Professional Documents
Culture Documents
References
Footnotes
(0) “What is Genocide?” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 30 May 2019,
https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/defining-genocide
(1) “Why is there a war in Syria?” BBC News, 25 February 2019,
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35806229
(2) “Syria’s civil war explained from the beginning.” Al Jazeera, 14 April 2018,
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/syria-civil-war-explained-160505084119966.ht
ml
(3) “Syria war: A brief guide to who’s fighting whom,” BBC News, 7 April 2017,
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39528673
(4) Deborah Amos, “Syrian Rebels, Secular and Islamist, Both Claim the Future,” NCPR, 27 Feb
2013,
https://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/npr/172989072/syrian-rebels-secular-and-
islamist-both-claim-the-future
(5) Christopher Phillips, “The World Abetted Assad’s Victory in Syria,” The Atlantic, 4 Aug
2018,
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2018/08/assad-victory-syria/566522/
(6) “Syria Events of 2009,” Human Rights Watch, 30 May 2019,
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2010/country-chapters/syria
(7) “Syrian President Bashar al-Assad: Facing down rebellion,” BBC News, 3 September 2018,
https://www.bbc.com/news/10338256
(8) Janine Di Giovanni, “Inside Syria’s Propaganda Wars,” Newsweek, 24 December 2016,
https://www.newsweek.com/syria-propaganda-aleppo-assad-536003
(9) Ibid: Janine Di Giovanni, Newsweek
(10) Ibrahim Abu Ahmad, “Assad’s Law 10: Reshaping Syria’s Demographics,” The
Washington Institute, 30 May 2019,
https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/fikraforum/view/assads-law-10-reshaping-syrias-de
mographics
(11) “Syria Events of 2009,” Human Rights Watch, 30 May 2019,
https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2010/country-chapters/syria
(12) Ibid: Human Rights Watch
(13) “'Syria's Mandela': Veteran Assad regime dissident Riad Turk smuggled out of Syria to
France,” The New Arab, 30 July 2018,
https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2018/7/30/veteran-syrian-dissident-riad-turk-esc
apes-to-france
(14) “Is the Worst Yet to Come?” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 30 May 2019,
https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/Syria_Bearing_Witness_Report_031218.pdf
(15) Dahlia Nehme, “Syrian state seizes opponents' property, rights activists say,” Reuters, 11
December 2018,
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-property/syrian-state-seizes-oppo
nents-property-rights-activists-say-idUSKBN1OB0H3
(16) Dahlia Nehme, “Syrian state seizes opponents' property, rights activists say,” Business
Insider, 12 December 2018,
2
https://www.businessinsider.com/r-syrian-state-seizes-opponents-property-rights-activists
-say-2018-12
(17) Anne Barnard, “Inside Syria’s Secret Torture Prisons: How Bashar al-Assad Crushed
Dissent,” New York Times, 11 May 2019,
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/11/world/middleeast/syria-torture-prisons.html?action
=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article
(18) Ibid: Anne Barnard, New York Times
(19) Ibid: Anne Barnard, New York Times
(20) Edward Wong, “U.S. Says Assad May Be Using Chemical Weapons in Syria Again,” New
York Times, 21 May 2019,
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/21/world/middleeast/bashar-assad-syria-weapons.html
(21) Ibid: Edward Wong, New York Times
(22) Ashish Kumar Sen, “ World Reaction to Strikes on Syria,” Atlantic Council, 14 April 2018,
https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/new-atlanticist/world-reaction-to-strikes-on-syria
(23) “Crisis in Syria: You can help,” Concern USA, 30 May 2019,
https://give.concernusa.org/give/183231/#!/donation/checkout
(24) “Syrian Refugee Relief Fund,” Global Giving, 3 0 May 2019,
https://www.globalgiving.org/projects/syrian-refugee-relief-fund/
(25) “Shattered Lives Syria,” International Rescue Committee, 30 May 2019,
https://www.rescue.org/country/syria
