Framing Analysis

Nepal on Al Jazeera Online

Prabesh Subedi

Prabesh.subedi@gmail.com

Department of Journalism and Mass Communication

Tribhuvan University

Kathmandu, Nepal

December, 2018
 TABLE OF CONTENT
TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................................................... i
LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................... iii
1.0 Background ................................................................................................................................ 1
1.1 International Media and Nepal .............................................................................................. 2
1.2 Internet Evolution and Nepal’s Online Journalism ................................................................ 4
1.3 Al Jazeera Online .................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 Al Jazeera and Nepal .............................................................................................................. 8
1.5 Statement of Problem............................................................................................................ 9
1.6 Objective of Study ................................................................................................................ 10
1.7 Limitation of Research ......................................................................................................... 10
2.0 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework ....................................................................... 12
2.1 Background .......................................................................................................................... 12
2.1.1 Framing Theory ................................................................................................................. 13
2.1.2 News Frames..................................................................................................................... 15
2.1.2.1 Types of Frames ............................................................................................................. 15
2.1.3 Tone of Coverage .............................................................................................................. 16
2.1.4 Sources of Information ..................................................................................................... 16
2.2 Framing Analysis of Online Media ....................................................................................... 17
3.0 Research Methodology ............................................................................................................ 20
3.1 Content Analysis .................................................................................................................. 21
3.1.1 Population and Sample ..................................................................................................... 21
3.1.2 Coding ............................................................................................................................... 21
3.1.3 Working Definition: Frames, Tones and Sources .............................................................. 22
3.2 Interviews............................................................................................................................. 24
3.2.1 Selection of Interviewees.................................................................................................. 24
3.2.2 Preparation of Interview Questions.................................................................................. 25
3.2.3 Recording and Transcribing .............................................................................................. 25
3.2.4 Interview Data Analysis..................................................................................................... 25
4.0 Findings .................................................................................................................................... 26
4.1 Domination of Frames ......................................................................................................... 26

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 4.2 Tonality of Content .............................................................................................................. 29
4.3 News Sources ....................................................................................................................... 30
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations ......................................................................................... 34
5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 34
5.2 Recommendation................................................................................................................. 36

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Presence of different frames showing in total numbers and percentage _____ 27

Figure 2: Presence of different tones showing in numbers and percentage __________ 29

Figure 3: News produced sources showing in numbers and percentage ____________ 31

Figure 4: information cited sources showing in numbers and percentage ___________ 32

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1.0 Background
Since the invention of World Wide Web (WWW) in 1990 many revolutionary changes

have been observed in global communication and media landscape. Overcoming the

barriers of traditional media, particularly time and space, now the Internet technology and

digital media can meet the expectations of global population in a much wider scale.

By the end of 2017, about 3.6 billion people, nearly 50% of the world population is

connected to the Internet (International Telecommunication Union, 2017). Television,

radio and newspapers known as traditional form of media are also adopting these new

technologies with a huge concentration considering the Internet as the medium of today

and future. Now globally most of the traditional media institutions operate online editions

alongside their old forms.

Internet revolution has become a surprise supplement to traditional news rooms. Massive

and instant Interactivity, user-generated content, virtual and networked communities are

new phenomenon. These developments are forcing the news rooms to re-consider their

traditional standards of framing, agenda setting, gate keeping practices and overall news

values in developing context.

Internet can disseminate not-limited quantity of information within a very short period of

time to worldwide recipients. Differing to their traditional counterparts the Internet news

outlets are not bound to produce and distribute content for a particular geographical

locations and cultural communities. So, now they can have much wider and diverse

audiences. Today there are so many innovations, experiments and developments are

going on the Internet.

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Although it has offered non-limited publishing space and time, much control is provided

to the audience side, geographical and distance barriers are minimized, meanwhile some

concerns regarding equal distribution of technological benefits are in the debate.

Are all human beings equally enjoying technological advantages? Does rich and poor

countries have been getting similar benefits? Is it helping to narrow down mass media

supremacy and hegemony of rich countries? Are developing countries like Nepal getting

opportunities to make their voices louder?

A recent survey by W3tech (2018) shows that English language dominates the Internet,

about 52% of Internet content (W3techs, 2018) is available in English while 5.1% of the

world population is native English speaking (Central Intelligence Agency, 2018).

Language representation is one of the examples that shows unbalanced presence and

representation in the Internet world, that was the big issue in the case of traditional media

for a long time. This ongoing reality justifies that the study on the contents published on

the Internet news outlets that bears a significant value.

1.1 International Media and Nepal

Since the restoration of democracy in 1990, Nepal has been encouraging free and

independent media environment. It provided flourishing opportunities not only for

domestic media but also for regional and international media. Various forms of

international media consider Nepal as one of the growing markets.

International news agencies such as AP, AFP, Reuters, produce and circulate journalistic

content to international media institutions. The numbers of local correspondents are also

directly contributing the content from Nepal to media outlets worldwide.

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In the last two decades, Nepal has been seen as big headlines on the international news

outlets. Even being relatively less connected with global politics and business Nepal

could grab noticeable attention. Ten years long Maoist insurgency, political instability,

promulgation of the new constitution, 2015 earthquake and Indian blockade of 2015 were

most covered content in the regional and international media.

The rise of global media attention has also raised criticism from various aspects. Like

other developing countries, Nepal faces less representation, negative image building,

politically motivated agenda settings and applying wrong news frames are

accommodating.

