/2=(42.33-40.1)/2(28.9-23.9)

tanθ/2=0.223

take the tan inverse

θ/2=tan^-1 0.223

θ/2=13

D1=M1-d(1+sec θ/2)

Recall that sec θ=1/cosθ

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 D1=40.1-9.80[1+sec(13)]

D1=20.24mm

D2=M2+d(1+secθ/2)

D2=42.33+9.80(1+sec[13])

Recall secθ=1/cosθ

D2=42.33+9.80(1+1/cos[13])

Ds=D1-2[h1-H2]tanθ/2

Ds=20.24-3(23.9-28.80)tan(13/2)

Ds=21.91mm

DL=D2+2[H2-h1]tan(θ/2)

DL=62.19+2(28.9-33.8)tan(13/2)

DL=61.07mm

TABLE OF VALUES
h2(mm) H2(mm) M2(mm) h3(mm) H3(mm) M3(mm) D1(mm) D2(mm) Ds(mm) DL(mm)
28.90 33.80 42.33 54.90 59.80 44.44 20.24 62.19 21.91 61.07

DISCUSSION

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 Measurement of the diameter of the taper with various slip gauges
and the rollers gives somewhat different values. This is due to some little
errors when carrying out the readings even with the positioning and setting
up of the apparatus.

From the diagram, the measurement done using a micrometer screw

gauge we can compute that the diameter at the ends of the taper(at small
end and big end) is Ds=21.91mm and DL=61.07mm

PRECAUTIONS

1. Error due to parallax of the micrometer was avoided when the readings
where taken by several people.

2. The slip gauge was cleaned properly before “wrung” together.

3. It was ensured that the micrometer anvil could slide upward and
downward the set up comfortably before the readings where taken.

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Errors could arise from the micrometer screw gauge when it is being
read by a person[human factor error]

2. Errors can occur from using the wrong slip gauge sets or an already
worn out slip gauge set.

3. Errors can occur from non-uniformity of surface plate.

CONCLUSION

With all the apparatus being in good condition human error’s reduced
significantly and measurement’s where recorded accurately. The slip gauge
was an important equipment because of it’s precision capability it was used
to measure the taper and roller distances of both ends accurately.

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