(26) Sahar Habib Ghazi, “GV Face: Worldwide Media Coverage of Syria,” PRI, 30 May 2019,
https://www.pri.org/stories/gv-face-worldwide-media-coverage-syria
(27) Lyse Doucet, “Syria & the CNN Effect: What Role Does the Media Play in
Policy-Making?” MIT Press Journals, 3 Jan 2018,
https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/full/10.1162/DAED_a_00480
(28) “A Timeline of the US Involvement in Syria’s Conflict,” AP News, 11 Jan 2019,
https://www.apnews.com/96701a254c5a448cb253f14ab697419b
(29) Ibid: Al Jazeera
(30) “Remarks by the President to the White House Press Corps,” The White House President
Barack Obama, 20 Aug 2012,
https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2012/08/20/remarks-president-wh
ite-house-press-corps
(31) “Timeline of International Response to the Situation in Syria,” Global Centre for the
Responsibility to Protect, 3 0 May 2019,
http://www.globalr2p.org/media/files/timeline-of-international-response-to-syria-26.pdf
(32) Ibid: Timeline of International Response to the Situation in Syria, Global Centre
(33) “The Visible Impacts of the Syrian War May Only be the Tip of the Iceberg,” The World
Bank, 10 July 2017,
https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/07/18/the-visible-impacts-of-the-
syrian-war-may-only-be-the-tip-of-the-iceberg
(34) William Polk, “Understanding Syria: From Pre-Civil War to Post-Assad,” The Atlantic, 1 0
Dec 2013,
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/12/understanding-syria-from-pre-
civil-war-to-post-assad/281989/
(35) Ibid: William Polk, The Atlantic
3
Sources
Anupindi, Mayuri. “Syrian Refugee Crisis: Abandonment, Discrimination, and Response.”
UUSC. 11 May 2018.
https://www.uusc.org/syrian-refugee-crisis-abandonment-discrimination-and-response/
Carey, Chip. “Syria’s civil war has become a genocide.” World Policy. 16 Sep 2013.
https://worldpolicy.org/2013/09/16/syrias-civil-war-has-become-a-genocide/.
Harvey, Adam. “Syrian rebels preventing refugees from leaving Idlib as Russian forces prepare
final offensive,” ABC News. 1 2 Sep 2018.
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-09-13/syrian-rebels-preventing-refugees-from-leaving
-idlib-province/10239144.
“International open letter calls for end to ‘Syrian Genocide.’” Al Jazeera. 27 Feb 2018.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/international-open-letter-calls-syrian-genocide-
180227155538993.html.
“Introduction Syria.” USHMM. 3 0 May 2019.
https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/cases/syria/introduction/syria.
“Iraq, ISIS, and the Syrian War,” CSIS. 30 May 2019.
https://www.csis.org/programs/burke-chair-strategy/iraq-isis-and-syrian-war
“Is the worst yet to come?” USHMM. 30 May 2019.
https://www.ushmm.org/m/pdfs/Syria_Bearing_Witness_Report_031218.pdf.
“Pro-Democracy Protests Rock Syrian Capital.” DW. 15 Apr 2011.
https://www.dw.com/en/pro-democracy-protests-rock-syrian-capital/a-14993578.
Stanton, Gregory. “Genocide Watch Recommendations for Syria.” Genocide Watch. 3 0 May
2019. http://migs.concordia.ca/documents/StantonGenocideandMassAtrocitiesAlert.pdf.
“Syria Backgrounder: The Situation.” United to End Genocide. 3 0 May 2019,
http://endgenocide.org/conflict-areas/syria-backgrounder/.
“Syria.” Genocide Watch. 30 May 2019. http://www.genocidewatch.org/syria.html.
“Syria.” Human Rights Watch. 30 May 2019. https://www.hrw.org/middle-east/n-africa/syria.
“Syrian Arab Republic.” Financial Tracking Service. 3 0 May 2019.
https://fts.unocha.org/countries/218/summary/2018.
“Syria’s Civil War Explained From The Beginning.” Al Jazeera. 14 Apr 2018.
https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/05/syria-civil-war-explained-160505084119966.ht
ml.
“Syria.” Stop Genocide Now. 3 0 May 2019. https://stopgenocidenow.org/conflicts/syria/.
“Syria.” USHMM. 30 May 2019. https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/syria.
“Syria.” USHMM. 30 May 2019.
https://www.ushmm.org/mobile/confront-genocide/cases-of-genocide/syria.
“Syria War: A brief guide to who’s fighting whom.” BBC News. 7 Apr 2017.
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-39528673.