For instant, mostly Indian and some of the Western outlets were widely criticized for

Nepal Earthquake 2015 coverage. They were blamed for being insensitive and wrongly

framed. Thousands of people protested on the social media with has tag

#GoHomeIndianMedia. (Biswas, 2015).

It is not a new phenomenon that global media giants have been criticized for unbalanced

representation of the developing world. Many studies have concluded that Western media

have been shaping public perception towards developing countries as the place of crime,

hunger, disease, instability, corruption and other negative symbols. However, some of the

alternatives are also seen in the field.

Dividing International media flow in two categories, dominant and contra-flow, media

scholar Daya Kishan Thussu (2007) argues that media products are being exported from

the developing world to Western societies as well (Thussu, 2007). Considering Western

3
media networks like BBC and CNN representing dominant flow Thussu (2007) considers

Al Jazeera and CCTV-9 as examples of contra-flow networks.

In order to overcome such imbalanced flows of global news MacBride Commission

(1980) suggested that press and broadcasters in the industrialized world should allot more

space and time to reporting events in and background material about foreign countries in

general and news from the developing world in particular. (MacBride, 1980).

1.2 Internet Evolution and Nepal’s Online Journalism

Networking between different computers became possible from 1960s using Pocket

Switching Technology. In 1982 standardizing interconnected TPC/IP network changed

the way of networking which is still the mostly used protocol for connectivity. In 1990

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and the first

Internet browser software were invented (McCown, 2018). Before the 90s the use of the

Internet was limited to non-commercial purposes, basically to exchange data between

high-tech professionals.

The first presence of news on the internet was in May 1992. Chicago Tribune in United

States launched its online edition named 'Chicago Online' (Deuze, 2001) as part of

Aol.com. India came to disseminate news content through the Internet at the first time in

1995 (just one year before Nepal) by lunching into the web edition of 'The Hindu'

(Thakur, 2007).

In Nepal, Mercantile Communications lunched south-asia.com in 1996 as a combined

platform for major English dailies, weeklies and magazines to go online. Later in 1999

4
Mercantile moved to a new domain Nepalnews.com with exiting content (Acharya,

2005).

Prof. Denis McQuail (2012) states that online journalism is clearly an extension of the

newspaper (McQuail, 2012). Tracing its history either in Nepal or in rest of the world

there is no way to disagree with him. However, various tendencies emerged in the last

decades show online journalism is heading towards its independent identity along with

the adoption of traditional media features. The first independent news portal of Nepal

namely kantipuronline.com established separate newsroom function in 2000 (Acharya,

2005), later named as ekantipur.com also contains daily and weekly prints of Kantipur

Publications.

Internet use in Nepal has been increasing rapidly. A report published in February 2018 by

Nepal Telecom Authority shows that internet penetration has reached 63% of the total

population whereas it was only 14.5% in 2011 (MIS Report, 2018).

This scenario clearly indicates that the Internet has become one of the most widely used

communication means. Although development and expansion of the Internet is not

limited to news processing and distribution, it has taken a huge stock in today’s news

industry. In Nepal, online news portals are mostly user engaged platforms on the Internet.

Amazon’s Alexa Ranking shows that news websites are mostly visited websites from

Nepal (Alexa Internet Inc, 2018).

This ranking also shows news portals operated by international media intuitions like Al

Jazeera are also popular among Nepali audiences.

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1.3 Al Jazeera Online
Al Jazeera Media Network (AJMN)

Despite having relatively short history in global broadcasting industry Al Jazeera stands

as one of the most influential media institutions. In 1996 Al Jazeera Media Network

(AJMN) started broadcasting of Al Jazeera Arabic considering first independent news

channel from Arab world (Al Jazeera, 2018). Al Jazeera currently owns six different

television channels along with the news websites in the Arabic and English languages.

According to its official claim it has audience coverage of more than 310 million

households in more than 100 countries worldwide (Al Jazeera, 2018).

Although AJMN has a strong government funding backup its independent editorial

practice is well appreciated. ‘The idea of a TV channel that is government financed and

yet independent is altogether new to the region. This independence and autonomy lend Al

Jazeera a great deal of credibility and creativity’ (Zayani, 2005).

Looking back to the history of AJMN, this institution has moved through many

controversies, challenges, inspirations and appreciations. Criticism were mostly raised

from Arab governments as it was the first television of its kind operated form Muslim

dominated Arab nations. ‘Al Jazeera has been rattling governments in the Arab world by

its controversial coverage of sensitive issues related to religion, politics, women in

society, sex, poverty, unemployment and so forth’ (ABDUK-MAGEED & HERRING,

2008).

While covering Iraq and Afghanistan war Al Jazeera could rapidly widen its audiences by

using different framing and perspectives by contrasting Western media giants such as

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BBC and CNN. AJMN has received a wide appreciation for covering isolated issues

particularly form the developing countries and communities. This doesn’t only include

quantitative coverage but also different framings and presentation styles that differing

Western dominant media networks.

‘Al Jazeera's mission is to cover the developing world, which has been largely ignored by

other global networks.’ Josh Rushing, a former U.S. marine who joined Al Jazeera as a

military and current affair correspondent writes on his book ‘Mission Al-Jazeera: Build a

bridge, seek the truth, change the world’ (Rushing, 2007). ‘Al Jazeera has brought

noteworthy innovations to Arab broadcasting and reporting, airing hard-hitting programs,

bold and uncensored news coverage, passionate political debate and on-the-ground

reporting” (zayani & Sahraoui, 2004).

Al Jazeera’s Internet presence

AJMN released Aljazeera.net in January 2001 targeting Arabic speaking audiences and

later English content was accommodated on its sub domain English.aljazeera.net. After

two years, in September 2003 Aljazeera.com started as a separate news portal targeting

English speaking world. Now, Aljazeera.net and Aljazeera.com both portals are globally

popular and they have millions of daily visits.

Al Jazeera English Online (AJ Online)

Al Jazeera online in English (Aljazeera.com) has a diverse content that includes news

stories, features, opinions, photo features, video stories, documentaries, interactive

content and live streaming of Al Jazeera English Television.

7
AJ Online has received several awards for its unique storytelling style and for the content

it produced and delivered. In the year 2016 alone, this online was awarded for the best

five titles by The Drum Online Media Award and was also awarded ‘Winner of New

Media’ title by The Garbriels Award (Al Jazeera, 2018).

1.4 Al Jazeera and Nepal

Richard L. Vining (2014), Associate Professor at University of Georgia, United States

argues ‘the press does not treat all cases equally, and that they are more likely to report

on cases that will have broad appeal and increase their sales and profits’ (Vining, 2014).

In the case of Nepal, as it can’t offer attractive financial benefits for global media

institutions that seems to have greater impact on the frequency of coverage. But it doesn’t

mean all global media equally treat Nepal and multiple factors such as policy of media

institutions, culture and proximity can determine for less and much coverage.

In comparison with other global media networks Al Jazeera is known to cover much

more stories form Nepal. This doesn’t only include quantity of stories but also diverse

issues ranging from education, poverty, disaster, empowerment, inclusion to politics,

with in-depth reporting are covered.

Indra Dhoj Kshetri (2017) writes on The Kathmandu Post referring to the findings of his

own academic study conducted in 2010, CNN had not given even 15 percent of the

coverage that given by Al Jazeera (Khsetri, 2017).

AJMN has its own correspondents from Nepal. Addition to that, several local and foreign

editorial contributors provide first-hand stories. This is not the case for many

8
International media organizations, as most of them handle local issues from their regional

and India based bureaus.

Khsetri (2010) argues that AJMN doesn’t want the events in Nepal covered from the

viewpoint of a particular bureau or a team of reporters. Instead, it promotes diversity in

the coverage (Kshetri, 2010).

In August 2011, Al Jazeera Television broadcasted an in-depth coverage on child

trafficking issue of Nepal. Broadcasted story titled ‘Children for Sale’ could win silver

medal at 55th New York Festivals International Television and Film Awards where

television programmes from over 50 countries were in competition (Casbaa, 2018).

Similarly, English Online of Al Jazeera won ‘best use of photography’ award in 2016 for

publishing a multimedia story about Nepal. The story titled ‘Banished: Why menstruation

can mean exile in Nepal’ was awarded by British marketing company Drum (The Daum

Online Media Award, 2018).

1.5 Statement of Problem

In comparison with other global media institutions many studies concluded that AJMN

promotes positive and constructive portrayal of developing countries like Nepal.

However, most of these studies are focused on AJMN’s television channels. As discussed

earlier, the emergence of the internet and online media has made a lot of changes in the

global media ecosystem.

Now it is significant to study if television channels still follow their well-known legacy or

not in their newly emerged online platforms. Following research questions are identified

for this study.

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 1. What are the most dominant frames used by Al Jazeera Online while covering the

issues of Nepal?

2. Which is a mostly found tone of content and what are the main information

sources?

1.6 Objective of Study

The objective of the study is to examine the coverage of Nepal on Al Jazeera’s Online

English edition, Aljazeera.com. This research aims to examine following specific

objectivities:

1. Identify most dominant news frames on the content of AJ English Online

covering Nepal.

2. Examine mostly used tones and determine dependent news sources.

1.7 Limitation of Research

While conducting this study the researcher faced some limitations due to couple of

factors.

Firstly, Primary data for this study were collected form Al Jazeera Online published in

the months of February, March and April, 2018. The selected time duration might affect

the sampling data size.

Secondly, data for this study were not collected from real time observations, news stories

published in the past would have been modified or deleted due to various reasons. So, the

result of this study is based on archived stories available on the accessed date and time.

10
A newspaper or a broadcast news bulletin generally have a particular placement and time

priority for a news story. Researcher can easily evaluate priority given to the story. But in

the case of online news portal a story might have been placed in different locations with

different priorities and modifications can be made over the time.

And, only textual contents of stories were taken for this study. Multimedia content

(image, audio and video) were not included.

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2.0 Literature Review and Theoretical Framework
2.1 Background
Evaluation and interpretation of communication content has come under a long journey

throughout the history. Even before the establishment of modern mass media system

some practices of reviewing communication content was under its existence. During the

evolution of the book and printing technology systematic studies on communication

content were also raised.

Referring to the history, media scholar Klaus Krippendorff (2013) says that empirical

inquiries into the meanings of communications date back to theological studies in the late

1600s, when the Church found that the printing of nonreligious materials to be a threat to

its authority. These sorts of inquiries have since mushroomed, moving into numerous

areas and becoming the backbone of communication research (Krippendorff, 2013).

Since the early 1900s, media scholars and researchers have been systematically studying

on various aspects of mass communication process. Communication research now stands

itself as a wide discipline of academic study. Theories and models emerged during this

evolution has made such studies much simplified and systematic. Now many research

methods and methodologies have come into the practice.