Watkinson, Geoff. “Facing Genocide: Letting History Repeat Itself In Syria.” Topical. 18 Apr
2018. https://www.headstuff.org/topical/genocide-syria/.
“What is Genocide?” USHMM. 30 May 2019.
https://www.ushmm.org/confront-genocide/defining-genocide.
“What’s happening in Syria?” BBC. 1 6 Apr 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/16979186.
4
Videos
“President Obama Addresses the Nation on Syria.” Youtube Video. 15:46. The Obama White
House. Sep 10 2013.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y52LeaK6tHA&feature=youtu.be.
“Syrian President Assad dismisses claims of chlorine gas use as ‘propaganda.’” Youtube Video.
3:22. CBS This Morning. Mar 27 2015.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9qHgrFxVLDY.
“The birth of Syria’s uprising.” Youtube Video. 2:50. TRT World. Mar 15 2017.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTX_Ld-ApKk.
“The war in Syria explained in 5 minutes | Guardian Animations.” Youtube Video. 5:28. The
Guardian. Sep 18 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K5H5w3_QTG0.
Images
A deserted street in the old city of Homs. 2014. Syria.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/syrias-city-of-homs-shattered-by-war/100735
/#img28
Alhabi, Ameer. Syrian men carrying babies make their way through the rubble of destroyed
buildings following a reported air strike on the rebel-held Salihin neighborhood of the
northern city of Aleppo. 2016. Aleppo.
https://www.newsweek.com/syria-propaganda-aleppo-assad-536003
Al-Hariri, Khaled. A fire-damaged structure and destroyed clock on Old Clock square in Homs
city. 2014. Syria.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/syrias-city-of-homs-shattered-by-war/100735
/#img27
Al-Hariri, Khaled. Forces loyal to Syria's President Bashar al-Assad walk in a street in old
Homs city. 2014. Syria.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/syrias-city-of-homs-shattered-by-war/100735
/#img01.
A satellite image of the military-run Saydnaya Prison, where the Syrian government has
executed thousands of prisoners. 2019. Syria.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/11/world/middleeast/syria-torture-prisons.html?action
=click&module=RelatedLinks&pgtype=Article
Buffer zone for refugees should be created in border areas of Syria. 2 017. Syria.
https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201701211049865361-syria-turkey-talks-astana/
Chughtai, Alia. Syria: who controls what. 2 019. Syria.
https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2015/05/syria-country-divided-150529144
229467.html
Did CIA agree with Russia on Assad Alternative? 2016. Syria.
https://reform4syria.org/did-cia-agree-with-russia/amp/
Eid, Joseph. A woman walks past a burning shop in the Maskuf market in the Old City of Homs.
2014. Syria.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/syrias-city-of-homs-shattered-by-war/100735
/#img12
5
https://www.northcountrypublicradio.org/news/npr/172989072/syrian-rebels-secular-and-
islamist-both-claim-the-future
Sanadiki, Omar. Soldiers walk past damaged buildings in the Yarmouk Palestinian camp in
Damascus. 2018. Syria.
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-property/syrian-state-seizes-oppo
nents-property-rights-activists-say-idUSKBN1OB0H3.
Syrians and rescuers evacuate a wounded person following reported air strikes on Saturday in the
rebel-controlled neighbourhood of Saleheen in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo. 2016.
Aleppo, Syria.
http://jordantimes.com/news/region/lebanon-syria-refugees-fear-rising-discrimination.
Syrians walk amid debris as they return to the Juret al-Shayah district of the central city of
Homs. 2014. Syria.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/syrias-city-of-homs-shattered-by-war/100735
/#img11.
Taylor, Alan. Syria’s City of Homs, Shattered by War. 2014. Syria.
https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/05/syrias-city-of-homs-shattered-by-war/100735
/.
The Syria conflict has rebalanced regional axes of power in the Middle East. 2016. Syria.
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/syrian-civil-war-isis-how-it-chan
ged-the-world-refugee-crisis-a6928796.html.
The United States launched its first ever series of attacks to defend the "New Syria". 2 015. Syria.
http://www.asianews.it/news-en/First-US-air-raid-in-Syria,-to-defend-rebels-fighting-aga
inst-jihadists-(and-Assad)-34946.html.
Women YPJ fighters take down the last Isis flag replacing it with their own. 2 019. Syria.
https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/e/islamic-state-are-defeated-what-now.