Framing analysis method is one of the widely used methods in communication studies.

Today, hardly an issue of a communication journal is published without a framing study

(D'Angelo, 2010). This method is applied to examine the perspectives of communicator

in communication content that is delivered to the audiences.

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The output content of Al Jazeera’s TV and online platforms have been studied, analyzed

and interpreted by many media scholars, University students and other researchers across

the globe. They have examined various theoretical accepts and the tools. A significant

number of studies are carried out using framing analysis method.

In 2010, Media Scholar Dr. Tal Azran published his book titled ‘Al-Jazeera and US war

coverage’. This academic work was conducted using framing analysis- how AJMN

portrayals war in Afghanistan and Iraq. Similar to this study many researchers are

focused on war and conflict in Middle Eastern countries covered in AJ outlets. Many of

them have compared with other media institutions like CNN and BBC.

2.1.1 Framing Theory

Sociologist Erving Goffman (1922-1982) is acknowledged for introducing framing

analysis in the communication study. His book ‘Frame Analysis, An Essay on the

Organization of Experience’ published in 1974 is considered as a foundation of this

theory by media scholars.

The framing provides a practical way to analyze content for dominant themes or central

ideas through an empirical framework. Frame analysis basically- allows its user to locate,

perceive, identify, and label a seemingly infinite number of concrete occurrences defined

in its terms (Goffman, 1974).

As he explains, framing analysis addresses the organization and analysis of human

experience and the individual (Goffman, 1974). This idea is not only limited to

communication studies, his version of framing analysis has become widely accepted in

the field of linguistics, psychology and psychotherapy (Smith, 2006).

13
Having a look at the evolution of framing theory in communication study it can be

divided into two stages. The first stage started from the early 1970s to early 1990s was

mainly influenced by sociological and physiological domains.

Goffman (1974)’s study expanded the idea of frame from an individual to the collective,

from the psychological to the sociological realm. As he explained frames as instruments

of society that allow people to maintain a shared interpretation of reality. This concept of

frame became useful for the study of media content as well. It was considered that the

media have a great capacity to generate and modify the social frameworks of

interpretation, by intervening in the creation of a shared social discourse (Ardèvol-Abreu,

2015).

The second stage of development is considered form the early 1990s to present time. In

early 1990s a serious theoretical discussion took place among media scholars, Some

argued that framing concept is just an extension of agenda setting theory while other

strongly focused on independent foundation of its own. The result of this debate

concluded framing as a distinct theory having a clear conceptual and methodological

ground.

American Professor RM Entman is well-known for a significant contribution to the

development of Goffman’s theoretical foundation for communication studies. He defines

framing ‘to select some aspects of a perceived reality and make them more salient in a

communicating text, in such a way as to promote a particular problem definition, causal

interpretation, moral evaluation, and or treatment recommendation for the item described’

(Entman R. , 1993).

14
Scholars agree that journalists can’t cover all aspects of event with equal priority.

Undertaking so some aspects get highlighted and some get ignored. The concept of

framing involves both inclusion (emphasizing) and exclusion (de-emphasizing) and

media news outputs can prioritize some aspects over others, therefore intentionally or

unconsciously promoting one particular interpretation of events (Zeng & Tahat, 2012).

2.1.2 News Frames

Journalists and other media professionals have to face time, space, culture, knowledge

and many other constraints while preparing the content and reaching out to a wide

heterogeneous audience. Doing so, they have to follow certain structure of information

and interpretative frames. Those frames give meaning to a collection of information units

that otherwise would be meaningless (Goffman, 1974).

Entman (1991) explains frames in the media emerge as the presence and absence of

certain keywords, source of information and sentences that form thematic clusters

(Entman R. M., 1991) . He further identified and emphasized the four roles of news

frame: they define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgments and suggest

remedies (Entman R. , 1993).

2.1.2.1 Types of Frames

Claes H. de Vreese, professor at the University of Amsterdam conducted a review on

existing literatures on use of framing analysis in mass communication studies. In order to

simplify understanding of framing process and its characteristics he outlined a model

titled ‘integrated process model framing’. This study also generalized news frames into

two categories, generic frames and issue-specific frames (Vreese, 2005).

15
Generic frames are general and they are not limited with any specific issues. Five generic

frames are ‘conflict’, ‘human interest’, ‘attribution of responsibility’, ‘morality’ and

‘economics consequence’. These five frames were initially identified by Semetko and

Valkenburg (2000) and later Vreese (2005) classified them as generic one.

Issue specific frames are more subject oriented. They are flexible and vary depending on

the content being analyzed and they change based on the topic under study and the

prevailing context (Vreese, 2005).

2.1.3 Tone of Coverage

The scholars have argued that a full piece of story or even particular pieces such as

headlines, sub headlines, photo captions, leads, source selection, quote selection and

concluding statements and paragraphs can bear a tone of coverage. The news media can

set a tone for an event or issue by the choice of frame (Reese, 2001).

Framing researchers commonly use three types of tones to identify how news stories are

presented or interpreted to the audiences. These three tones are positive, negative and

neutral.

2.1.4 Sources of Information

Pan and Kosicki (1993) classified framing devices into four categories: syntactical

structure, script structure, thematic structure and rhetorical structure. News sources are

considered as one of the important framing devices within rhetorical structure. Key

rhetorical features of a news story are shaped by the sources’ proactive news making

(Pang & Kosicli, 1993).

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While a journalist is preparing a news story s/he might face selection options of sources

and finally this process influences content output. Who is quoted, how they are identified,

and where the quote is placed in the story is important (Pang & Kosicli, 1993).

In manufacturing symbolic content, media rely on external suppliers of raw material,

whether speeches, interviews, corporate reports, or government hearings. These suppliers,

or sources as one calls them, have a major influence on media content (Shoemaker,

1996).

The selection of specific attributes of a story reflects the perspective of the source feeding

specific frames of interpretation. Sources that are seen as more credible have more

persuasive power on opinions (Norris, Kern, & Just, 2003).

News reports also can be prepared from firsthand experience of reporter where they may

witness or take part of the event. If that is the case cited sources might not appear on the

content. Sometimes, reporters may depend on news reports prepared or published by

other media outlets or news agencies. All conditions might influence frames in the final

content.

2.2 Framing Analysis of Online Media

The ecosystem of traditional media was well established as it had a long tradition of

similar practices. Such stable forms made easier for the researchers to study from various

aspects. The case of online media is not the same. Since the early 1990s it has been

expanding rapidly. New features have been emerged day by day alongside with the

conversing features of the traditional platforms.

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Underlining the convergence of various media into single medium Lee, Louis, Qiu, &

Chu (2012) argue that media and communication technologies have been developing in

such a way that the various new and old media are no longer completely distinctive

objects (Lee, Leung, Qiu, & Chu, 2013). As Internet has adopted many features and

functions of traditional media, scholars argue that most of the existing research practices

are also applicable for studying Internet media outlets.

Particularly focusing in framing analysis of online content Pavlik (2008) argues that

additional features of online media such as hyperlink and multimedia capabilities give

many framing possibilities than to traditional media.

The ability to link among online objects, provides ‘additional background, detail and,

most importantly, context’ and layering multimedia elements, such as audio and video

files, can give extra content to many elements of a given story (Pavlik, 2008).

Pavlik (2008) further explains new features such as 360-degree videos, pan, till and zoom

option on multimedia that give audience more control over the content which gives more

framing perspectives from the audience side. His explanation justifies expanding

importance of framing analysis in online media.

The Internet technology comprises various complex nature of communication including

inter-personal, intra-group, inter-groups, broad and mass communication processes.

Sometimes these communication processes work independently but hybrid processes are

also usual.

Unlike traditional media, online news and information are not always processed by

professional journalistic practice. For instant, social media are major platforms for

18
information exchange. Even for commercially big news outlets with efficient professional

team, user generated content, feedbacks, discussion forum, quotes from social media,

reference links are part of the news stories.

Even in such a broadening and complex scenario, framing analysis has been seen as a

widely used research method. It is noticeable that researchers have been going beyond the

traditional format of content to adopt the new dynamics as well.

Marius Rohde Johannessen, Associate Professor at University College Southeast Norway

conducted a study titled ‘Please Like and Share! A Frame Analysis of Opinion Articles in

Online News’ in 2014. This study examined content produced by regular editorial process

and ranked by audience engagement (like and share) in social media (Johannessen, 2015).

Similarly, Holton, Lee & Coleman (2014) published a framing study examining

comments posted by the audiences in response to health articles published online

(Holton, Lee, & Coleman, 2014). This sort of framing studies are new experiences

comparing to the traditional media studies because contents created by audiences, beyond

professional journalistic output, are analyzed.

Comparative framing studies between two or more online outlets are also found widely.

In 2012 Kioko Lreri from the School of Journalism Indiana University-Bloomington

conducted a comparative study between Al-Jazeera and BBC Online. His study analyzed

news of 2011 Libyan revolution published on Al-Jazeera and BBC online.

As discussed above, existing theoretical frameworks, framing research methods and tools

are applicable in today’s Internet news age. It is understood that having diverse and rich

media features bear a widen scope and relevancy of framing analysis in online media.

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3.0 Research Methodology
This study followed mixed methodological approaches combining quantitative and

qualitative methods. Content analysis and interview methods were applied to collect the

data. Content analysis of news stories published in a particular period of time gives

quantitative data meanwhile interviews provide qualitative understanding of the selected

issues.

Berelson (1952) defined content analysis as a research technique for the objective,

systematic, and quantitative description on manifest content of communication (Berelson,

1952). There are different theoretical frameworks to assist toward the conduction of

content analysis. Based on framing theory as discussed earlier this study utilizes framing

analysis tools and devices to analyze the content.

Likewise, interviews were conducted to collect data. Qualitative research interview seeks

to describe into the meanings of central themes in the life world of the subjects. The main

task in interviewing is to understand the meanings of what the interviewees say (Kvale,

1996).

In an interview conversation, the researcher asks about and listens to, what people

themselves tell about their lived worlds. The interviewer listens to their dreams, fears,

and hopes (Kvale & Brinkmann, 2009).

For this study, interviews are the addition of framing analysis. Interviews were designed

and conducted to answer research questions which will help to understand the findings of

framing analysis with additional evidences.

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3.1 Content Analysis
Textual content having keyword ‘Nepal’ on Al-Jazeera’s English online (Aljazeera.com)

published between February 1, 2018 and April 30, 2018 were taken as the sample.

Advanced search tools provided by the website was used to filter archived content and

two categories ‘news’ and ‘features’ that were considered as ‘news stories’.

The researcher had gone through every individual search result. The content found with

‘Nepal’ keyword but not devoting to Nepal’s specific issues were not included for the

study.

3.1.1 Population and Sample

Total 13 news stories having 233 paragraphs were collected for coding. Paragraphs were

considered the smallest unit of the study. Headlines and sub headlines were also counted

as paragraphs.

3.1.2 Coding
Addition to the main codebook a checklist-sheet for each story was prepared. This sheet

consists on the categories of seven frames, three tones, two primary news sources and six

cited sources. When the coder identified any frames, tones or cited sources going through

every single paragraph they were counted into the checklist-sheet. It was clearly

considered that some paragraphs may not have contained any frame, tone or cited sources

while some may have contained more than one.

Finally collected data from each sheet were transferred to the main codebook. The

codebook contains article ID, published date, word count of each story, number of

21
paragraphs, identified frames, tone of content, story prepared source and information

cited sources.

3.1.3 Working Definition: Frames, Tones and Sources

Identifying the presence of five generic frames, ‘conflict’, ‘human interest’, ‘attribution

of responsibility’, ‘morality’ and ‘economics consequence’ along with two specific

frames ‘progress’ and ‘crisis’ has made the major part of this study. To distinguish each

frame in to the coding process the following working definitions were considered.

Conflict: it emphasizes conflict between individuals, groups, institutions or countries

(Vreese, 2005). Disagreements and emphasis between the ideas are considered in this

category.

Human interest: it dramatizes or sometimes even sensitizes the content and incenses to

grab attention of the audiences. It brings a human face, an individual’s story, or an

emotional angle to the presentation of an event, issue or problem (Vreese, 2005).

Attribution of responsibility: it presents an issue or problem in such a way as to attribute

toward the responsibility for causing or solving to either the government or to an

individual or group (Vreese, 2005). This category covers a person or parties having

certain duties or responsibilities reflecting in an action.

Morality: religious beliefs, social and moral perceptions are considered in this category.

Economics consequence: this frame presents an event, problem or issue in terms of the

economic consequences it will have on an individual, group, institution, region or country

(Vreese, 2005).

22
Two issue-specific frames are taken for this study. As discussed earlier, Al-Jazeera is

known for balancing developing countries and communities better than other

international media, as Nepal is the case, this research intends to examine the presence of

‘crisis’ and ‘progress’ frames.

Crisis: emphasizing poverty, disasters, frustration, destruction, hopeless content are

considered into this category.

Progress: constructive changes, growth, empowerment and other positive outcomes are

parts of this frame.

This study also intends to identify the tonality of content; positive, neutral and negative.

Framing theory directly doesn’t cover classification of tonality. However, it has been a

wide practice in framing research that includes tonality test. It detects clear interpretative

intention of the content producer.

Positive Tone: if the content is presented in an optimistic manner, issues are interpreted

with hope, sympathy, inspiration and encourage that is known as a positive tone.

Negative Tone: pessimistic judgements, non-sympathetic, harsh, offensive and aggressive

language used content is considered produced with a negative tone.

Neutral Tone: if the content doesn’t evaluate the facts, judgements and subjective ideas

are not presence that is taken as a neutral tone.

As discussed earlier, the source of information can contribute to shape the frame of the

story. News reporters depend on the variety of sources which are accessible, affordable,

23
trustworthy, valid and having connection to the issue. News content are normally cited to

the source of information to build trust and give validity.

News sources can be of a varying form of an individual to institution, private business to

government bodies, community organization to international agencies. For this study six

categories of news sources are identified: government agencies/official, international

media, national media, political leader, citizen and other.

3.2 Interviews
For qualitative interviews, one Aljazeera’s correspondent from Nepal and two media

experts having experience of international reporting from Nepal were taken. Open ended

and semi structured interviews were conducted.

3.2.1 Selection of Interviewees

Snowball sampling method was applied to select the interviewees. Participants were

sampled as information-rich cases where in each subsequent interview is designed to

pursue areas of agreement or disagreement on what the priority issues are for the

phenomenon under study. To accomplish this, a general opening question is used to guide

the process (Drieger, 2008).

Three interviewees were selected based on the experience and diverse positions they

hold. It was considered that the interviewee either should have extensive involvement

with Al Jazeera or have expertise in international media and its connection to Nepal.

Subina Shrestha from Al Jazeera was selected as she has involved with Al Jazeera Media

since 2006 and with Al Jazeera Online since its establishment. Shrestha currently

contributes to Al Jazeera from Nepal as a correspondent (Al Jazeera, 2018).

24
Dhrubahari Adhikari is one of the senior journalists, expert from Nepal, involved with the

national and international media since 1979 (Center for Media Freedom, 2018). Adhikari

has contributed to international media such as BBC, The New York Times, TIME, Reuters,

Yomiuri Shimbun and Inter Press Service.

Yubaraj Ghimire is another expert, senior media figure form Nepal having extensive

experience in international media. He has been involved with United News of India, the

Telegraph, India Today, Outlook and Indian Express (Nepal Monitor, 2018).

3.2.2 Preparation of Interview Questions

Two different sets of questions consisting fives in each were prepared before

appointments were arranged. One question set was designed for the experts asking them

as third-party observer while another set was designed for Al Jazeera correspondent to

ask their own experience. Interviewees were free not to answer any questions if they

wished to do so.

3.2.3 Recording and Transcribing

Interviews were conducted in face to face settings. A smart phone device having

dedicated recording software was used to record the conversations. As selection of

interview location and time might impact the output study, the interviewees were

requested to arrange their best location and time that they feel comfortable to answer.

3.2.4 Interview Data Analysis

While analyzing interview data, the researcher compared for similarities, differences and

pattern between the answers of interviewees and also between the results of framing

analysis.

25
4.0 Findings
This study has followed two different methodological approaches to collect data as

explained in the previous section. This section contains presentation of findings using

graphical objects, interpretation and discussion.

4.1 Domination of Frames

Does Al Jazeera Online emphasis or silence voices of any groups or communities? All

interview respondents have agreed that AJ Online has inherent bias toward the

marginalized communities and countries.

Ghimire (2018) argues that the interests of host country and its owner is reflected in the

content of Al Jazeera (Ghimire, 2018). Similarly, Adhikari (2018) states inherent bias

guided by certain perspective is observed (Adhikari, 2018). Shrestha (2018) also agrees

the presence of bias referring to the motto of Al Jazeera ‘a voice for the voiceless’ and

‘covering the issues that ignored by others’ (Shrestha, 2018).

Adhikari and Ghimire (2018) explained their observations as following:

‘It has been seen that they focus on marginalized communities such as women. I

don’t know how global audiences perceive these stories but I feel a kind of bias

and emphasis on a particular perspective’ (Adhikari, 2018).

‘Although they have certain interests such as country and ownership, I feel, they

have protected professionalism. AJ Online is known as one of the good

international online news outlets’ (Ghimire, 2018).

26
As interview data concluded Al Jazeera Online doesn’t treat all perspectives equally, data

from framing analysis also shows the unbalanced presences of frames. Total 378 (n) units

of frames were identified from 233 paragraphs. Some paragraphs were found having

more than one frames while some didn’t match in any category.

This study identified ‘crisis’ as the most dominant frame in Al Jazeera Online while

covering Nepal. As defined previously, this frame represents emphasizing of poverty,

disasters, frustration, destruction, hopelessness and similar situation. 175 frames units

(46.30% of total) were found in this category.

Frame presence (N=378)

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
Artibutation
Economic
Human of
Conflict Mortality consequenc Crisis Progress
interest responsibilit
es
y
Numbers 41 62 20 3 29 175 48
Percentage 10.85% 16.40% 5.29% 0.79% 7.67% 46.30% 12.70%

Figure 1: Presence of different frames showing in total numbers and percentage

27
Following the ‘crisis’, ‘human interest’ frame was found in the second position. This

shows individual’s stories, human faces, emotional angles in the presentation were

prioritized by Al Jazeera Online. It identified 62 frames out of 378 were categorized in

‘human interest’ category, which is 16.40% of total.

Having 12.70% of share, ‘progress’ frame came at the third position. 48 frame units

carrying constructive changes, growth, empowerment and other positive interpretation

were taken into this category.

The content with an interpretation of disagreements and conflict between the ideas

defined as ‘conflict’ frame found at the forth position. Having 10.85% share, 41 units of

conflict frames appeared in the analyzed content.

The ‘economic consequences’ frame, which interprets cost, profit, loss and other

financial conditions was found 7.67%. Total 29 frames were identified in this category

which was fifth position among total frames.

5.29% of frames appeared consisting ‘attribution of responsibility’ frame. Total 20 units

were found in this category. Content attributing responsibility for causing or solving out

the problem by either the government or to an individual or group were taken into this

category.

It is identified that AJ Online has given less priority for the content with religious beliefs,

social and moral perceptions. As defined as ‘morality’ frame, it found in the least position

having share of 0.79%. Only 3 units were distinguished as ‘morality’ out of 378.

28
4.2 Tonality of Content
This study investigated over the tonality of content (positive, neutral and negative)

presence on Al Jazeera Online while covering Nepal. From 233 total paragraphs the

coder identified 239 (n) units of tones.

This study identified that the Al Jazeera Online uses ‘neutral’ tone as a dominant tone

while covering news stories form Nepal. 47% of the total content appeared in this

category as having 108 units out of 239. If the journalist doesn’t judge, doesn’t evaluate

and doesn’t give subjective idea that is taken as a neutral tone.

‘Negative’ tone stood into the second position. Pessimistic judgements, non-sympathetic,

harsh, use of offensive and aggressive language were considered as produced with

negative tone. 69 units, 30% of the total tone units were identified as negative tone.

Presence of tones (N=239)

Posative
52 (23%)

Neutral
108 (47%)

Negative
69 (30%)

Figure 2: Presence of different tones showing in numbers and percentage

29
‘Positive’ tone is placed at the least position. Only 23% of tone units were identified as

positive, 53 units out of 239. The content presented in an optimistic manner, issues

interpreted with hope, sympathy, inspiration and encourage were considered as positive

tone.

From his personal observation Adhikari (2018) argues that Al Jazeera content bears

mostly neutral tone. Negative and positive tones were in the second and third position

(Adhikari, 2018). Shrestha (2018) also agrees neutral tones dominates. In case of

negative tone, as she claimed, comes as reflection of society (Shrestha, 2018). She further

explains:

The duty of journalists is to reflect the state of country, how the people are feeling

and experiencing. While carrying real state, people might have perceived it as

negative but it reflects the society (Shrestha, 2018).

4.3 News Sources

‘To powerup their agendas such as promoting marginalized people, they frequently

interview the same people which shows inherent bias.’ Adhikari (2018) further states ‘ to

justify their inherent bias they choose particular or preferred people to interview’

(Adhikari, 2018). Shrestha (2018) says Al Jazeera doesn’t compromise using

multiple sources to verify information.

While studying news sources two layers of sources were examined. The first layer is

news story production source, whether the entire story is prepared by AJ staffs or taken

form third party news agency. Total unit for this layer-category is 13 (n).

30
 News produced sources (n=13)

News Agency
1 (8%)

AJ Staff
12 (92%)

Figure 3: News produced sources showing in numbers and percentage

These findings clearly show that Al Jazeera Online deploys mostly its own staffs or

freelancers despite being dependent on news agencies. Only a single story found among

13 stories that was prepared by the news agency. 92% of the stories were prepared by its

own staffs while only 8% stories shown were from the news agency.

Quotes and citations are considered as the second layer of news sources. Total 20 (n)

cited sources identified in 13 news stories. Some stories consist more than one citation

while some were identified as not having any sources.

31
 9
Cited sources (n=20)
8

0
Government
International National Political
agencies/offici Citizen Others
media media leader
al
Number 3 0 1 1 8 7
Percentage 15.00% 0.00% 5.00% 5.00% 40.00% 35.00%

Figure 4: Information cited sources showing in numbers and percentage

What are the frequently used sources of information while reporting news stories from

Nepal in Al Jazeera Online was tested in this study. The findings have shown that

‘citizen’ was the mostly cited source of information. Individuals those not having any

other professional and official tags were taken in this category. 8 sources, representing

40% of total were found in this category.

It shows that ‘government agencies/officials’ are at second position of most frequent

citation. 15% of the total having 3 out of 20 were found in this category.

32
‘Political leaders’ and ‘national media outlets’ are also source of information for Al

Jazeera Online while preparing news stories. These two sources found having equal

share. Each of these sources found 1 presence, 5% of the total amount of sources.

Citation of ‘international media’ is not found in the content analyzed during this study.

But various sources do not fit in the adobe categories were found in significant numbers.

Those sources were categorized as ‘others’. 35% of the sources found in this category

with 7 units out of 20. The cited sources like political commentator, analysts, business

manager, witnesses were taken in this category.

Adhikari (2018) argues that news organizations select to cite some sources more

frequently and ignore some possible sources to justify their ‘inherent bias’. In the case of

AJ Online, it has been a regular practice to interview preferred and chosen people

frequently (Adhikari, 2018).

As presented discussed above, findings clearly indicate that majority of news stories

published on Al Jazeera online are dominated by subjective interpretation of news

reporter. Only 20 source citations were identified in total 233 paragraph units of 13 news

stories.

33
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendations
News Media of the Internet age is not that same as it was two decades ago. Significant

changes are seen in the ecosystem of communication by challenging traditional standards

of distance, time and efforts. Developing countries like Nepal are also grabbing attention

of global media institutions at a noticeable level.

A Qatar based international media institution, Al Jazeera is known by its different

identity in comparatively balanced coverage of issues from developing country like

Nepal. This study was conducted to analyze content published on Al Jazeera online

covering issues of Nepal.

Conclusion on the findings of this study and recommendation for further studies are

covered in this section.

5.1 Conclusion
After having an extensive literature review, study of exiting theoretical frameworks and

application of multiple scientific research methodologies, the study has concluded with

the following major findings.

The study concluded that Al Jazeera Online doesn’t promote all perspectives equally. Its

content bears inherent bias and promotes marginalized communities and individuals.

‘Crisis’ is most dominant frame identified in Al Jazeera’s online content. It refers to the

situations like poverty, disasters, frustration, destruction, hopelessness in the coverage.

46.3% of the content appeared in this category.

34
‘Human interest’ frame consisting of individual’s stories, human faces, emotional angles

in presentation are also found prioritized by Al Jazeera Online. This type of content

appeared 16.4% of the total.

‘Progress’, ‘conflict’, ‘economic consequences’ and ‘attribution of responsibility’ frames

were found in the priority respectively. The content bearing religious beliefs, social and

moral perceptions was found having least priority tested in the category of ‘mortality’.

This study identified neutral tone dominates Al Jazeera Online’s content while

representing negative and positive tones in the second and third position.

The study concluded that the majority of Nepal related content published on Al Jazeera

Online are prepared by its own editorial contributors. It was found that the 92% of stories

were produced by Al Jazeera itself, while only 8% of the stories were prepared by third

party news agencies.

Individual citizens were the mostly cited information sources for Al Jazeera Online while

preparing news stories. This study found that 40% of the cited sources were citizens

(public).

It is found that only in the 15% cases government agencies of officials are cited as

information source. Local media and political leaders are also cited in 5% of the cases.

The findings also refer that majority of news stories published on Al Jazeera online bear

subjective interpretation.

35
5.2 Recommendation
The researcher believes that this study has identified some crucial facts which can help to

understand Al Jazeera Online’s coverage on the issues of Nepal. Considering the

limitations of this study following recommendations are made for further study in this

subject.

The selection of bigger sample size and timeframe should be considered to have more

wider understanding.

Inclusion of multiple component such as multimedia content (image, audio and video),

captions, interactions of audiences and graphical objects also should consider while

conducting further studies.

The researcher also would like to recommend for comparative studies on Al Jazeera

Online with other competitive international online news outlets, that can reveal

significant findings.

36
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